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A special issue of Antioxidants (ISSN 2076-3921). This special issue belongs to the section "Natural and Synthetic Antioxidants".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2019) | Viewed by 51583

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Dr. Dimitris P. Makris

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Green Processes & Biorefinery Group, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
Interests: antioxidants; biorefinery; food waste valorization; green processes; polyphenols
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Selin Şahin

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Chemical Engineering Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, 34320 Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
Interests: natural product research; natural food additives; novel separation methods; recovery of natural products; food safety; optimization and statistics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is my privilege to announce a new Special Issue entitled “Polyphenolic Antioxidants from Agri-Food Waste Biomass”.
Nowadays, the re-use of industrial food residues is of paramount importance in the general framework of rational waste handling and recycling, which aims at the minimizing environmental impact of food production and producing functional food ingredients. Agri-food processing waste has long been considered a valuable biomass, bearing a significant polyphenol load and profile. Polyphenols, aside from being powerful antioxidants that confer inherent stability to a variety of foods, may also possess versatile bioactivities, including anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive properties.
The valorization of agri-food waste as a prominent sources of polyphenols stems from the enormous amount of food-related material discharged worldwide and the emerging eco-friendly technologies that allow high recovery, recycling, and sustainability of these materials.
This Special Issue addresses the concept of recovering natural polyphenolic antioxidants from waste biomass generated by agri-food and related industrial processes. Contributions pertaining to the sustainable production of isolated bioactive compounds or whole extracts and their utilization in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries are particularly welcome.

Dr. Dimitris P. Makris
Dr. Selin Şahin
Guest Editors

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Keywords

agri-food wastes
antioxidants
biomass
polyphenols

Related Special Issues

Extraction of Antioxidants from Food Waste II in Antioxidants (14 articles)
Extraction of Antioxidants from Food Waste in Antioxidants (8 articles)

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

4 pages, 185 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Polyphenolic Antioxidants from Agri-Food Waste Biomass

by Dimitris P. Makris and Selin Şahin

Antioxidants 2019, 8(12), 624; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8120624 - 06 Dec 2019

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3013

Abstract

As the world’s population is rapidly expanding, environmental aggravation and bioresource depletion are becoming challenges of paramount importance [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphenolic Antioxidants from Agri-Food Waste Biomass)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

15 pages, 1495 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Saffron Processing Wastes as a Bioresource of High-Value Added Compounds: Development of a Green Extraction Process for Polyphenol Recovery Using a Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent

by Achillia Lakka, Spyros Grigorakis, Ioanna Karageorgou, Georgia Batra, Olga Kaltsa, Eleni Bozinou, Stavros Lalas and Dimitris P. Makris

Antioxidants 2019, 8(12), 586; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8120586 - 25 Nov 2019

Cited by 63 | Viewed by 4227

Abstract

The current investigation was undertaken to examine saffron processing waste (SPW) as a bioresource, which could be valorized to produce extracts rich in antioxidant polyphenols, using a green, natural deep eutectic solvent (DES). Initially, there was an appraisal of the molar ratio of hydrogen bond donor/hydrogen bond acceptor in order to come up with the most efficient DES composed of L-lactic acid/glycine (5:1). The following step was the optimization of the extraction process using response surface methodology. The optimal conditions thus determined were a DES concentration of 55% (w/v), a liquid-to-solid ratio of 60 mL g⁻¹, and a stirring speed of 800 rounds per minute. Under these conditions, the extraction yield in total polyphenols achieved was 132.43 ± 10.63 mg gallic acid equivalents per g of dry mass. The temperature assay performed within a range of 23 to 80 °C, suggested that extracts displayed maximum yield and antioxidant activity at 50–60 °C. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the SPW extract obtained under optimal conditions showed that the predominant flavonol was kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside and the major anthocyanin delphinidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside. The results indicated that SPW extraction with the DES used is a green and efficient methodology and may afford extracts rich flavonols and anthocyanins, which are considered to be powerful antioxidants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphenolic Antioxidants from Agri-Food Waste Biomass)

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9 pages, 1205 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Analysis of Bioactive Phenanthrenes in Dioscorea batatas Decne Peel, a Discarded Biomass from Postharvest Processing

by Minyoul Kim, Myeong Ju Gu, Joon-Goo Lee, Jungwook Chin, Jong-Sup Bae and Dongyup Hahn

Antioxidants 2019, 8(11), 541; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8110541 - 10 Nov 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3263

Abstract

Dioscorea batatas Decne (Chinese yam) has been widely cultivated in East Asia for the purposes of food and medicinal uses for centuries. Along with its high nutritional value, the medicinal value of D. batatas has been extensively investigated in association with phytochemicals such as allantoin, flavonoids, saponins and phenanthrenes. Phenanthrenes are especially considered the standard marker chemicals of the Chinese yam for their potent bioactivity and availability of analysis with conventional high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) methods. In order to investigate how much the contents of phenanthrenes are in the actual food products provided for consumers, D. batatas tuber was peeled and separated into its peel and flesh as in the conventional processing method. A quantitative analysis using the HPLC-UV method revealed that phenanthrenes are concentrically present in the D. batatas peel, while phenanthrenes are present in the flesh under the limit of detection. The difference in the contents of phenanthrenes is estimated to have arisen the considerable difference of antioxidant potential between the peel and the flesh. The results from this study suggest the high value of the discarded biomass of the Chinese yam peel and the necessity for the utilization of the Chinese yam peel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphenolic Antioxidants from Agri-Food Waste Biomass)

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11 pages, 638 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antiplatelet Activity of Natural Bioactive Extracts from Mango (Mangifera Indica L.) and its By-Products

by María Elena Alañón, Iván Palomo, Lyanne Rodríguez, Eduardo Fuentes, David Arráez-Román and Antonio Segura-Carretero

Antioxidants 2019, 8(11), 517; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8110517 - 29 Oct 2019

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 4629

Abstract

The potential antiplatelet aggregation effects of mango pulp and its by-products (peel, husk seed, and seed) due to the presence of bioactive compounds were explored. Among them, mango seed exhibited a 72% percentage inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by adenosine 5’-diphosphate (ADP) agonist with a demonstrated dose-dependent effect. This biological feature could be caused by the chemical differences in phenolic composition. Mango seed was especially rich in monogalloyl compounds, tetra- and penta-galloylglucose, ellagic acid, mangiferin, and benzophenones such as maclurin derivatives and iriflophenone glucoside. Mangiferin showed an inhibitory effect of 31%, suggesting its key role as one of the main contributors to the antiplatelet activity of mango seed. Therefore, mango seed could be postulated as a natural source of bioactive compounds with antiplatelet properties to design functional foods or complementary therapeutic treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphenolic Antioxidants from Agri-Food Waste Biomass)

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21 pages, 3274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polyphenolic Fraction from Olive Mill Wastewater: Scale-Up and in Vitro Studies for Ophthalmic Nutraceutical Applications

by Maria Domenica Di Mauro, Giovanni Fava, Marcella Spampinato, Danilo Aleo, Barbara Melilli, Maria Grazia Saita, Giovanni Centonze, Riccardo Maggiore and Nicola D’Antona

Antioxidants 2019, 8(10), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8100462 - 08 Oct 2019

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3345

Abstract

The valorization of food wastes is a challenging opportunity for a green, sustainable, and competitive development of industry. Approximately 30 million m³ of olive mill wastewater (OMWW) are produced annually in the world as a by-product of the olive oil extraction process. In addition to being a serious environmental and economic issue because of their polluting load, OMWW can also represent a precious resource of high-added-value molecules such as polyphenols that show acclaimed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and can find useful applications in the pharmaceutical industry. In particular, the possibility to develop novel nutraceutical ophthalmic formulations containing free radical scavengers would represent an important therapeutic opportunity for all inflammatory diseases of the ocular surface. In this work, different adsorbents were tested to selectively recover a fraction that is rich in polyphenols from OMWW. Afterward, cytotoxicity and antioxidant/anti-inflammatory activities of polyphenolic fraction were evaluated through in vitro tests. Our results showed that the fraction (0.01%) had no toxic effects and was able to protect cells against oxidant and inflammatory stimulus, reducing reactive oxygen species and TNF-α levels. Finally, a novel stable ophthalmic hydrogel containing a polyphenolic fraction (0.01%) was formulated and the technical and economic feasibility of the process at a pre-industrial level was investigated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphenolic Antioxidants from Agri-Food Waste Biomass)

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12 pages, 902 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Recovery of Polyphenols from Brewer’s Spent Grains

by Rares I. Birsan, Peter Wilde, Keith W. Waldron and Dilip K. Rai

Antioxidants 2019, 8(9), 380; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8090380 - 07 Sep 2019

Cited by 52 | Viewed by 5274

Abstract

The recovery of antioxidant polyphenols from light, dark and mix brewer’s spent grain (BSG) using conventional maceration, microwave and ultrasound assisted extraction was investigated. Total polyphenols were measured in the crude (60% acetone), liquor extracts (saponified with 0.75% NaOH) and in their acidified ethyl acetate (EtOAc) partitioned fractions both by spectrophotometry involving Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods. Irrespective of the extraction methods used, saponification of BSG yielded higher polyphenols than in the crude extracts. The EtOAc fractionations yielded the highest total phenolic content (TPC) ranging from 3.01 ± 0.19 to 4.71 ± 0.28 mg gallic acid equivalent per g of BSG dry weight. The corresponding total polyphenols quantified by LC-MS/MS ranged from 549.9 ± 41.5 to 2741.1 ± 5.2 µg/g of BSG dry weight. Microwave and ultrasound with the parameters and equipment used did not improve the total polyphenol yield when compared to the conventional maceration method. Furthermore, the spectrophotometric quantification of the liquors overestimated the TPC, while the LC-MS/MS quantification gave a closer representation of the total polyphenols in all the extracts. The total polyphenols were in the following order in the EtOAc fractions: BSG light > BSG Mix > BSG dark, and thus suggested BSG light as a sustainable, low cost source of natural antioxidants that may be tapped for applications in food and phytopharmaceutical industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphenolic Antioxidants from Agri-Food Waste Biomass)

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22 pages, 1291 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polyphenol-Rich Extracts Obtained from Winemaking Waste Streams as Natural Ingredients with Cosmeceutical Potential

by Melanie S. Matos, Rut Romero-Díez, Ana Álvarez, M. R. Bronze, Soraya Rodríguez-Rojo, Rafael B. Mato, M. J. Cocero and Ana A. Matias

Antioxidants 2019, 8(9), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8090355 - 01 Sep 2019

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 5993

Abstract

Phenolics present in grapes have been explored as cosmeceutical principles, due to their antioxidant activity and ability to inhibit enzymes relevant for skin ageing. The winemaking process generates large amounts of waste, and the recovery of bioactive compounds from residues and their further incorporation in cosmetics represents a promising market opportunity for wine producers and may contribute to a sustainable development of the sector. The extracts obtained from grape marc and wine lees, using solid–liquid (SL) extraction with and without microwave (MW) pretreatment of the raw material, were characterized in terms of antioxidant activity through chemical (ORAC/HOSC/HORAC) and cell-based (keratinocytes—HaCaT; fibroblasts—HFF) assays. Furthermore, their inhibitory capacity towards specific enzymes involved in skin ageing (elastase; MMP-1; tyrosinase) was evaluated. The total phenolic and anthocyanin contents were determined by colorimetric assays, and HPLC–DAD–MS/MS was performed to identify the main compounds. The MW pretreatment prior to conventional SL extraction led to overall better outcomes. The red wine lees extracts presented the highest phenolic content (3 to 6-fold higher than grape marc extracts) and exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity, being also the most effective inhibitors of elastase, MMP-1 and tyrosinase. The results support that winemaking waste streams are valuable sources of natural ingredients with the potential for cosmeceutical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphenolic Antioxidants from Agri-Food Waste Biomass)

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10 pages, 721 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Sonotrode Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Proanthocyanidins from Brewers’ Spent Grains

by Beatriz Martín-García, Federica Pasini, Vito Verardo, Elixabet Díaz-de-Cerio, Urszula Tylewicz, Ana María Gómez-Caravaca and Maria Fiorenza Caboni

Antioxidants 2019, 8(8), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080282 - 06 Aug 2019

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3912

Abstract

Brewing spent grains (BSGs) are the main by-product from breweries and they are rich of proanthocyanidins, among other phenolic compounds. However, literature on these compounds in BSGs is scarce. Thus, this research focuses on the establishment of ultrasound-assisted extraction of proanthocyanidin compounds in brewing spent grains using a sonotrode. To set the sonotrode extraction up, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to study the effects of three factors, namely, solvent composition, time of extraction, and ultrasound power. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of proanthocyanidin compounds were performed using HPLC coupled to fluorometric and mass spectrometer detectors. The highest content of proanthocyanidins was obtained using 80/20 acetone/water (v/v), 55 min, and 400 W. The established method allows the extraction of 1.01 mg/g dry weight (d.w.) of pronthocyanidins from BSGs; this value is more than two times higher than conventional extraction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphenolic Antioxidants from Agri-Food Waste Biomass)

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16 pages, 1657 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intensification of Polyphenol Extraction from Olive Leaves Using Ired-Irrad^®, an Environmentally-Friendly Innovative Technology

by Anna-Maria Abi-Khattar, Hiba N. Rajha, Roula M. Abdel-Massih, Richard G. Maroun, Nicolas Louka and Espérance Debs

Antioxidants 2019, 8(7), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8070227 - 18 Jul 2019

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 4382

Abstract

Optimization of infrared-assisted extraction was conducted using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in order to intensify polyphenol recovery from olive leaves. The extraction efficiency using Ired-Irrad^®, a newly-patented infrared apparatus (IR), was compared to water bath (WB) conventional extraction. Under optimal conditions, as suggested by the model and confirmed experimentally, the total phenolic content yield was enhanced by more than 30% using IR as contrasted to WB, which even required 27% more ethanol consumption. High Performance Liquid Chromatography analyses quantified the two major phenolic compounds of the leaves: Oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol, which were both intensified by 18% and 21%, respectively. IR extracts increased the antiradical activity by 25% and the antioxidant capacity by 51% compared to WB extracts. On the other hand, extracts of olive leaves obtained by both techniques exhibited equal effects regarding the inhibition of 20 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) varying between 3.125 and 12.5 mg/mL. Similarly, both extracts inhibited Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) secretion by Aspergillus flavus, with no growth inhibition of the fungus. Finally, optimization using RSM allowed us to suggest other IR operating conditions aiming at significantly reducing the consumption of energy and solvent, while maintaining similar quantity and quality of phenolic compounds as what is optimally obtained using WB. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphenolic Antioxidants from Agri-Food Waste Biomass)

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16 pages, 894 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Apple Pomace Extract as a Sustainable Food Ingredient

by Pedro A. R. Fernandes, Sónia S. Ferreira, Rita Bastos, Isabel Ferreira, Maria T. Cruz, António Pinto, Elisabete Coelho, Cláudia P. Passos, Manuel A. Coimbra, Susana M. Cardoso and Dulcineia F. Wessel

Antioxidants 2019, 8(6), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8060189 - 21 Jun 2019

Cited by 58 | Viewed by 7219

Abstract

Apple pomace is a by-product of apple processing industries with low value and thus frequent disposal, although with valuable compounds. Acidified hot water extraction has been suggested as a clean, feasible, and easy approach for the recovery of polyphenols. This type of extraction allowed us to obtain 296 g of extract per kg of dry apple pomace, including 3.3 g of polyphenols and 281 g of carbohydrates. Ultrafiltration and solid-phase extraction using C18 cartridges of the hot water extract suggested that, in addition to the apple native polyphenols detected by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to a diode-array detector and mass spectrometry UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MSⁿ, polyphenols could also be present as complexes with carbohydrates. For the water-soluble polyphenols, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects were observed by inhibiting chemically generated hydroxyl radicals (OH•) and nitrogen monoxide radicals (NO•) produced in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. The water-soluble polyphenols, when incorporated into yogurt formulations, were not affected by fermentation and improved the antioxidant properties of the final product. This in vitro research paves the way for agro-food industries to achieve more diversified and sustainable solutions towards their main by-products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphenolic Antioxidants from Agri-Food Waste Biomass)

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17 pages, 2317 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards a Zero-Waste Biorefinery Using Edible Oils as Solvents for the Green Extraction of Volatile and Non-Volatile Bioactive Compounds from Rosemary

by Ying Li, Kunnitee Bundeesomchok, Njara Rakotomanomana, Anne-Sylvie Fabiano-Tixier, Romain Bott, Yong Wang and Farid Chemat

Antioxidants 2019, 8(5), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8050140 - 21 May 2019

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5312

Abstract

The zero-waste biorefinery concept inspired a green oleo-extraction of both natural volatile (e.g., borneol, camphor, o-cymene, eucalyptol, limonene, α-pinene, and terpinen-4-ol) and non-volatile (e.g., carnosol, carnosic, and rosmarinic acid) bioactive compounds from rosemary leaves with vegetable oils and their amphiphilic derivatives as simple food-grade solvents. It is noteworthy that soybean oil could obtain the highest total phenolic compounds (TPCs) among 12 refined oils including grapeseed, rapeseed, peanut, sunflower, olive, avocado, almond, apricot, corn, wheat germ, and hazelnut oils. Furthermore, the addition of oil derivatives to soybean oils, such as glyceryl monooleate (GMO), glyceryl monostearate (GMS), diglycerides, and soy lecithin in particular, could not only significantly enhance the oleo-extraction of non-volatile antioxidants by 66.7% approximately, but also help to remarkably improve the solvation of volatile aroma compounds (VACs) by 16% in refined soybean oils. These experimental results were in good consistency with their relative solubilities predicted by the more sophisticated COSMO-RS (COnductor like Screening MOdel for Real Solvents) simulation. This simple procedure of using vegetable oils and their derivatives as bio-based solvents for simultaneously improving the extraction yield of natural antioxidants and flavors from rosemary showed its great potential in up-scaling with the integration of green techniques (ultrasound, microwave, etc.) for zero-waste biorefinery from biomass waste to high value-added extracts in future functional food and cosmetic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphenolic Antioxidants from Agri-Food Waste Biomass)

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