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16 pages, 4557 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hyperspectral Remote Sensing for Early Detection of Wheat Leaf Rust Caused by Puccinia triticina

by Anton Terentev, Vladimir Badenko, Ekaterina Shaydayuk, Dmitriy Emelyanov, Danila Eremenko, Dmitriy Klabukov, Alexander Fedotov and Viktor Dolzhenko

Agriculture 2023, 13(6), 1186; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13061186 - 02 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1652

Abstract

Early crop disease detection is one of the most important tasks in plant protection. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the early wheat leaf rust detection possibility using hyperspectral remote sensing. The first task of the study was to choose tools [...] Read more.

Early crop disease detection is one of the most important tasks in plant protection. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the early wheat leaf rust detection possibility using hyperspectral remote sensing. The first task of the study was to choose tools for processing and analyze hyperspectral remote sensing data. The second task was to analyze the wheat leaf biochemical profile by chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods. The third task was to discuss a possible relationship between hyperspectral remote sensing data and the results from the wheat leaves, biochemical profile analysis. The work used an interdisciplinary approach, including hyperspectral remote sensing and data processing methods, as well as spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods. As a result, (1) the VIS-NIR spectrometry data analysis showed a high correlation with the hyperspectral remote sensing data; (2) the most important wavebands for disease identification were revealed (502, 466, 598, 718, 534, 766, 694, 650, 866, 602, 858 nm). An early disease detection accuracy of 97–100% was achieved from fourth dai (day/s after inoculation) using SVM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Diversity of Wheat Fungal Diseases)

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17 pages, 1352 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Resistance to Stem Rust and Identification of Sr Genes in Russian Spring and Winter Wheat Cultivars in the Volga Region

by Olga Baranova, Valeriya Solyanikova, Elena Kyrova, Elmira Kon’kova, Sergey Gaponov, Valery Sergeev, Sergey Shevchenko, Pyotr Mal’chikov, Dmitrij Dolzhenko, Lyudmila Bespalova, Irina Ablova, Aleksandr Tarhov, Nuraniya Vasilova, Damir Askhadullin, Danil Askhadullin and Sergey Sibikeev

Agriculture 2023, 13(3), 635; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030635 - 07 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1403

Abstract

The Volga region is one of the main grain-producing regions of Russia. Wheat stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici is among the most destructive fungal diseases of wheat. Recently, its harmfulness has increased in the Volga region. In this regard, [...] Read more.

The Volga region is one of the main grain-producing regions of Russia. Wheat stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici is among the most destructive fungal diseases of wheat. Recently, its harmfulness has increased in the Volga region. In this regard, an analysis of the resistance and diversity of the Sr genes in the Russian wheat cultivars is necessary. In this work, 126 wheat cultivars (including 23 durum wheat cultivars and 103 bread wheat cultivars) approved for use in the Volga region were evaluated for their resistance to two samples of P. graminis f. sp. tritici populations from different Volga region areas at the seedling stage. Specific DNA primers were used to identify resistance genes (Sr2, Sr24, Sr25, Sr26, Sr28, Sr31, Sr32, Sr36, Sr38, Sr39, and Sr57). Highly resistant cultivars (30 from 126) were identified. In bread wheat cultivars, the genes Sr31 (in 19 cultivars), Sr24 (in one cultivar), Sr25 (in 15 spring wheat cultivars), Sr28 (in six cultivars), Sr38 (in two cultivars), and Sr57 (in 15 cultivars) and their combinations—Sr31 + Sr25, Sr31 + Sr38, Sr31 + Sr28, Sr31 + Sr57, Sr31 + Sr28 + Sr57, and Sr31 + Sr24—were identified. The obtained results may be used to develop strategies for breeding rust-resistant cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Diversity of Wheat Fungal Diseases)

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13 pages, 1785 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Studies of Wheat Leaf Rust in the North-Western Region of Russia

by Elena Gultyaeva, Philipp Gannibal and Ekaterina Shaydayuk

Agriculture 2023, 13(2), 255; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020255 - 20 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1488

Abstract

Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina (Pt), is a widely occurring disease of wheat in the North-Western Region of Russia. Annual Pt surveys of wheat in this region have been conducted between 2001 and 2021. In total, 740 single urediniospore isolates [...] Read more.

Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina (Pt), is a widely occurring disease of wheat in the North-Western Region of Russia. Annual Pt surveys of wheat in this region have been conducted between 2001 and 2021. In total, 740 single urediniospore isolates were analyzed over 20 years. Virulence to Lr9, Lr19 and Lr24 were rare in 2001–2010 and was not detected after 2010. Temporal variation in virulence was determined on Thatcher lines with Lr1, Lr2a, Lr2b and Lr2c genes and was found to be relatively high. Virulence to Lr1 increased to 100% from 2001 to 2014. Until 2010, most northwestern Pt isolates were avirulent to Lr2a and virulent to Lr2b and Lr2c. In the middle of 2010, avirulence to Lr2a, Lr2b, Lr2c and Lr15 began to increase. Strong variability between years was revealed for virulence to Lr20 and Lr26. Based on a set of 20 differential lines, 122 virulence pathotypes were detected. More than half of those were observed only once across all years. Pathotypes were divided into groups of B-, C-, D- and F-, virulent to Lr1 and Lr2a, dominating until 2009. From 2010 pathotype groups M- and P-, virulent to Lr1 and avirulent to Lr2a, began to dominate. Temporal differentiation of northwestern Pt population for virulence was determined. High similarity was observed for Pt accessions in 2001–2009 and 2010–2015 and these two groups differed moderately from each other. Pt accessions from 2016–2019 and 2020–2021 differed from each other and from accessions from the previous collection period. Field response of Lr differential lines was studied in the North-Western Region during 1998–2022. Wheat genotypes with genes Lr9, Lr19, Lr23, Lr24, Lr25, Lr28, Lr29, Lr35, Lr39, Lr42, Lr43, Lr45, Lr47, Lr48, Lr49, Lr50, Lr51, Lr53 and Lr57 remained resistant throughout the period of the study. Leaf rust severity in lines TcLr12, TcLr21, TcLr22a, Gatcher (Lr27+31), TcLr44 and Pavon (Lr46) varied from 1% to 30% before 2014 and significantly decreased after 2014. A general trend of decreasing virulence of the Pt pathogen has been observed in the North-Western Region over the recent years. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Diversity of Wheat Fungal Diseases)

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15 pages, 805 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Use of Genetic Material of Tall Wheatgrass to Protect Common Wheat from Septoria Blotch in Western Siberia

by Lyudmila Plotnikova, Ainura Sagendykova and Violetta Pozherukova

Agriculture 2023, 13(1), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13010203 - 13 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1226

Abstract

The Septoria blotch is one of the most economically harmful diseases of common wheat in Russia and the world. The disease is mainly caused by two pathogen species: Zymoseptoria tritici that damages the leaves, and Parastagonospora nodorum that strikes the leaves and ears. [...] Read more.

The Septoria blotch is one of the most economically harmful diseases of common wheat in Russia and the world. The disease is mainly caused by two pathogen species: Zymoseptoria tritici that damages the leaves, and Parastagonospora nodorum that strikes the leaves and ears. Resistance genes of the alien relatives are traditionally used for genetic defense of cultivars. The aims of the research were to study the resistance of the tall wheatgrass Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.) Z.-W. Liu and R.-C. Wang and perspective introgressive lines of spring common wheat with its genetic material to Septoria blotch, and to characterize their agronomical properties to be used in breeding programs in Western Siberia. The studies were carried out in 2015–2019 in the field conditions of the southern forest-steppe (Omsk, Russia) on a natural infection background and according to standard methods. The Septoria diseases developed on the wheat in the period of milk-wax ripeness, independently of humid or dry weather conditions. In 2016, a sharp increase in leaf lesion was noted, probably associated with changes in the Z. tritici population. In 2017, the ratio of Z. tritici and P. nodorum was similar, and in 2019 Z. tritici prevailed. During the research, the lines that combined leaf and ear resistance to damage with high yield and grain quality were selected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Diversity of Wheat Fungal Diseases)

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18 pages, 1713 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What Was the Reason for the Durable Effect of Sr31 against Wheat Stem Rust?

by Lyudmila Plotnikova, Violetta Pozherukova, Valeria Knaub and Yuryi Kashuba

Agriculture 2022, 12(12), 2116; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122116 - 09 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1199

Abstract

Common wheat cultivars have been protected from stem rust for several decades worldwide by the Sr31 resistance gene transferred from Secale cereale L. (cv. Petkus). In 1998, Sr31 was overcome in Uganda by the Ug99 race of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Eriks. [...] Read more.

Common wheat cultivars have been protected from stem rust for several decades worldwide by the Sr31 resistance gene transferred from Secale cereale L. (cv. Petkus). In 1998, Sr31 was overcome in Uganda by the Ug99 race of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Eriks. & Henn. (Pgt). The Ug99 race and its derivatives have spread widely in Africa, neighboring regions and Europe. However, Sr31 remains effective in other areas of the world, including Russia. To breed wheat with durable resistance, it is promising to research the resistance mechanisms of nonhost species and introgressive cultivars. The aim of the research was to estimate the resistance of S. cereale and Triticum aestivum cultivars with Sr31 to stem rust and to study the mechanisms of incompatibility of Pgt with plants at the cellular level. The research was carried out in Western Siberia (Russia, Omsk region) in 2018–2022. Rye and wheat with Sr31 (cvs. Kavkaz, Seri 82, Bacanora (=Kauz’s’), NIL Thatcher TcLr26/Sr31) were resistant at the stages of seedling and adult plant, and cv. PWB343 was more susceptible to disease. Cytological studies have shown that Pgt died on the rye plants on the surface, and cv. Petkus intensively suppressed the development of the appressoria necessary to penetrate into tissues. Wheat cultivars inhibited the Pgt development mainly on the surface and while it attempted to penetrate into the stomata (pre-haustorial resistance). It has been demonstrated that Pgt has to adapt step-by-step to the surface and tissue properties for compatible interaction, which may be the reason for the durable effectiveness of Sr31. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Diversity of Wheat Fungal Diseases)

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15 pages, 774 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Virulence Diversity of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. Tritici in Common Wheat in Russian Regions in 2019–2021

by Elena Gultyaeva, Ekaterina Shaydayuk and Evsey Kosman

Agriculture 2022, 12(11), 1957; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12111957 - 20 Nov 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1471

Abstract

Yellow (stripe) rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is a major disease of common wheat worldwide. Disease epidemics in Russia have been frequent and destructive, mostly in the North Caucasus. However, over the last 5 years, the significance [...] Read more.

Yellow (stripe) rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is a major disease of common wheat worldwide. Disease epidemics in Russia have been frequent and destructive, mostly in the North Caucasus. However, over the last 5 years, the significance of Pst has markedly increased in other Russian regions. Therefore, the Pst virulence diversity was investigated in Triticum aestivum in six geographically distant regions of the European (North Caucasus, North-West, Low Volga, Central Black Earth region, and Volga-Vyatka) and Asian (West Siberia) parts of Russia, with strongly different climates, environmental conditions, and growing wheat genotypes. Seventy-nine virulence pathotypes among 117 isolates were identified using the 12 Avocet Yr gene lines (Yr1, Yr5, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr10, Yr15, Yr17, Yr24, Yr27, and YrSp) and eight supplemental wheat differentials (Heines VII, Vilmorin 23, Hybrid 46, Strubes Dickkopf, Carstens V, Suwon 92/Omar, Nord Desprez, and Heines Peko). Only four pathotypes occurred in two or more regions. High variability was detected within Pst populations from Dagestan, Central, North-West, and West Siberia that postulated to form an intrapopulation subdivision of each of them into several subgroups. Most regional virulence groups of pathotypes were closely related, except for several small subgroups of pathotypes from West Siberia, Dagestan, North-West, and Central European regions. All Pst isolates were avirulent in lines with Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, and Yr24 genes. Virulence to Yr17 was detected for several isolates of two pathotypes, one each from the North-West and Low Volga regions. Variation in virulence frequency was observed in other differential lines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Diversity of Wheat Fungal Diseases)

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13 pages, 967 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Tan Spot Races in Kazakhstan

by Akerke Maulenbay, Kunsulu Zakarya, Raushan Moldazhanova and Aralbek Rsaliyev

Agriculture 2022, 12(10), 1564; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12101564 - 27 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1731

Abstract

Tan spot disease, which is caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Ptr), is one of the most significant wheat diseases in Kazakhstan, an important wheat-growing region in Central Asia. In this study, we aimed to investigate the race composition of Ptr responsible for [...] Read more.

Tan spot disease, which is caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Ptr), is one of the most significant wheat diseases in Kazakhstan, an important wheat-growing region in Central Asia. In this study, we aimed to investigate the race composition of Ptr responsible for tan spot in Kazakhstan through the phenotypic and genotypic characterization. During 2019–2020, samples of Ptr isolates were collected for analysis in six regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan from commercial and experimental fields of bread and durum wheat affected by tan spot disease. Race classification was based on inoculation bioassay of 167 isolates to four corresponding differential wheat genotypes, with a PCR assay used to identify the effector genes. The characterization of these isolates showed they belonged to four different known races (Races 1–4) in addition to one potential atypical race that does not fit into the current race system. We identified two races, Races 1 and 2, as critical for wheat production in Kazakhstan, as they occur throughout the study area. Most isolates exhibited amplification of the ToxA gene, a necrosis-causing effector, which is consistent with the inoculation results; only Races 3 and 4 did not show amplification of the ToxA gene. Inoculating wheat with the sixteen isolates of Ptr resulted in disease, the classification of which was similar to that caused by Race 8, according to the current wheat differential set. However, according to the genetic characterization, these isolates did not possess the associated effector gene expected for Race 8 assignment; therefore, we designated them as isolates of an atypical race. According to our results, race classification should be based on both phenotypic and genotypic analyses, where possible, to adequately capture the breadth of physiological variation among Ptr isolates, in addition to the possible expansion of the differential set. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Diversity of Wheat Fungal Diseases)

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14 pages, 1979 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of Species- and Trichothecene-Specific Primers in Monitoring Fusarium graminearum Species Complex in Small Grain–Pea Intercropping Systems

by Vesna Župunski, Radivoje Jevtić, Milosav Grčak, Mirjana Lalošević, Branka Orbović, Dalibor Živanov and Desimir Knežević

Agriculture 2022, 12(6), 834; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060834 - 09 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1482

Abstract

Tracking the distribution of Fusarium species and the detection of changes in toxin production provides epidemiological information that is essential for Fusarium head blight (FHB) management. Members of Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) were characterized using species and trichothecene-specific primers. Associations between members [...] Read more.

Tracking the distribution of Fusarium species and the detection of changes in toxin production provides epidemiological information that is essential for Fusarium head blight (FHB) management. Members of Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) were characterized using species and trichothecene-specific primers. Associations between members of the FGSC, cereal crop species (wheat, rye, triticale, and oat), seeding time (winter and spring), type of cultivation (monocrop and intercrop) and chemotype grouping were investigated with multiple correspondence analysis and multiple regression modeling. We found that triticale and oat were more related to isolates classified into F. graminearum s. lato than with other isolates. In contrast, wheat and rye were more associated with F. graminearum s. stricto. Cereal crop species affected the frequencies of F. graminearum s. stricto (p = 0.003) and F. graminearum s. lato (p = 0.08) and unidentified isolates with morphological characteristics like those of FGSC members (p = 0.02). The effectiveness of species-specific primers was 60.3% (Fg16F/R) and 76.2% (FgrF/FgcR), and the effectiveness of primer sets for the trichothecene genotyping of the Tri5 and Tri3 genes was 100% and 90.6%, respectively. The decrease in Fusarium-damaged kernel values in the wheat–pea intercropping system indicated that intercropping systems have the potential to control FHB. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Diversity of Wheat Fungal Diseases)

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