Bioengineering

16 pages, 2811 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Smart ECG Biosensor Design with an Improved ANN Performance Based on the Taguchi Optimizer

by Lilia Sidhom, Ines Chihi, Mahfoudh Barhoumi, Nesrine Ben Afia, Ernest Nlandu Kamavuako and Mohamed Trabelsi

Bioengineering 2022, 9(9), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090482 - 19 Sep 2022

Viewed by 1515

Abstract

This paper aims to design a smart biosensor to predict electrocardiogram (ECG) signals in a specific auscultation site from other ECG signals measured from other measurement sites. The proposed design is based on a hybrid architecture using the Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) model [...] Read more.

This paper aims to design a smart biosensor to predict electrocardiogram (ECG) signals in a specific auscultation site from other ECG signals measured from other measurement sites. The proposed design is based on a hybrid architecture using the Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) model and Taguchi optimizer to avoid the ANN issues related to hyperparameters and to improve its accuracy. The proposed approach aims to optimize the number and type of inputs to be considered for the ANN model. Indeed, different combinations are considered in order to find the optimal input combination for the best prediction quality. By identifying the factors that influence a model’s prediction and their degree of importance via the modified Taguchi optimizer, the developed biosensor improves the prediction accuracy of ECG signals collected from different auscultation sites compared to the ANN-based biosensor. Based on an actual database, the simulation results show that this improvement is significant; it can reach more than 94% accuracy. Full article

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14 pages, 7793 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Complicated Crown Fracture of Permanent Incisors: A Conservative Treatment Case Report and a Narrative Review

by Mateusz Radwanski, Corrado Caporossi, Monika Lukomska-Szymanska, Arlinda Luzi and Salvatore Sauro

Bioengineering 2022, 9(9), 481; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090481 - 18 Sep 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6946

Abstract

Dental trauma may have a severe impact on the social and psychological wellbeing of a patient. Most cases of dental injuries involve anterior teeth, especially the maxillary upper incisors. Crown fractures, with or without pulp exposure, are the most common trauma in permanent [...] Read more.

Dental trauma may have a severe impact on the social and psychological wellbeing of a patient. Most cases of dental injuries involve anterior teeth, especially the maxillary upper incisors. Crown fractures, with or without pulp exposure, are the most common trauma in permanent dentition. There are many methods of management, in which the initial state of the pulp, the time since the injury, and the presence of an accompanying injury play a key role. This case report aimed at showing a possible conservative treatment after complicated tooth fracture that consisted of partial pulpotomy followed by adhesive reattachment of the tooth fragment using a technique based on heated resin composite. Such a specific procedure represents a conservative approach to traumatic coronal lesions, providing a suitable opportunity to maintain the tooth vitality, aesthetics, and function. Indeed, reattachment of tooth fragment using a composite/adhesive is a simple technique to achieve excellent results in terms of aesthetic and function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Biomaterials and Dental Disease)

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23 pages, 4626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multiscale Encoding of Electrocardiogram Signals with a Residual Network for the Detection of Atrial Fibrillation

by Mona N. Alsaleem, Md Saiful Islam, Saad Al-Ahmadi and Adel Soudani

Bioengineering 2022, 9(9), 480; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090480 - 16 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1745

Abstract

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common cardiac arrhythmias, and it is an indication of high-risk factors for stroke, myocardial ischemia, and other malignant cardiovascular diseases. Most of the existing AF detection methods typically convert one-dimensional time-series electrocardiogram (ECG) signals into [...] Read more.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common cardiac arrhythmias, and it is an indication of high-risk factors for stroke, myocardial ischemia, and other malignant cardiovascular diseases. Most of the existing AF detection methods typically convert one-dimensional time-series electrocardiogram (ECG) signals into two-dimensional representations to train a deep and complex AF detection system, which results in heavy training computation and high implementation costs. In this paper, a multiscale signal encoding scheme is proposed to improve feature representation and detection performance without the need for using any transformation or handcrafted feature engineering techniques. The proposed scheme uses different kernel sizes to produce the encoded signal by using multiple streams that are passed into a one-dimensional sequence of blocks of a residual convolutional neural network (ResNet) to extract representative features from the input ECG signal. This also allows networks to grow in breadth rather than in depth, thus reducing the computing time by using the parallel processing capability of deep learning networks. We investigated the effects of the use of a different number of streams with different kernel sizes on the performance. Experiments were carried out for a performance evaluation using the publicly available PhysioNet CinC Challenge 2017 dataset. The proposed multiscale encoding scheme outperformed existing deep learning-based methods with an average F₁ score of 98.54%, but with a lower network complexity. Full article

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11 pages, 2163 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of NanoLuc Luciferase and Alkaline Phosphatase Luminescence Reporter Systems for Phage-Based Detection of Bacteria

by Shalini Wijeratne, Arindam Bakshi and Joey Talbert

Bioengineering 2022, 9(9), 479; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090479 - 16 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1773

Abstract

Reporter phage assays are a promising alternative to culture-based assays for rapidly detecting viable bacteria. The reporter systems used in phage-based detection are typically enzymes and their corresponding substrates that provide a signal following infection and expression. While several reporter systems have been [...] Read more.

Reporter phage assays are a promising alternative to culture-based assays for rapidly detecting viable bacteria. The reporter systems used in phage-based detection are typically enzymes and their corresponding substrates that provide a signal following infection and expression. While several reporter systems have been developed, comparing reporter systems based on reported bacteria detection limits from literature can be challenging due to factors other than the reporter system that influence detection capabilities. To advance the development of phage-based assays, a systematic comparison and understanding of the components are necessary. The objective of this study was to directly compare two common enzyme-mediated luminescence reporter systems, NanoLuc/Nano-Glo and alkaline phosphatase (ALP*)/DynaLight, for phage-based detection of bacteria. The detection limits of the purified enzymes were determined, as well as the expression levels and bacteria detection capabilities following engineering of the coding genes into T7 phage and infection of E. coli BL21. When comparing the sensitivity of the purified enzymes, NLuc/Nano-Glo enzyme/substrate system demonstrated a lower detection limit than ALP*/DynaLight. In addition, the expression of the NLuc reporter following phage infection of E. coli was greater than ALP*. The lower detection limit combined with the higher expression resulted in a greater than 100-fold increase in sensitivity for the NLuc/Nano-Glo^® reporter system compared to ALP*/DynaLight when used for the detection of E. coli in a model system. These findings provide a comparative analysis of two common reporter systems used for phage-based detection of bacteria and a foundational understanding of these systems for engineering future reporter phage assays. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioanalysis Systems: Materials, Methods, Designs and Applications)

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22 pages, 3305 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Nanofabrication Technology for Nutraceuticals: New Insights and Future Trends

by Rachitha Puttasiddaiah, Rohitha Lakshminarayana, Nandini Lalithadripura Somashekar, Vijai Kumar Gupta, Baskaran Stephen Inbaraj, Zeba Usmani, Vinay Basavegowda Raghavendra, Kandi Sridhar and Minaxi Sharma

Bioengineering 2022, 9(9), 478; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090478 - 16 Sep 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3974

Abstract

Bioactive components such as polyphenolics, flavonoids, bioactive peptides, pigments, and essential fatty acids were known to ward off some deadliest diseases. Nutraceuticals are those beneficial compounds that may be food or part of food that has come up with medical or health benefits. [...] Read more.

Bioactive components such as polyphenolics, flavonoids, bioactive peptides, pigments, and essential fatty acids were known to ward off some deadliest diseases. Nutraceuticals are those beneficial compounds that may be food or part of food that has come up with medical or health benefits. Nanoencapsulation and nanofabricated delivery systems are an imminent approach in the field of food sciences. The sustainable fabrication of nutraceuticals and biocompatible active components indisputably enhances the food grade and promotes good health. Nanofabricated delivery systems include carbohydrates-based, lipids (solid and liquid), and proteins-based delivery systems. Solid nano-delivery systems include lipid nanoparticles. Liquid nano-delivery systems include nanoliposomes and nanoemulsions. Physicochemical properties of nanoparticles such as size, charge, hydrophobicity, and targeting molecules affect the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of nano delivery systems. Advance research in toxicity studies is necessary to ensure the safety of the nanofabricated delivery systems, as the safety of nano delivery systems for use in food applications is unknown. Therefore, improved nanotechnology could play a pivotal role in developing functional foods, a contemporary concept assuring the consumers to provide programmed, high-priced, and high-quality research toward nanofabricated delivery systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Formulations in Agri-Food-Pharma: Source and Applications, Volume II)

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15 pages, 562 KiB

Open AccessReview

Therapeutic Applications of the CRISPR-Cas System

by Kyungmin Kang, Youngjae Song, Inho Kim and Tae-Jung Kim

Bioengineering 2022, 9(9), 477; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090477 - 15 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3088

Abstract

The clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas system has revolutionized genetic engineering due to its simplicity, stability, and precision since its discovery. This technology is utilized in a variety of fields, from basic research in medicine and biology to medical diagnosis and treatment, [...] Read more.

The clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas system has revolutionized genetic engineering due to its simplicity, stability, and precision since its discovery. This technology is utilized in a variety of fields, from basic research in medicine and biology to medical diagnosis and treatment, and its potential is unbounded as new methods are developed. The review focused on medical applications and discussed the most recent treatment trends and limitations, with an emphasis on CRISPR-based therapeutics for infectious disease, oncology, and genetic disease, as well as CRISPR-based diagnostics, screening, immunotherapy, and cell therapy. Given its promising results, the successful implementation of the CRISPR-Cas system in clinical practice will require further investigation into its therapeutic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gene Engineering in Stem Cells for Drug Discovery and Therapeutic)

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15 pages, 3731 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Surgical Classification for Preclinical Rat Femoral Bone Defect Model: Standardization Based on Systematic Review, Anatomical Analysis and Virtual Surgery

by Yu Sun, Heike Helmholz and Regine Willumeit-Römer

Bioengineering 2022, 9(9), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090476 - 15 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2378

Abstract

Though surgical techniques profoundly influence in vivo experiments, significant heterogeneity exists in current surgeries for inducing rat femoral bone defects. Such variations reduce the reproducibility and comparability of preclinical studies, and are detrimental to clinical translation. The purposes of this study were: (1) [...] Read more.

Though surgical techniques profoundly influence in vivo experiments, significant heterogeneity exists in current surgeries for inducing rat femoral bone defects. Such variations reduce the reproducibility and comparability of preclinical studies, and are detrimental to clinical translation. The purposes of this study were: (1) to conduct a systematic review of rat femoral defect models, summarizing and analyzing the surgical techniques; (2) to analyze surgical design and potential pitfalls via 3D anatomy and virtual surgeries for fostering future precision research; and (3) to establish a surgical classification system, for improving the reproducibility and comparability among studies, avoiding unnecessary repetitive experiments. The online database PubMed was searched to identify studies from January 2000 to June 2022 using keywords, including rat, femur, bone defect. Eligible publications were included for a review of surgical methods. Anatomical analysis and virtual surgeries were conducted based on micro-CT reconstruction of the rat femur for further investigation and establishment of a classification system. A total of 545 publications were included, revealing marked heterogeneity in surgical methods. Four major surgical designs were reported for inducing defects from the proximal to distal femur: bone tunnel, cortical window, segmental defect, and wedge-shaped defect. Anatomical analysis revealed potential pitfalls hindering efficient clinical translation. A classification system was established according to the anatomical region, surgical design, and fixation devices. This systematic review in combination with 3D analysis and virtual surgery provides a general overview of current surgical approaches to inducing femoral defects in rats, and establishes a surgical classification facilitating preclinical research of quality and translational value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Sight of Implants and Bone Regeneration: Updates and Future Directions)

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19 pages, 12786 KiB

Open AccessArticle

NDG-CAM: Nuclei Detection in Histopathology Images with Semantic Segmentation Networks and Grad-CAM

by Nicola Altini, Antonio Brunetti, Emilia Puro, Maria Giovanna Taccogna, Concetta Saponaro, Francesco Alfredo Zito, Simona De Summa and Vitoantonio Bevilacqua

Bioengineering 2022, 9(9), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090475 - 15 Sep 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3007

Abstract

Nuclei identification is a fundamental task in many areas of biomedical image analysis related to computational pathology applications. Nowadays, deep learning is the primary approach by which to segment the nuclei, but accuracy is closely linked to the amount of histological ground truth [...] Read more.

Nuclei identification is a fundamental task in many areas of biomedical image analysis related to computational pathology applications. Nowadays, deep learning is the primary approach by which to segment the nuclei, but accuracy is closely linked to the amount of histological ground truth data for training. In addition, it is known that most of the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained microscopy nuclei images contain complex and irregular visual characteristics. Moreover, conventional semantic segmentation architectures grounded on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are unable to recognize distinct overlapping and clustered nuclei. To overcome these problems, we present an innovative method based on gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) saliency maps for image segmentation. The proposed solution is comprised of two steps. The first is the semantic segmentation obtained by the use of a CNN; then, the detection step is based on the calculation of local maxima of the Grad-CAM analysis evaluated on the nucleus class, allowing us to determine the positions of the nuclei centroids. This approach, which we denote as NDG-CAM, has performance in line with state-of-the-art methods, especially in isolating the different nuclei instances, and can be generalized for different organs and tissues. Experimental results demonstrated a precision of 0.833, recall of 0.815 and a Dice coefficient of 0.824 on the publicly available validation set. When used in combined mode with instance segmentation architectures such as Mask R-CNN, the method manages to surpass state-of-the-art approaches, with precision of 0.838, recall of 0.934 and a Dice coefficient of 0.884. Furthermore, performance on the external, locally collected validation set, with a Dice coefficient of 0.914 for the combined model, shows the generalization capability of the implemented pipeline, which has the ability to detect nuclei not only related to tumor or normal epithelium but also to other cytotypes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence in Medical Image Processing and Segmentation)

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17 pages, 6541 KiB

Open AccessReview

Synergetic Thermal Therapy for Cancer: State-of-the-Art and the Future

by Qizheng Dai, Bo Cao, Shiqing Zhao and Aili Zhang

Bioengineering 2022, 9(9), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090474 - 15 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3255

Abstract

As a safe and minimal-invasive modality, thermal therapy has become an effective treatment in cancer treatment. Other than killing the tumor cells or destroying the tumor entirely, the thermal modality results in profound molecular, cellular and biological effects on both the targeted tissue, [...] Read more.

As a safe and minimal-invasive modality, thermal therapy has become an effective treatment in cancer treatment. Other than killing the tumor cells or destroying the tumor entirely, the thermal modality results in profound molecular, cellular and biological effects on both the targeted tissue, surrounding environments, and even the whole body, which has triggered the combination of the thermal therapy with other traditional therapies as chemotherapy and radiation therapy or new therapies like immunotherapy, gene therapy, etc. The combined treatments have shown encouraging therapeutic effects both in research and clinic. In this review, we have summarized the outcomes of the existing synergistic therapies, the underlying mechanisms that lead to these improvements, and the latest research in the past five years. Limitations and future directions of synergistic thermal therapy are also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiscale Thermal Engineering for Biomedical Applications)

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18 pages, 11050 KiB

Open AccessReview

Optimization and Scale-Up of Fermentation Processes Driven by Models

by Yuan-Hang Du, Min-Yu Wang, Lin-Hui Yang, Ling-Ling Tong, Dong-Sheng Guo and Xiao-Jun Ji

Bioengineering 2022, 9(9), 473; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090473 - 14 Sep 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 12238

Abstract

In the era of sustainable development, the use of cell factories to produce various compounds by fermentation has attracted extensive attention; however, industrial fermentation requires not only efficient production strains, but also suitable extracellular conditions and medium components, as well as scaling-up. In [...] Read more.

In the era of sustainable development, the use of cell factories to produce various compounds by fermentation has attracted extensive attention; however, industrial fermentation requires not only efficient production strains, but also suitable extracellular conditions and medium components, as well as scaling-up. In this regard, the use of biological models has received much attention, and this review will provide guidance for the rapid selection of biological models. This paper first introduces two mechanistic modeling methods, kinetic modeling and constraint-based modeling (CBM), and generalizes their applications in practice. Next, we review data-driven modeling based on machine learning (ML), and highlight the application scope of different learning algorithms. The combined use of ML and CBM for constructing hybrid models is further discussed. At the end, we also discuss the recent strategies for predicting bioreactor scale-up and culture behavior through a combination of biological models and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Optimization and Scale-Up of Industrial Bioprocess)

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28 pages, 1462 KiB

Open AccessReview

Fucoidan from Marine Macroalgae: Biological Actions and Applications in Regenerative Medicine, Drug Delivery Systems and Food Industry

by Grace Sathyanesan Anisha, Savitha Padmakumari, Anil Kumar Patel, Ashok Pandey and Reeta Rani Singhania

Bioengineering 2022, 9(9), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090472 - 14 Sep 2022

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5248

Abstract

The marine macroalgae produce a collection of bioactive polysaccharides, of which the sulfated heteropolysaccharide fucoidan produced by brown algae of the class Phaeophyceae has received worldwide attention because of its particular biological actions that confer nutritional and health benefits to humans and animals. [...] Read more.

The marine macroalgae produce a collection of bioactive polysaccharides, of which the sulfated heteropolysaccharide fucoidan produced by brown algae of the class Phaeophyceae has received worldwide attention because of its particular biological actions that confer nutritional and health benefits to humans and animals. The biological actions of fucoidan are determined by their structure and chemical composition, which are largely influenced by the geographical location, harvest season, extraction process, etc. This review discusses the structure, chemical composition and physicochemical properties of fucoidan. The biological action of fucoidan and its applications for human health, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine and drug delivery are also addressed. The industrial scenario and prospects of research depicted would give an insight into developing fucoidan as a commercially viable and sustainable bioactive material in the nutritional and pharmacological sectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioengineering of Polysaccharide Production Systems)

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19 pages, 2834 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Normothermic Ex Vivo Liver Platform Using Porcine Slaughterhouse Livers for Disease Modeling

by Melanie Krüger, Alicia Ruppelt, Benjamin Kappler, Elke Van Soest, Roos Anne Samsom, Guy C. M. Grinwis, Niels Geijsen, J. Bernd Helms, Marco Stijnen, Linda M. Kock, Marco Rasponi, Hans S. Kooistra and Bart Spee

Bioengineering 2022, 9(9), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090471 - 14 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2534

Abstract

Metabolic and toxic liver disorders, such as fatty liver disease (steatosis) and drug-induced liver injury, are highly prevalent and potentially life-threatening. To allow for the study of these disorders from the early stages onward, without using experimental animals, we collected porcine livers in [...] Read more.

Metabolic and toxic liver disorders, such as fatty liver disease (steatosis) and drug-induced liver injury, are highly prevalent and potentially life-threatening. To allow for the study of these disorders from the early stages onward, without using experimental animals, we collected porcine livers in a slaughterhouse and perfused these livers normothermically. With our simplified protocol, the perfused slaughterhouse livers remained viable and functional over five hours of perfusion, as shown by hemodynamics, bile production, indocyanine green clearance, ammonia metabolism, gene expression and histology. As a proof-of-concept to study liver disorders, we show that an infusion of free fatty acids and acetaminophen results in early biochemical signs of liver damage, including reduced functionality. In conclusion, the present platform offers an accessible system to perform research in a functional, relevant large animal model while avoiding using experimental animals. With further improvements to the model, prolonged exposure could make this model a versatile tool for studying liver diseases and potential treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioengineering Liver Transplantation II)

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20 pages, 1561 KiB

Open AccessReview

Anticancer Activity, Mechanism, and Delivery of Allyl Isothiocyanate

by Ammar Tarar, Sarah Peng, Soha Cheema and Ching-An Peng

Bioengineering 2022, 9(9), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090470 - 14 Sep 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2399

Abstract

Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is a phytochemical that is abundantly present in cruciferous vegetables of the Brassicaceae family, such as cabbage, broccoli, mustard, wasabi, and cauliflower. The pungent taste of these vegetables is mainly due to the content of AITC present in these vegetables. [...] Read more.

Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is a phytochemical that is abundantly present in cruciferous vegetables of the Brassicaceae family, such as cabbage, broccoli, mustard, wasabi, and cauliflower. The pungent taste of these vegetables is mainly due to the content of AITC present in these vegetables. AITC is stored stably in the plant as its precursor sinigrin (a type of glucosinolate), which is physically separated from myrosin cells containing myrosinase. Upon tissue disruption, myrosinase gets released and hydrolyzes the sinigrin to produce AITC and by-products. AITC is an organosulfur compound, both an irritant and toxic, but it carries pharmacological properties, including anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory activities. Despite the promising anticancer effectiveness of AITC, its clinical application still possesses challenges due to several factors, i.e., low aqueous solubility, instability, and low bioavailability. In this review, the anticancer activity of AITC against several cancer models is summarized from the literature. Although the mechanism of action is still not fully understood, several pathways have been identified; these are discussed in this review. Not much attention has been given to the delivery of AITC, which hinders its clinical application. However, the few studies that have demonstrated the use of nanotechnology to facilitate the delivery of AITC are addressed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drug Delivery Systems, What's New?)

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13 pages, 7616 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Virtual Scoliosis Surgery Using a 3D-Printed Model Based on Biplanar Radiographs

by Aurélien Courvoisier, Antonio Cebrian, Julien Simon, Pascal Désauté, Benjamin Aubert, Célia Amabile and Lucie Thiébaut

Bioengineering 2022, 9(9), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090469 - 14 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2339

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to describe a protocol that simulates the spinal surgery undergone by adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) by using a 3D-printed spine model. Patients with AIS underwent pre- and postoperative bi-planar low-dose X-rays from which a numerical 3D [...] Read more.

The aim of this paper is to describe a protocol that simulates the spinal surgery undergone by adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) by using a 3D-printed spine model. Patients with AIS underwent pre- and postoperative bi-planar low-dose X-rays from which a numerical 3D model of their spine was generated. The preoperative numerical spine model was subsequently 3D printed to virtually reproduce the spine surgery. Special consideration was given to the printing materials for the 3D-printed elements in order to reflect the radiopaque and mechanical properties of typical bones most accurately. Two patients with AIS were recruited and operated. During the virtual surgery, both pre- and postoperative images of the 3D-printed spine model were acquired. The proposed 3D-printing workflow used to create a realistic 3D-printed spine suitable for virtual surgery appears to be feasible and reliable. This method could be used for virtual-reality scoliosis surgery training incorporating 3D-printed models, and to test surgical instruments and implants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Spine Biomechanics)

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15 pages, 1288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Assessment of Quality of the Root Canal Filling and the Number of Visits Needed for Completing Primary Root Canal Treatment by Operators with Different Experience

by Krystyna Pietrzycka, Mateusz Radwanski, Louis Hardan, Rim Bourgi, Davide Mancino, Youssef Haikel and Monika Lukomska-Szymanska

Bioengineering 2022, 9(9), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090468 - 13 Sep 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6722

Abstract

The main goal of root canal treatment (RCT) is to eradicate or essentially diminish the microbial population within the root canal system and to prevent reinfection by a proper chemo-mechanical preparation and hermetic final obturation of the root canal space. The aim of [...] Read more.

The main goal of root canal treatment (RCT) is to eradicate or essentially diminish the microbial population within the root canal system and to prevent reinfection by a proper chemo-mechanical preparation and hermetic final obturation of the root canal space. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of the root canal filling and the number of visits needed for completing RCT by operators with different experience, including dentistry students (4th and 5th year), general dental practitioners (GDPs), and endodontists. Data from medical records of 798 patients were analyzed, obtaining 900 teeth and 1773 obturated canals according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A similar number of teeth was assessed in each group in terms of density and length of root canal filling and number of visits. The larger number of visits and the lower quality of treatment was observed for 4th year students than for other groups (p < 0.05); in contrast, the endodontists needed the lowest number of visits to complete RCT and more often overfilled teeth than other operator groups (p < 0.05). Interestingly, no statistical difference in quality of root canal filling was noted between 5th year students, GPDs and endodontists. The treatment of lower teeth demanded statistically more visits than that of upper teeth (p < 0.05). The results of the study emphasize that most of the root canal filling performed by operators was considered adequate, regardless of tooth type, files used and number of visits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Biomaterials and Dental Disease)

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28 pages, 4349 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decision Support System for Liver Lesion Segmentation Based on Advanced Convolutional Neural Network Architectures

by Dan Popescu, Andrei Stanciulescu, Mihai Dan Pomohaci and Loretta Ichim

Bioengineering 2022, 9(9), 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090467 - 13 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1828

Abstract

Given its essential role in body functions, liver cancer is the third most common cause of death from cancer, despite being the sixth most common type of cancer worldwide. Following advancements in medicine and image processing, medical image segmentation methods are receiving a [...] Read more.

Given its essential role in body functions, liver cancer is the third most common cause of death from cancer, despite being the sixth most common type of cancer worldwide. Following advancements in medicine and image processing, medical image segmentation methods are receiving a great deal of attention. As a novelty, the paper proposes an intelligent decision system for segmenting liver and hepatic tumors by integrating four efficient neural networks (ResNet152, ResNeXt101, DenseNet201, and InceptionV3). Images from computed tomography for training, validation, and testing were taken from the public LiTS17 database and preprocessed to better highlight liver tissue and tumors. Global segmentation is done by separately training individual classifiers and the global system of merging individual decisions. For the aforementioned application, classification neural networks have been modified for semantic segmentation. After segmentation based on the neural network system, the images were postprocessed to eliminate artifacts. The segmentation results obtained by the system were better, from the point of view of the Dice coefficient, than those obtained by the individual networks, and comparable with those reported in recent works. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning for Biomedical Applications)

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11 pages, 3224 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Immunohistochemical Study of Wound Healing after Dental Diode Laser Treatment in the Rat Oral Mucosa

by Hye Rin Kim, Keunbada Son, Young-Tak Son, Yong-Gun Kim, Kyu-Bok Lee, Seung Cheol Lee, Jo-Young Suh and Jae Mok Lee

Bioengineering 2022, 9(9), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090466 - 13 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1771

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the differences in healing patterns using two types of diode laser devices (laser A and laser B) and a steel scalpel for periodontal surgery through histological and immunohistochemical methods. Twenty 12-week-old male rats were assigned to three groups [...] Read more.

This study aimed to examine the differences in healing patterns using two types of diode laser devices (laser A and laser B) and a steel scalpel for periodontal surgery through histological and immunohistochemical methods. Twenty 12-week-old male rats were assigned to three groups (3, 7, and 14 days). Square-shaped erosion wounds (2 × 2 mm² diameter) were created on the hard palate of each rat. Two wounds were created using Laser A and a steel scalpel (Bard-Parker No. 15) on the right palate and using Laser B and a steel scalpel on the left side. Rats were sacrificed after 3, 7, and 14 days. Tissues were collected with a margin of 1 mm from the border of the erosional wound of the maxillary hard palate. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed on the tissue samples after 3, 7, and 14 days. The tissue healing pattern and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cluster of differentiation (CD) were observed under a light microscope. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Kruskal–Wallis H test for comparison among the groups (α = 0.05). In comparison to the wounds made with the scalpel, wounds treated with lasers A and B showed delayed healing patterns. There was no significant difference between the two laser treatment groups (p > 0.05). The expression of iNOS and CD68 was not significantly different among the three groups after 3 and 7 days (p > 0.05). On day 14, the groups treated with the dental diode lasers showed higher expression than the group treated with the steel scalpel, but no significant difference was observed (p > 0.05). Laser-induced wounds tended to heal slower than surgical wounds performed using a steel scalpel, but histological and immunohistochemical results showed no significant difference between the dental diode laser and scalpel groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental and Maxillofacial Tissue Engineering)

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0 pages, 1135 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Viscoelastic Characterization of Corn Starch Paste: (I) The First Normal Stress Difference of a Cross-Linked Waxy Corn Starch Paste with Sucrose

by Shuxin Huang

Bioengineering 2022, 9(9), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090465 - 13 Sep 2022

Viewed by 1108

Abstract

Experimental viscoelastic data and the corresponding theoretical analysis of corn starch paste in the past 30 years indicate an evident deficiency of the viscoelastic characterization of the paste. The purposes of the study are to check the capability of a recent model on [...] Read more.

Experimental viscoelastic data and the corresponding theoretical analysis of corn starch paste in the past 30 years indicate an evident deficiency of the viscoelastic characterization of the paste. The purposes of the study are to check the capability of a recent model on describing the viscoelasticity of the paste and to improve the viscoelastic analysis. The linear viscoelastic property; the steady shear viscosity and the first normal stress difference (N₁) of a cross-linked waxy corn starch paste mixed with sucrose experimentally reported in 2003 were characterized with a structuralized viscoelastic constitutive equation in the present paper. The structuralized parameter f in the equation was obtained using the viscosities in the dynamic and steady shear experiment. Both a power law strain model and a linear strain model were proposed to describe the normal component in the strain matrix. Three kinds of viscoelastic properties of the paste can be described well with the structuralized equation. Both the power law and the linear strain model can yield reasonable calculations of N₁. The maximum deviation of N₁ calculated by two strain models is about 10%. The theoretical model adopted is available for describing the complex viscoelastic behaviors of corn starch paste usually appearing in the processing of corn starch. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioengineering of Polysaccharide Production Systems)

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12 pages, 6579 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of a Locking Autocompression Screw Model in Pauwels Type-3 Femoral Neck Fracture: In Vitro Analysis

by Vincenzo Giordano, Anderson Freitas, Robinson Esteves Pires, Leonardo Rigobello Battaglion, Mariana de Oliveira Lobo and William Dias Belangero

Bioengineering 2022, 9(9), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090464 - 12 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1965

Abstract

Femoral neck fractures in young adults are uncommon, resulting from high-energy trauma. Despite their infrequency in this population, there is higher rate of complications, especially in the more vertical fracture line, classified by Pauwels as a type-3 femoral neck fracture. The implant type [...] Read more.

Femoral neck fractures in young adults are uncommon, resulting from high-energy trauma. Despite their infrequency in this population, there is higher rate of complications, especially in the more vertical fracture line, classified by Pauwels as a type-3 femoral neck fracture. The implant type is of paramount importance for maintaining anatomical reduction, since it must resist the deforming forces that act on the fracture. We comparatively evaluated two constructions of the novel locking autocompression implant (X-PIN and X-PIN+P) using the finite element method and previously established methods for treating Pauwels type-3 femoral neck fractures. Six fixation models were developed for the study: a dynamic hip screw (DHS), a DHS with an anti-rotation screw (DHS+P), the inverted triangle multiple cannulated screws construction (ASNIS), the multiple cannulated screws in an L-configuration (L), and the two models of the novel locking autocompression screw (X-PIN and X-PIN+P). Under the same conditions with a load of 2100 N, the following parameters were evaluated using SIMLAB^® software: the main maximum (Max P), main minimum (Min P), localized maximum P1 (Max P1), localized maximum P2 (Max P2), total displacement, localized displacement, rotation displacement, and von Mises stress. Compared to the DHS+P and ASNIS models, the X-PIN+P model presented, respectively, increases of 51.6% and 64.7% for Max P, 85% and 247% for Min P, and 18.9% and 166.7% for von Mises stress. Max P1 did not differ between the models, but Max P2 was 55% and 50% lower for X-PIN+P than ASNIS and L, respectively. All displacement values were lower for X-PIN+P than the other models. In this FEM testing, the X-PIN+P was superior to the other models, which was due to improvement in all parameters of stress distribution, displacement, and von Mises stress compared to models using a lateral plate (DHS and DHS+P) or not (ASNIS and L). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics-Based Motion Analysis)

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14 pages, 1645 KiB

Open AccessArticle

All Trans-Retinoic Acids Facilitate the Remodeling of 2D and 3D Cultured Human Conjunctival Fibroblasts

by Yuri Tsugeno, Tatsuya Sato, Megumi Watanabe, Megumi Higashide, Masato Furuhashi, Araya Umetsu, Soma Suzuki, Yosuke Ida, Fumihito Hikage and Hiroshi Ohguro

Bioengineering 2022, 9(9), 463; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090463 - 11 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1705

Abstract

Vitamin A derivative, all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), is known to be a potent regulator of the growth and differentiation of various types of cells. In the present study, the unidentified effects of ATRA on superficial and vertical spreading conjunctival scarring were examined. The study [...] Read more.

Vitamin A derivative, all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), is known to be a potent regulator of the growth and differentiation of various types of cells. In the present study, the unidentified effects of ATRA on superficial and vertical spreading conjunctival scarring were examined. The study involved the use of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cultures of human conjunctival fibroblast (HconF) cells in the presence or absence of TGF-β2. The effects of ATRA (1 μM) on superficial or vertical spreading conjunctival scarring were evaluated by the barrier function by trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and FITC dextran permeability measurements and real-time metabolic analysis, as well as the physical properties, namely, the size and stiffness, of 3D spheroids, respectively. In addition, the expressions of several related molecules, including extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, ECM modulators including a tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and ER stress-related factors, were examined. ATRA significantly induced (1) an increase in TEER values and a decrease in FITC dextran permeability, respectively, in the 2D monolayers, and (2) relatively and substantially increased the size and stiffness, respectively, of the 3D spheroids. These ATRA-induced effects were further enhanced in the TGF-β2-treated cells, whereas the TGF-β2-induced enhancement in glycolytic capacity was canceled by the presence of ATRA. Consistent with these physical and morphological effects, the mRNA expressions of several molecules were significantly but differently induced between 2D and 3D cultures by ATRA, although the presence of TGF-β2 did not substantially affect these gene expression levels. The findings reported in this study indicate that ATRA may exacerbate both superficial and vertical conjunctival fibrosis spreading independently of TGF-β2-induced changes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Organoid Research and Developmental Engineering)

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14 pages, 1627 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Glycocalyx Sensing with a Mathematical Model of Acoustic Shear Wave Biosensor

by Varvara Turova, Andrey Kovtanyuk, Oleg Pykhteev, Irina Sidorenko and Renée Lampe

Bioengineering 2022, 9(9), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090462 - 10 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1482

Abstract

The article deals with an idea of exploiting an acoustic shear wave biosensor for investigating the glycocalyx, a polysaccharide polymer molecule layer on the endothelium of blood vessels that, according to recent studies, plays an important role in protecting against diseases. To test [...] Read more.

The article deals with an idea of exploiting an acoustic shear wave biosensor for investigating the glycocalyx, a polysaccharide polymer molecule layer on the endothelium of blood vessels that, according to recent studies, plays an important role in protecting against diseases. To test this idea, a mathematical model of an acoustic shear wave sensor and corresponding software developed earlier for proteomic applications are used. In this case, the glycocalyx is treated as a layer homogenized over the thin polymer “villi”. Its material characteristics depend on the density, thickness, and length of the villi and on the viscous properties of the surrounding liquid (blood plasma). It is proved that the model used has a good sensitivity to the above parameters of the villi and blood plasma. Numerical experiments performed using real data collected retrospectively from premature infants show that the use of acoustic shear wave sensors may be a promising approach to investigate properties of glycocalyx-like structures and their role in prematurity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Fluid Dynamics in Medicine and Biology)

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11 pages, 5085 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mild Positive Pressure Improves the Efficacy of Benzalkonium Chloride against Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm

by Shamaila Tahir, Sarah Emanuel, David W. Inglis, Karen Vickery, Anand K. Deva and Honghua Hu

Bioengineering 2022, 9(9), 461; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090461 - 09 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1658

Abstract

Current protocols using liquid disinfectants to disinfect heat-sensitive hospital items frequently fail, as evidenced by the continued isolation of bacteria following decontamination. The contamination is, in part, due to biofilm formation. We hypothesize that mild positive pressure (PP) will disrupt this biofilm structure [...] Read more.

Current protocols using liquid disinfectants to disinfect heat-sensitive hospital items frequently fail, as evidenced by the continued isolation of bacteria following decontamination. The contamination is, in part, due to biofilm formation. We hypothesize that mild positive pressure (PP) will disrupt this biofilm structure and improve liquid disinfectant/detergent penetration to biofilm bacteria for improved killing. Staphylococcus aureus biofilm, grown on polycarbonate coupons in the biofilm reactor under shear at 35 °C for 3 days, was treated for 10 min and 60 min with various dilutions of benzalkonium chloride without PP at 1 atmosphere (atm), and with PP at 3, 5, 7, and 10 atm. The effect on biofilm and residual bacterial viability was determined by standard plate counts, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Combined use of benzalkonium chloride and PP up to 10 atm significantly increased biofilm killing up to 4.27 logs, as compared to the treatment using disinfectant alone. Microscopy results were consistent with the viability plate count results. PP improved disinfectant efficacy against bacterial biofilm. The use of mild PP is possible in many flow situations or if equipment/contaminated surfaces can be placed in a pressure chamber. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioengineering on Study and Development of Innovative Antimicrobial Concepts)

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20 pages, 4208 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Kinetics and Mechanisms of Saccharomyces boulardii Release from Optimized Whey Protein–Agavin–Alginate Beads under Simulated Gastrointestinal Conditions

by María Sady Chávez-Falcón, Carolina Buitrago-Arias, Sandra Victoria Avila-Reyes, Javier Solorza-Feria, Martha Lucía Arenas-Ocampo, Brenda Hildeliza Camacho-Díaz and Antonio Ruperto Jiménez-Aparicio

Bioengineering 2022, 9(9), 460; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090460 - 09 Sep 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1919

Abstract

Encapsulation is a process in which a base material is encapsulated in a wall material that can protect it against external factors and/or improve its bioavailability. Among the different encapsulation techniques, ionic gelation stands out as being useful for thermolabile compounds. The aim [...] Read more.

Encapsulation is a process in which a base material is encapsulated in a wall material that can protect it against external factors and/or improve its bioavailability. Among the different encapsulation techniques, ionic gelation stands out as being useful for thermolabile compounds. The aim of this work was to encapsulate Saccharomyces boulardii by ionic gelation using agavins (A) and whey protein (WP) as wall materials and to evaluate the morphostructural changes that occur during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Encapsulations at different levels of A and WP were analyzed using microscopic, spectroscopic and thermal techniques. Encapsulation efficiency and cell viability were evaluated. S. boulardii encapsulated at 5% A: 3.75% WP (AWB6) showed 88.5% cell survival after the simulated gastrointestinal digestion; the bead showed a significantly different microstructure from the controls. The mixture of A and WP increased in the survival of S. boulardii respect to those encapsulated with alginate, A or WP alone. The binary material mixture simultaneously allowed a controlled release of S. boulardii by mostly diffusive Fickian mechanisms and swelling. The cell-release time was found to control the increment of the Damköhler number when A and WP were substrates for S. boulardii, in this way allowing greater protection against gastrointestinal conditions. Full article

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25 pages, 851 KiB

Open AccessReview

miRNA in Molecular Diagnostics

by Maja Matulić, Paula Gršković, Andreja Petrović, Valerija Begić, Suzana Harabajsa and Petra Korać

Bioengineering 2022, 9(9), 459; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090459 - 09 Sep 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2642

Abstract

MicroRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression on post-transcriptional level. Their biogenesis consists of a complex series of sequential processes, and they regulate expression of many genes involved in all cellular processes. Their function is essential for [...] Read more.

MicroRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression on post-transcriptional level. Their biogenesis consists of a complex series of sequential processes, and they regulate expression of many genes involved in all cellular processes. Their function is essential for maintaining the homeostasis of a single cell; therefore, their aberrant expression contributes to development and progression of many diseases, especially malignant tumors and viral infections. Moreover, they can be associated with certain states of a specific disease, obtained in the least invasive manner for patients and analyzed with basic molecular methods used in clinical laboratories. Because of this, they have a promising potential to become very useful biomarkers and potential tools in personalized medicine approaches. In this review, miRNAs biogenesis, significance in cancer and infectious diseases, and current available test and methods for their detection are summarized. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Diagnostics in Postgenomic Era)

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17 pages, 7315 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Two-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network for Depression Episodes Detection in Real Time Using Motor Activity Time Series of Depresjon Dataset

by Carlos H. Espino-Salinas, Carlos E. Galván-Tejada, Huizilopoztli Luna-García, Hamurabi Gamboa-Rosales, José M. Celaya-Padilla, Laura A. Zanella-Calzada and Jorge I. Galván Tejada

Bioengineering 2022, 9(9), 458; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090458 - 09 Sep 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2227

Abstract

Depression is a common illness worldwide, affecting an estimated 3.8% of the population, including 5% of all adults, in particular, 5.7% of adults over 60 years of age. Unfortunately, at present, the ways to evaluate different mental disorders, like the Montgomery–Åsberg depression rating [...] Read more.

Depression is a common illness worldwide, affecting an estimated 3.8% of the population, including 5% of all adults, in particular, 5.7% of adults over 60 years of age. Unfortunately, at present, the ways to evaluate different mental disorders, like the Montgomery–Åsberg depression rating scale (MADRS) and observations, need a great effort, on part of specialists due to the lack of availability of patients to obtain the necessary information to know their conditions and to detect illness such as depression in an objective way. Based on data analysis and artificial intelligence techniques, like Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), it is possible to classify a person, from the mental status examination, into two classes. Moreover, it is beneficial to observe how the data of these two classes are similar in different time intervals. In this study, a motor activity database was used, from which the readings of 55 subjects of study (32 healthy and 23 with some degree of depression) were recorded with a small wrist-worn accelerometer to detect the peak amplitude of movement acceleration and generate a transient voltage signal proportional to the rate of acceleration. Motor activity data were selected per patient in time-lapses of one day for seven days (one week) in one-minute intervals. The data were pre-processed to be given to a two-dimensional convolutional network (2D-CNN), where each record of motor activity per minute was represented as a pixel of an image. The proposed model is capable of detecting depression in real-time (if this is implemented in a mobile device such as a smartwatch) with low computational cost and accuracy of 76.72% In summary, the model shows promising abilities to detect possible cases of depression, providing a helpful resource to identify the condition and be able to take the appropriate follow-up for the patient. Full article

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32 pages, 1494 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MEF: Multidimensional Examination Framework for Prioritization of COVID-19 Severe Patients and Promote Precision Medicine Based on Hybrid Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approaches

by Karrar Hameed Abdulkareem, Mohammed Nasser Al-Mhiqani, Ahmed M. Dinar, Mazin Abed Mohammed, Mustafa Jawad Al-Imari, Alaa S. Al-Waisy, Abed Saif Alghawli and Mohammed A. A. Al-Qaness

Bioengineering 2022, 9(9), 457; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090457 - 08 Sep 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2317

Abstract

Effective prioritization plays critical roles in precision medicine. Healthcare decisions are complex, involving trade-offs among numerous frequently contradictory priorities. Considering the numerous difficulties associated with COVID-19, approaches that could triage COVID-19 patients may help in prioritizing treatment and provide precise medicine for those [...] Read more.

Effective prioritization plays critical roles in precision medicine. Healthcare decisions are complex, involving trade-offs among numerous frequently contradictory priorities. Considering the numerous difficulties associated with COVID-19, approaches that could triage COVID-19 patients may help in prioritizing treatment and provide precise medicine for those who are at risk of serious disease. Prioritizing a patient with COVID-19 depends on a variety of examination criteria, but due to the large number of these biomarkers, it may be hard for medical practitioners and emergency systems to decide which cases should be given priority for treatment. The aim of this paper is to propose a Multidimensional Examination Framework (MEF) for the prioritization of COVID-19 severe patients on the basis of combined multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods. In contrast to the existing literature, the MEF has not considered only a single dimension of the examination factors; instead, the proposed framework included different multidimensional examination criteria such as demographic, laboratory findings, vital signs, symptoms, and chronic conditions. A real dataset that consists of data from 78 patients with different examination criteria was used as a base in the construction of Multidimensional Evaluation Matrix (MEM). The proposed framework employs the CRITIC (CRiteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation) method to identify objective weights and importance for multidimensional examination criteria. Furthermore, the VIKOR (VIekriterijumsko KOmpromisno Rangiranje) method is utilized to prioritize COVID-19 severe patients. The results based on the CRITIC method showed that the most important examination criterion for prioritization is COVID-19 patients with heart disease, followed by cough and nasal congestion symptoms. Moreover, the VIKOR method showed that Patients 8, 3, 9, 59, and 1 are the most urgent cases that required the highest priority among the other 78 patients. Finally, the proposed framework can be used by medical organizations to prioritize the most critical COVID-19 patient that has multidimensional examination criteria and to promptly give appropriate care for more precise medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Sensing for Health Informatics)

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29 pages, 4170 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biomechanics of Pulmonary Autograft as Living Tissue: A Systematic Review

by Francesco Nappi and Sanjeet Singh Avtaar Singh

Bioengineering 2022, 9(9), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090456 - 08 Sep 2022

Viewed by 2104

Abstract

Introduction: The choice of valve substitute for aortic valve surgery is tailored to the patient with specific indications and contraindications to consider. The use of an autologous pulmonary artery (PA) with a simultaneous homograft in the pulmonary position is called a Ross procedure. [...] Read more.

Introduction: The choice of valve substitute for aortic valve surgery is tailored to the patient with specific indications and contraindications to consider. The use of an autologous pulmonary artery (PA) with a simultaneous homograft in the pulmonary position is called a Ross procedure. It permits somatic growth and the avoidance of lifelong anticoagulation. Concerns remain on the functionality of a pulmonary autograft in the aortic position when exposed to systemic pressure. Methods: A literature review was performed incorporating the following databases: Pub Med (1996 to present), Ovid Medline (1958 to present), and Ovid Embase (1982 to present), which was run on 1 January 2022 with the following targeted words: biomechanics of pulmonary autograft, biomechanics of Ross operation, aortic valve replacement and pulmonary autograph, aortic valve replacement and Ross procedure. To address the issues with heterogeneity, studies involving the pediatric cohort were also analyzed separately. The outcomes measured were early- and late-graft failure alongside mortality. Results: a total of 8468 patients were included based on 40 studies (7796 in pediatric cohort and young adult series and 672 in pediatric series). There was considerable experience accumulated by various institutions around the world. Late rates of biomechanical failure and mortality were low and comparable to the general population. The biomechanical properties of the PA were superior to other valve substitutes. Mathematical and finite element analysis studies have shown the potential stress-shielding effects of the PA root. Conclusion: The Ross procedure has excellent durability and longevity in clinical and biomechanical studies. The use of external reinforcements such as semi-resorbable scaffolds may further extend their longevity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Devices and Preclinical Assessment for the Treatment of Mitral and Tricuspid Regurgitation)

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11 pages, 2470 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reconstruction of Oronasal Fistula with Tongue Flap: A Cleft Palate Report

by Francisco Vale, Flávia Pereira, José Saraiva, Eunice Carrilho, Madalena Prata Ribeiro, Filipa Marques, Raquel Travassos, Catarina Nunes, Anabela Baptista Paula and Inês Francisco

Bioengineering 2022, 9(9), 455; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090455 - 08 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2223

Abstract

Oronasal fistula can persist after conventional secondary alveolar bone graft surgery, which may lead to functional issues, such as regurgitation of fluids from the oral to the nasal cavity. This manuscript describes a clinical case of a patient with a bilateral cleft lip [...] Read more.

Oronasal fistula can persist after conventional secondary alveolar bone graft surgery, which may lead to functional issues, such as regurgitation of fluids from the oral to the nasal cavity. This manuscript describes a clinical case of a patient with a bilateral cleft lip and palate that underwent tongue graft surgery for closure of an oronasal fistula after three failed local mucosa flap surgeries. The multidisciplinary treatment was comprised of orthodontic treatment, mucosa and alveolar grafts for palate closure and aesthetic rehabilitation of the anterior maxillary teeth. Smile aesthetics were noticeably improved, enhancing the patient’s self-perception and confidence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Appliance Design and Techniques in Orthodontics)

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18 pages, 1926 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Investigation of Left Ventricular Valve Disorders and the Mechano-Electric Feedback Using a Synergistic Lumped Parameter Cardiovascular Numerical Model

by Nicholas Pearce and Eun-jin Kim

Bioengineering 2022, 9(9), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090454 - 08 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1458

Abstract

Cardiac diseases and failure make up one of largest contributions to global mortality and significantly detriment the quality of life for millions of others. Disorders in the valves of the left ventricle are a prominent example of heart disease, with prolapse, regurgitation, and [...] Read more.

Cardiac diseases and failure make up one of largest contributions to global mortality and significantly detriment the quality of life for millions of others. Disorders in the valves of the left ventricle are a prominent example of heart disease, with prolapse, regurgitation, and stenoses—the three main valve disorders. It is widely known that mitral valve prolapse increases the susceptibility to cardiac arrhythmia. Here, we investigate stenoses and regurgitation of the mitral and aortic valves in the left ventricle using a synergistic low-order numerical model. The model synergy derives from the incorporation of the mechanical, chemical, and electrical elements. As an alternative framework to the time-varying elastance (TVE) method, it allows feedback mechanisms at work in the heart to be considered. The TVE model imposes the ventricular pressure–volume relationship using a periodic function rather than calculating it consistently. Using our synergistic approach, the effects of valve disorders on the mechano-electric-feedback (MEF) are investigated. The MEF is the influence of cellular mechanics on the electrical activity, and significantly contributes to the generation of arrhythmia. We further investigate stenoses and regurgitation of the mitral and aortic valves and their relationship with the MEF and generation of arrhythmia. Mitral valve stenosis is found to increase the sensitivity to arrhythmia-stimulating systolic stretch, and reduces the sensitivity to diastolic stretch. Aortic valve stenosis does not change the sensitivity to arrhythmia-stimulating stretch, and regurgitation reduces it. A key result is found when valve regurgitation is accompanied by diastolic stretch. In the presence of MEF disorder, ectopic beats become far more frequent when accompanied by valve regurgitation. Therefore, arrhythmia resulting from a disorder in the MEF will be more severe when valve regurgitation is present. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning-Based Heart, Brain and Nerve Tissue Engineering)

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15 pages, 12854 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthetic Extracellular Matrices for 3D Culture of Schwann Cells, Hepatocytes, and HUVECs

by Chiyuan Ma, Kaizheng Liu, Qin Li, Yue Xiong, Cuixiang Xu, Wenya Zhang, Changshun Ruan, Xin Li and Xiaohua Lei

Bioengineering 2022, 9(9), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090453 - 08 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2269

Abstract

Synthetic hydrogels from polyisocyanides (PIC) are a type of novel thermoreversible biomaterials, which can covalently bind biomolecules such as adhesion peptides to provide a suitable extracellular matrix (ECM)-like microenvironment for different cells. Although we have demonstrated that PIC is suitable for three-dimensional (3D) [...] Read more.

Synthetic hydrogels from polyisocyanides (PIC) are a type of novel thermoreversible biomaterials, which can covalently bind biomolecules such as adhesion peptides to provide a suitable extracellular matrix (ECM)-like microenvironment for different cells. Although we have demonstrated that PIC is suitable for three-dimensional (3D) culture of several cell types, it is unknown whether this hydrogel sustains the proliferation and passaging of cells originating from different germ layers. In the present study, we propose a 3D culture system for three representative cell sources: Schwann cells (ectoderm), hepatocytes (endoderm), and endothelial cells (mesoderm). Both Schwann cells and hepatocytes proliferated into multicellular spheroids and maintained their properties, regardless of the amount of cell-adhesive RGD motifs in long-term culture. Notably, Schwann cells grew into larger spheroids in RGD-free PIC than in PIC-RGD, while HL-7702 showed the opposite behavior. Endothelial cells (human umbilical vein endothelial cells, HUVECs) spread and formed an endothelial cell (EC) network only in PIC-RGD. Moreover, in a hepatocyte/HUVEC co-culture system, the characteristics of both cells were well kept for a long period in PIC-RGD. In all, our work highlights a simple ECM mimic that supports the growth and phenotype maintenance of cells from all germ layers in the long term. Our findings might contribute to research on biological development, organoid engineering, and in vitro drug screening. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analytical Approaches in 3D in vitro Systems)

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