Plants

18 pages, 1057 KiB

Open AccessReview

Moringa oleifera as a Natural Alternative for the Control of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Equines: A Review

by Mona Mohamed Mohamed Yasseen Elghandour, Aristide Maggiolino, Paulina Vázquez-Mendoza, Edwin Rafael Alvarado-Ramírez, José Cedillo-Monroy, Pasquale De Palo and Abdelfattah Zeidan Mohamed Salem

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1921; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091921 - 08 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3127

Abstract

Studies have shown a wide variety of parasites that infect horses, causing major gastrointestinal damage that can lead to death, and although the main method of control has been synthetic anthelmintics, there are parasites that have developed resistance to these drugs. For generations, [...] Read more.

Studies have shown a wide variety of parasites that infect horses, causing major gastrointestinal damage that can lead to death, and although the main method of control has been synthetic anthelmintics, there are parasites that have developed resistance to these drugs. For generations, plants have been used throughout the world as a cure or treatment for countless diseases and their symptoms, as is the case of Moringa oleifera, a plant native to the western region. In all its organs, mainly in leaves, M. oleifera presents a diversity of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids, saponins, and vitamins, which provide antioxidant power to the plant. The compounds with the greatest antiparasitic activity are tannins and saponins, and they affect both the larvae and the oocytes of various equine gastrointestinal parasites. Therefore, M. oleifera is a promising source for the natural control of gastrointestinal parasites in horses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights in the Research of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Origin with Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Potential II)

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17 pages, 1456 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Allelopathic Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Helianthus annuus L., Grown in Boreal Conditions, on Germination, Development, and Physiological Indices of Pisum sativum L.

by Daiva Janusauskaite

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1920; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091920 - 08 May 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2028

Abstract

Evaluation of the allelopathy relationship between different crops is a sensible strategy fallowing the correct use of positive effects and to avoid the disadvantageous effects among plants. This study aimed to detect the allelopathic effect of aqueous extracts of sunflower (Helianthus annuus [...] Read more.

Evaluation of the allelopathy relationship between different crops is a sensible strategy fallowing the correct use of positive effects and to avoid the disadvantageous effects among plants. This study aimed to detect the allelopathic effect of aqueous extracts of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), grown in a boreal climatic zone, on the growth, subsequent development, and physiological traits of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Three factors have been studied: donor plant fertilization (unfertilized and fertilized), aqueous extracts from donor plant organs (leaves and stems (L+S), heads (H) and roots (R)); four concentrations of extracts (0%, 25%, 50% and 75%). The aqueous extracts from fertilized sunflower donor plant at 25% and 50% concentration acted as potential biostimulants that stimulated pea seed germination (SG), whereas L+S and R extracts at 75% concentration from unfertilized donor plant inhibited SG, at 4 days after sowing. The aqueous extracts demonstrated a stimulating effect on above-ground and root dry mass, compared to the control. The concentration of extracts demonstrated a significant inhibitory effect on SPAD. R extract revealed the strongest allelopathic effect on physiological traits of pea. L+S and H extracts at 25% concentration had stimulating effects, while 50% and 75% concentrations showed inhibiting effects on the photosynthetic rate. The water use efficiency, stomatal conductance, and stomatal limitation were inhibited, whereas, the transpiration rate, photosynthetic water use efficiency and intercellular CO₂ concentration were stimulated, with an increasing of extract concentrations, comparatively to the control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Biostimulation)

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21 pages, 11067 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Allium hookeri Extracts on Hair-Inductive and Anti-Oxidative Properties in Human Dermal Papilla Cells

by Seokmuk Park, Nayeon Han, Jung-Min Lee, Jae-Ho Lee and Seunghee Bae

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1919; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091919 - 08 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2166

Abstract

Oxidative stress and cellular senescence in dermal papilla cells (DPCs) are major etiological factors causing hair loss. In this study, the effect of the Allium hookeri extract (AHE) on hair-inductive and anti-oxidative properties was investigated in human DPCs. As a result, it was [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress and cellular senescence in dermal papilla cells (DPCs) are major etiological factors causing hair loss. In this study, the effect of the Allium hookeri extract (AHE) on hair-inductive and anti-oxidative properties was investigated in human DPCs. As a result, it was found that a non-cytotoxic concentration of the extracts increased the viability and size of the human DPC spheroid, which was associated with the increased expression of hair-growth-related genes in cells. To determine whether or not these effects could be attributed to intracellular anti-oxidative effects, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry alongside various biochemical analyses are conducted herein. An ingredient called alliin was identified as one of the main components. Furthermore, AHE treatment induced a significant decrease in H₂O₂-mediated cytotoxicities, cell death, and cellular senescence in human DPCs. Upon analyzing these results with a molecular mechanism approach, it was shown that AHE treatment increased β-Catenin and NRF2 translocation into the nucleus while inhibiting the translocation of NF-κB (p50) through p38 and PKA-mediated phosphorylations of GSK3β, an upstream regulator of those proteins. These results overall indicate the possibility that AHE can regulate GSK3β-mediated β-Catenin, NRF2, and NF-κB signaling to enhance hair-inductive properties and ultimately protect against oxidative stress-induced cellular damage in human DPCs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioprospecting of Natural Products from Medicinal Plants)

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13 pages, 2961 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Alien and Potentially Invasive Plants in Four Lagoons on the Island of Cozumel, Mexico

by Gonzalo Castillo-Campos, José G. García-Franco, M. Luisa Martínez and J. Jesús Pale-Pale

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1918; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091918 - 08 May 2023

Viewed by 1229

Abstract

The expansion of alien invasive species is a worldwide threat that affects most ecosystems. Islands and freshwater ecosystems are among the most vulnerable to species invasion, resulting in reduced biodiversity. In this study, we aimed to explore the floristic composition of the aquatic [...] Read more.

The expansion of alien invasive species is a worldwide threat that affects most ecosystems. Islands and freshwater ecosystems are among the most vulnerable to species invasion, resulting in reduced biodiversity. In this study, we aimed to explore the floristic composition of the aquatic vegetation in four lagoons in southeastern Cozumel and assess the occurrence and abundance of alien and potentially invasive plants. We found a total of 43 aquatic or underwater herbaceous species that are subject to periodic flooding. Cluster analyses grouped the lagoons into two groups according to their floristic composition. The results demonstrate that alien and potentially invasive plants were dominant in 3 of the 4 lagoons, representing from 7 to 43% of the species. Six of these species were notably abundant, especially in three lagoons. Further, 2 species are considered among the 100 worst invasive species worldwide, although their abundance in Mexico remains relatively reduced. Five alien and potentially invasive species are terrestrial and grow on the shore of the lagoons, while one is aquatic. Urgent control and management actions are necessary. These should include (a) early detection and surveillance to determine if the alien species found behave as invasives; (b) understanding the relevance of invasive species; (c) preventing and intercepting; and (d) control and management. Habitat restoration, adequate legislation, collaboration between stakeholders, and raising awareness of the dangers of releasing or cultivating invasive species in the wild are also necessary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Invasion 2022)

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8 pages, 1558 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Unique Morphology of Sarcobatus baileyi Male Inflorescence and Its Botanical Implications

by Wenzhe Liu, Xiuping Xu and Xin Wang

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1917; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091917 - 08 May 2023

Viewed by 1234

Abstract

A typical angiosperm flower is usually bisexual, with entomophilous plants having four whorls of organs: the calyx, corolla, stamens, and gynoecium. The flower is usually colorful, and thus, distinct from the dull-colored reproductive organs of gymnosperms; however, this formula is not applicable to [...] Read more.

A typical angiosperm flower is usually bisexual, with entomophilous plants having four whorls of organs: the calyx, corolla, stamens, and gynoecium. The flower is usually colorful, and thus, distinct from the dull-colored reproductive organs of gymnosperms; however, this formula is not applicable to all flowers. For example, the male flower of Sarcobatus baileyi is reduced into only a single stamen. Such unusual flowers are largely poorly documented and underappreciated. To fill such a lacuna in our knowledge of the male reproductive organ of S. baileyi, we collected and studied materials of the male inflorescence of S. baileyi (Sarcobataceae). The outcomes of our Micro-CT (micro computed tomography), SEM (scanning electron microscopy), and paraffin sectioning indicate that a male inflorescence of S. baileyi is more comparable with the cone of conifers; its male flowers lack the perianth, are directly attached to a central axis and sheltered by peltate indusium-like shields. To understand the evolutionary logic underlying such a rarely seen male inflorescence, we also studied and compared it with a female cone of Cupressus sempervirens. Although the genera Sarcobatus and Cupressus belong to two distinct major plant groups (angiosperms and gymnosperms), they apply the same propagule-protecting strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Floral Biology 2.0)

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15 pages, 3057 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differences in Organic Solute and Metabolites of Leymus chinensis in Response to Different Intensities of Salt and Alkali Stress

by Ge Yan, Yujie Shi, Chunsheng Mu and Junfeng Wang

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1916; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091916 - 08 May 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1195

Abstract

To explore differences in the physiological metabolic response mechanisms of grassland perennial plants to different intensities of salt–alkali stress, we employed GC-MS to identify the metabolome of perennial rhizome-saline-tolerant Leymus chinensis (L. chinensis). L. chinensis reduced stress damage by accumulating osmotic [...] Read more.

To explore differences in the physiological metabolic response mechanisms of grassland perennial plants to different intensities of salt–alkali stress, we employed GC-MS to identify the metabolome of perennial rhizome-saline-tolerant Leymus chinensis (L. chinensis). L. chinensis reduced stress damage by accumulating osmotic solutes during salt–alkali stress, although the types of accumulated solutes varied with stress and concentration gradients. Soluble sugars increased only under mild salt–alkali stress. Under salt and mild alkali stress, amino acids increased. Under severe salt–alkali stress, organic acids increased. Betaine increased as a typical osmolute under salt–alkali stress. Metabolic analysis identified 20 metabolites, including 4 amino acids, 6 sugars, and 10 organic acids. The majority of them increased in response to stress. Under mild salt stress, the metabolites included glycine and proline. Under mild alkali stress, they primarily consisted of sugars such as isomaltose and lactulose, whereas under severe salt–alkali stress, they primarily consisted of organic acids such as citric acid and isocitric acid. Pathway analysis showed that six pathways were affected. Glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism was affected under mild salt stress. Alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism and butanota metabolism were affected under mild alkali stress, while energy metabolism pathways, such as the TCA cycle and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, were affected under severe salt–alkali stress. The results indicate the importance of betaine in stress resistance and the significance of organic acid in severe salt stress, and they also demonstrate that energy supply was one of the key mechanisms in response to severe salt–alkali stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

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13 pages, 1620 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Morphological, Distribution, and Ecological Data on Scabiosa garganica (Caprifoliaceae), a Poorly Known Species of the Italian Flora, with Evaluation of Its Conservation Status and Typification of the Name

by Daniele Bonsanto, Nello Biscotti and Robert Philipp Wagensommer

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1915; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091915 - 08 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1426

Abstract

This paper presents the results of a research performed on Gargano Promontory (SE-Italy) on the populations of Scabiosa garganica, a species with little herbarium records and whose few morphological descriptions are outdated. S. garganica belongs to the S. holosericea aggr., a group [...] Read more.

This paper presents the results of a research performed on Gargano Promontory (SE-Italy) on the populations of Scabiosa garganica, a species with little herbarium records and whose few morphological descriptions are outdated. S. garganica belongs to the S. holosericea aggr., a group including very similar taxa that still have different taxonomic classifications. Its typical location is Monte Sant’Angelo in the Gargano area. Surveys have ascertained the existence of many populations, whose stational data help to understand the distribution and ecological conditions S. garganica is linked to. The morphological analysis of a large sample (75 plants from 9 sites) allows for the description of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of this species. The new morphological framework highlights the species autonomy of S. garganica and can contribute to clarifying the relationship with S. holosericea and S. taygetea to which it is closer. In addition, for the correct delimitation of the species, the name Scabiosa garganica is lectotypified. Finally, the species was assessed against the IUCN criteria for the evaluation of its conservation status. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Floristic Studies in the Light of Biodiversity Knowledge and Conservation)

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22 pages, 3212 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cellular Morphology and Transcriptome Comparative Analysis of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge Sprouts Cultured In Vitro under Different LED Light

by Ji Won Seo, Jae Geun Lee, Ji Hye Yoo, Jung Dae Lim, Ik Young Choi, Myong Jo Kim, Chang Yeon Yu and Eun Soo Seong

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1914; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091914 - 08 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1345

Abstract

Astragalus membranaceus, the major components of which are saponins, flavonoids, and polysaccharides, has been established to have excellent pharmacological activity. After ginseng, it is the second most used medicinal plant. To examine the utility of A. membranaceus as a sprout crop for [...] Read more.

Astragalus membranaceus, the major components of which are saponins, flavonoids, and polysaccharides, has been established to have excellent pharmacological activity. After ginseng, it is the second most used medicinal plant. To examine the utility of A. membranaceus as a sprout crop for plant factory cultivation, we sought to establish a functional substance control model by comparing the transcriptomes of sprouts grown in sterile, in vitro culture using LED light sources. Having sown the seeds of A. membranaceus, these were exposed to white LED light (continuous spectrum), red LED light (632 nm, 1.58 μmol/m²/s), or blue LED light (465 nm, 1.44 μmol/m²/s) and grown for 6 weeks; after which, the samples were collected for transcriptome analysis. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of cell morphology in plants exposed to the three light sources revealed that leaf cell size was largest in those plants exposed to red light, where the thickest stem was observed in plants exposed to white light. The total number of genes in A. membranaceus spouts determined via de novo assembly was 45,667. Analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed that for the comparisons of blue LED vs. red LED, blue LED vs. white LED, and red LED vs. white LED, the numbers of upregulated genes were 132, 148, and 144, respectively. Binding, DNA integration, transport, phosphorylation, DNA biosynthetic process, membrane, and plant-type secondary cell wall biogenesis were the most enriched in the comparative analysis of blue LED vs. red LED, whereas Binding, RNA-templated DNA biosynthetic process, DNA metabolic process, and DNA integration were the most enriched in the comparative analysis of blue vs. white LED, and DNA integration and resolution of meiotic recombination intermediates were the most enrichment in the comparison between red LED vs. white LED. The GO term associated with flavonoid biosynthesis, implying the functionality of A. membranaceus, was the flavonoid biosynthetic process, which was enriched in the white LED vs. red LED comparison. The findings of this study thus indicate that different LED light sources can differentially influence the transcriptome expression pattern of A. membranaceus sprouts, which can provide a basis for establishing a flavonoid biosynthesis regulation model and thus, the cultivation of high-functional Astragalus sprouts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Plant Genomics and Transcriptome Analysis)

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22 pages, 3699 KiB

Open AccessReview

Genomics and Transcriptomics Reveal Genetic Contribution to Population Diversity and Specific Traits in Coconut

by Kobra Yousefi, Siti Nor Akmar Abdullah, Muhammad Asyraf Md Hatta and Kong Lih Ling

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1913; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091913 - 08 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3157

Abstract

Coconut is an economically important palm species with a long history of human use. It has applications in various food, nutraceuticals, and cosmetic products, and there has been renewed interest in coconut in recent years due to its unique nutritional and medicinal properties. [...] Read more.

Coconut is an economically important palm species with a long history of human use. It has applications in various food, nutraceuticals, and cosmetic products, and there has been renewed interest in coconut in recent years due to its unique nutritional and medicinal properties. Unfortunately, the sustainable growth of the coconut industry has been hampered due to a shortage of good quality seedlings. Genetic improvement through the traditional breeding approach faced considerable obstacles due to its perennial nature, protracted juvenile period, and high heterozygosity. Molecular biotechnological tools, including molecular markers and next-generation sequencing (NGS), could expedite genetic improvement efforts in coconut. Researchers have employed various molecular markers to reveal genetic diversity among coconut populations and for the construction of a genetic map for exploitation in coconut breeding programs worldwide. Whole genome sequencing and transcriptomics on the different varieties have generated a massive amount of publicly accessible sequence data, substantially improving the ability to analyze and understand molecular mechanisms affecting crop performance. The production of high-yielding and disease-resilient coconuts and the deciphering of the complex coconut genome’s structure can profit tremendously from these technologies. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the progress of coconut research, using genomics, transcriptomics, and molecular markers initiatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Plant Genomics and Transcriptome Analysis)

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17 pages, 3629 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trunk Water Potential Measured with Microtensiometers for Managing Water Stress in “Gala” Apple Trees

by Luis Gonzalez Nieto, Annika Huber, Rui Gao, Erica Casagrande Biasuz, Lailiang Cheng, Abraham D. Stroock, Alan N. Lakso and Terence L. Robinson

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1912; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091912 - 08 May 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1738

Abstract

The weather variations around the world are already having a profound impact on agricultural production. This impacts apple production and the quality of the product. Through agricultural precision, growers attempt to optimize both yield and fruit size and quality. Two experiments were conducted [...] Read more.

The weather variations around the world are already having a profound impact on agricultural production. This impacts apple production and the quality of the product. Through agricultural precision, growers attempt to optimize both yield and fruit size and quality. Two experiments were conducted using field-grown “Gala” apple trees in Geneva, NY, USA, in 2021 and 2022. Mature apple trees (Malus × domestica Borkh. cv. Ultima “Gala”) grafted onto G.11 rootstock planted in 2015 were used for the experiment. Our goal was to establish a relationship between stem water potential (Ψ_trunk), which was continuously measured using microtensiometers, and the growth rate of apple fruits, measured continuously using dendrometers throughout the growing season. The second objective was to develop thresholds for Ψ_trunk to determine when to irrigate apple trees. The economic impacts of different irrigation regimes were evaluated. Three different water regimes were compared (full irrigation, rainfed and rain exclusion to induce water stress). Trees subjected the rain-exclusion treatment were not irrigated during the whole season, except in the spring (April and May; 126 mm in 2021 and 100 mm in 2022); that is, these trees did not receive water during June, July, August and half of September. Trees subjected to the rainfed treatment received only rainwater (515 mm in 2021 and 382 mm in 2022). The fully irrigated trees received rain but were also irrigated by drip irrigation (515 mm in 2021 and 565 mm in 2022). Moreover, all trees received the same amount of water out of season in autumn and winter (245 mm in 2021 and 283 mm in 2022). The microtensiometer sensors detected differences in Ψ_trunk among our treatments over the entire growing season. In both years, experimental trees with the same trunk cross-section area (TCSA) were selected (23–25 cm⁻² TCSA), and crop load was adjusted to 7 fruits·cm⁻² TCSA in 2021 and 8.5 fruits·cm⁻² TCSA in 2022. However, the irrigated trees showed the highest fruit growth rates and final fruit weight (157 g and 70 mm), followed by the rainfed only treatment (132 g and 66 mm), while the rain-exclusion treatment had the lowest fruit growth rate and final fruit size (107 g and 61 mm). The hourly fruit shrinking and swelling rate (mm·h⁻¹) measured with dendrometers and the hourly Ψ_trunk (bar) measured with microtensiometers were correlated. We developed a logistic model to correlate Ψ_trunk and fruit growth rate (g·h⁻¹), which suggested a critical value of −9.7 bars for Ψ_trunk, above which there were no negative effects on fruit growth rate due to water stress in the relatively humid conditions of New York State. A support vector machine model and a multiple regression model were developed to predict daytime hourly Ψ_trunk with radiation and VPD as input variables. Yield and fruit size were converted to crop value, which showed that managing water stress with irrigation during dry periods improved crop value in the humid climate of New York State. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote and Proximal Sensing for Plant Research)

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14 pages, 1117 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Trends and Advancements in CRISPR-Based Tools for Enhancing Resistance against Plant Pathogens

by Munazza Ijaz, Fahad Khan, Haitham E. M. Zaki, Muhammad Munem Khan, Khlode S. A. Radwan, Yugen Jiang, Jiahui Qian, Temoor Ahmed, Muhammad Shafiq Shahid, Jinyan Luo and Bin Li

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1911; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091911 - 08 May 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2826

Abstract

Targeted genome editing technologies are becoming the most important and widely used genetic tools in studies of phytopathology. The “clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)” and its accompanying proteins (Cas) have been first identified as a natural system associated with the adaptive [...] Read more.

Targeted genome editing technologies are becoming the most important and widely used genetic tools in studies of phytopathology. The “clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)” and its accompanying proteins (Cas) have been first identified as a natural system associated with the adaptive immunity of prokaryotes that have been successfully used in various genome-editing techniques because of its flexibility, simplicity, and high efficiency in recent years. In this review, we have provided a general idea about different CRISPR/Cas systems and their uses in phytopathology. This review focuses on the benefits of knock-down technologies for targeting important genes involved in the susceptibility and gaining resistance against viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens by targeting the negative regulators of defense pathways of hosts in crop plants via different CRISPR/Cas systems. Moreover, the possible strategies to employ CRISPR/Cas system for improving pathogen resistance in plants and studying plant–pathogen interactions have been discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement and Genetic Analysis of Germplasm Resources in Major Crops)

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25 pages, 3576 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tolerance with High Yield Potential Is Provided by Lower Na⁺ Ion Accumulation and Higher Photosynthetic Activity in Tolerant YNU31-2-4 Rice Genotype under Salinity and Multiple Heat and Salinity Stress

by Lutfun Nahar, Murat Aycan, Ermelinda Maria Lopes Hornai, Marouane Baslam and Toshiaki Mitsui

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1910; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091910 - 08 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1570

Abstract

The yield-reduction effect of abiotic stressors such as salinity and heat stresses with the growing world population threatens food security. Although adverse effects of salinity and heat stress on plant growth and production parameters have been documented, in nature, abiotic stresses occur sequentially [...] Read more.

The yield-reduction effect of abiotic stressors such as salinity and heat stresses with the growing world population threatens food security. Although adverse effects of salinity and heat stress on plant growth and production parameters have been documented, in nature, abiotic stresses occur sequentially or simultaneously. In this study, the stress tolerance and yield capacity of Yukinkomai, YNU31-2-4, and YNU SL rice genotypes tested under control (26 °C, 0 mM NaCl), salinity (26 °C, 75 mM NaCl), heat (31 °C, 0 mM NaCl), and heat and salinity (31 °C, 75 mM NaCl) stress combinations at vegetative and reproductive stages with six different scenarios. The results show that salinity and the heat and salinity combination stresses highly reduce plant growth performance and yield capacity. Heat stress during reproduction does not affect the yield but reduces the grain quality. The YNU31-2-4 genotype performs better under heavy salt and heat and salinity stress then the Yukinkomai and YNU SL genotypes. YNU31-2-4 genotypes accumulate less Na⁺ and more K⁺ under salt and multiple stresses. In the YNU31-2-4 genotype, low Na⁺ ion accumulation increases photosynthetic activity and pigment deposition, boosting the yield. Stress lowers the glucose accumulation in dry seeds, but the YNU31-2-4 genotype has a higher glucose accumulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges for Understanding the Molecular Regulation of Plant Developmental Processes)

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20 pages, 3014 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Medical Ethnobotany of the Bissau-Guinean Community of Migrants Living in Northern Italy and Comparison with the Ethnopharmacology of Guinea-Bissau

by Alfredo Sambù, Laura Cornara, Luís Catarino, Bucar Indjai, Marco Biagi and Paolo Giordani

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1909; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091909 - 08 May 2023

Viewed by 1603

Abstract

This study compares the knowledge of medicinal plants of Bissau-Guinean migrants now established in Italy with the ethnopharmacology still present in their country of origin. We also investigated how traditional ethnobotanical knowledge is changing following the phenomenon of migration from Africa to Europe. [...] Read more.

This study compares the knowledge of medicinal plants of Bissau-Guinean migrants now established in Italy with the ethnopharmacology still present in their country of origin. We also investigated how traditional ethnobotanical knowledge is changing following the phenomenon of migration from Africa to Europe. The ethnobotanical data were collected during 2017–2018, by interviewing 49 informants belonging to 8 ethnic groups, living in 8 provinces of northern Italy. The final inventory of botanical taxa included 81 species belonging to 34 families, with Fabaceae and Malvaceae the most represented, followed by Euphorbiaceae, Apocynaceae, Combretaceae, and Solanaceae. Plant remedies were used to treat 21 ailment categories, such as fever, internal infections, intestinal and respiratory problems, and pains. The traditional ethnobotanical knowledge of Bissau-Guinean migrants in Italy was associated with gender, with women showing the highest knowledge. In addition, a negative relationship was observed between the maintenance of this knowledge and the number of years migrants have spent in Italy. Overall, a loss of knowledge was observed in the less numerous ethnic groups. However, traditional preparations based on plants from the country of origin are in general well preserved to maintain a good state of health. Our work could help in transferring to the next generation the cultural heritage of Bissau-Guinean people permanently moved to European Countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plants and Peoples: Quo Vadis?)

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23 pages, 5439 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Uptake Efficiency and Crop Productivity of Two-Rowed Barley under Different Crop Production Systems

by Dimitrios Beslemes, Evangelia Tigka, Ioannis Roussis, Ioanna Kakabouki, Antonios Mavroeidis and Dimitrios Vlachostergios

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1908; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091908 - 08 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1808

Abstract

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) constitute a ubiquitous group of soil microorganisms, affecting plant and soil microorganism growth. Various crop management practices can have a significant impact on the AM association. This study investigated the AMF inoculation contribution on growth and productivity of two-rowed [...] Read more.

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) constitute a ubiquitous group of soil microorganisms, affecting plant and soil microorganism growth. Various crop management practices can have a significant impact on the AM association. This study investigated the AMF inoculation contribution on growth and productivity of two-rowed barley crop by identifying the underlying mechanisms both in conventional and organic cropping systems. A two-year field trial was set up as a split-plot design with 2 main plots [AMF inoculation: with (AMF+) and without (AMF−)] and five sub-plots (fertilization regimes: untreated, 100% recommended dose of fertilizer in organic and inorganic form, and 60% recommended dose of fertilizer in organic and inorganic form) in three replications. According to the results, AMF+ plants presented higher plant height and leaf area index (LAI), resulting in increased biomass and, as a result, higher seed yield. With regard to the quality traits, including the nitrogen and phosphorus uptake and their utilization indices, the AMF inoculated plants showed higher values. Furthermore, the level of fertilization, particularly in an inorganic form, adversely affected AMF root colonization. Consequently, it was concluded that substitution of inorganic inputs by organic, as well as inputs reduction, when combined with AMF inoculation, can produce excellent results, thus making barley crop cultivation sustainable in Mediterranean climates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Soil Fertility Management for Sustainable Agriculture)

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14 pages, 8329 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effect of Growth Stages on Anthocyanins and Polyphenols in the Root System of Sweet Potato

by Yuno Setoguchi, Soya Nakagawa, Ryo Ohmura, Saki Toshima, Hyungjun Park, Yosuke Narasako, Tomonari Hirano, Motoyasu Otani and Hisato Kunitake

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1907; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091907 - 08 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2622

Abstract

The storage roots of purple-fleshed sweet potato contain a variety of anthocyanins and polyphenols. Little is known about changes in the total content and composition of anthocyanins and polyphenols in the early growth stages of the root system. In this study, we investigated [...] Read more.

The storage roots of purple-fleshed sweet potato contain a variety of anthocyanins and polyphenols. Little is known about changes in the total content and composition of anthocyanins and polyphenols in the early growth stages of the root system. In this study, we investigated the changes in anthocyanins and polyphenols in the root system of purple-fleshed sweet potato cultivars at 15, 30, 45, and 60 days after transplant (DAT). Unexpectedly, the highest percentage of acylated anthocyanins in three purple-fleshed cultivars among all growth stages was at 15 DAT. On the other hand, the total polyphenol content in the early growth stages of the root system increased rapidly toward 45 DAT, just before the beginning of storage root enlargement, and then decreased rapidly as the storage roots began to enlarge. These data indicate that the early growth stage of the root system is a critical time. This timing may present a strategy to maximize the accumulation of polyphenols with high antioxidant activity, as well as acylated anthocyanins, to protect against abiotic and biotic stresses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Qualitative and Quantitative Changes in Plant Metabolite Contents)

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18 pages, 4878 KiB

Open AccessReview

Inoculation and Screening Methods for Major Sorghum Diseases Caused by Fungal Pathogens: Claviceps africana, Colletotrichum sublineola, Sporisorium reilianum, Peronosclerospora sorghi and Macrophomina phaseolina

by Ezekiel Ahn, Coumba Fall, Jacob Botkin, Shaun Curtin, Louis K. Prom and Clint Magill

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1906; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091906 - 07 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2683

Abstract

Sorghum is the fifth most important crop globally. Researching interactions between sorghum and fungal pathogens is essential to further elucidate plant defense mechanisms to biotic stress, which allows breeders to employ genetic resistance to disease. A variety of creative and useful inoculation and [...] Read more.

Sorghum is the fifth most important crop globally. Researching interactions between sorghum and fungal pathogens is essential to further elucidate plant defense mechanisms to biotic stress, which allows breeders to employ genetic resistance to disease. A variety of creative and useful inoculation and screening methods have been developed by sorghum pathologists to study major fungal diseases. As inoculation and screening methods can be keys for successfully conducting experiments, it is necessary to summarize the techniques developed by this research community. Among many fungal pathogens of sorghum, here we summarize inoculation and screening methods for five important fungal pathogens of sorghum: Claviceps africana, Colletotrichum sublineola, Sporisorium reilianum, Peronosclerospora sorghi and Macrophomina phaseolina. The methods described within will be useful for researchers who are interested in exploring sorghum-fungal pathogen interactions. Finally, we discuss the latest biotechnologies and methods for studying plant-fungal pathogen interactions and their applicability to sorghum pathology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dissecting Plant-Environment Interactions with Modern Tools and Techniques: In the Climate Change Era)

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20 pages, 5875 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Salinity Stress on Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in Halophytes Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. and Glaux maritima L. Cultured In Vitro

by Artem Pungin, Lidia Lartseva, Violetta Loskutnikova, Vladislav Shakhov, Elena Popova, Liubov Skrypnik and Olesya Krol

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1905; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091905 - 07 May 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1391

Abstract

The study of halophytes as sources of phenolic compounds, as well as conditions that further enhance the accumulation of biologically active compounds in them, is of particular interest. In this paper, the effect of different salinity levels (25–500 mM in the form of [...] Read more.

The study of halophytes as sources of phenolic compounds, as well as conditions that further enhance the accumulation of biologically active compounds in them, is of particular interest. In this paper, the effect of different salinity levels (25–500 mM in the form of NaCl) on the content of phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of two rare halophyte species Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. and Glaux maritima L. cultured in vitro was investigated. A species-specific reaction of plants to salinization was established. In G. maritima, the maximum total content of phenolic compounds was observed at 50–100 mM, flavonoids 75–400 mM, and hydroxycinnamic acids 200–300 mM, as well as individual phenolics (protocatechuic acid, catechin, astragalin, hyperoside, rutin, isoquercitrin, and apigenin derivative) at 100–300 mM NaCl. For S. marina, on the contrary, there was a slight decrease in the content of phenolic compounds when NaCl was added to the nutrient medium compared to the control. The content of protocatechuic acid, rosmarinic acid, and apigenin derivative significantly decreased with increased salt stress. The change in antioxidant activity at different salinity levels was also species specific. The maximum values of different groups of phenolic compounds in G. maritima were observed at 50–300 mM NaCl. The cultivation of S. marina without the addition of NaCl and at 500 mM NaCl allowed the production of plants with the highest content of phenolic compounds. The obtained results can be further used in the development of protocols for the cultivation of these plants in vitro in order to induce the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds in them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctionality of Phenolic Compounds in Plants)

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16 pages, 5184 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Pattern of LMCO Gene Family from Turnip (Brassica rapa L.) under Various Abiotic Stresses

by Waqar Khan, Ahmed M. El-Shehawi, Fayaz Ali, Murad Ali, Mohammed Alqurashi, Mohammed M. Althaqafi and Siraj B. Alharthi

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1904; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091904 - 07 May 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1498

Abstract

Laccase-like multi-copper oxidases (LMCOs) are a group of enzymes involved in the oxidation of numerous substrates. Recently, these enzymes have become extremely popular due to their practical applications in various fields of biology. LMCOs generally oxidize various substrates by linking four-electron reduction of [...] Read more.

Laccase-like multi-copper oxidases (LMCOs) are a group of enzymes involved in the oxidation of numerous substrates. Recently, these enzymes have become extremely popular due to their practical applications in various fields of biology. LMCOs generally oxidize various substrates by linking four-electron reduction of the final acceptor, molecular oxygen (O₂), to water. Multi-copper oxidases related to laccase are extensively distributed as multi-gene families in the genome sequences of higher plants. The current study thoroughly investigated the LMCO gene family (Br-Lac) and its expression pattern under various abiotic stresses in B. rapa L. A total of 18 Br-Lac gene family members located on five different chromosomes were identified. Phylogenetic analysis classified the documented Br-Lac genes into seven groups: Group-I (four genes), Group-II (nine genes), Group-III (eight genes), Group-IV (four genes), Group-V (six genes), and Group-VI and Group-VII (one gene each). The key features of gene structure and responsive motifs shared the utmost resemblance within the same groups. Additionally, a divergence study also assessed the evolutionary features of Br-Lac genes. The anticipated period of divergence ranged from 12.365 to 39.250 MYA (million years ago). We also identified the pivotal role of the 18 documented members of the LMCO (Br-lac) gene family using quantitative real-time qRT-PCR. Br-Lac-6, Br-Lac-7, Br-Lac-8, Br-Lac-16, Br-Lac-17, and Br-Lac-22 responded positively to abiotic stresses (i.e., drought, heat, and salinity). These findings set the stage for the functional diversity of the LMCO genes in B. rapa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Protection Strategies against Abiotic and Biotic Stresses)

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32 pages, 4740 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Photosynthesis Performance at Different Growth Stages, Growth, and Yield of Rice in Saline Fields

by Supranee Santanoo, Watanachai Lontom, Anoma Dongsansuk, Kochaphan Vongcharoen and Piyada Theerakulpisut

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1903; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091903 - 07 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2074

Abstract

Photosynthetic performance and biomass at different growth stages of the salt-sensitive KDML105 rice cultivar, three improved lines (RD73, CSSL8-94, and TSKC1-144), and the salt-tolerant standard genotype (Pokkali) were investigated under non-saline, semi-saline, and the heavy-saline field conditions in the northeast of Thailand. In [...] Read more.

Photosynthetic performance and biomass at different growth stages of the salt-sensitive KDML105 rice cultivar, three improved lines (RD73, CSSL8-94, and TSKC1-144), and the salt-tolerant standard genotype (Pokkali) were investigated under non-saline, semi-saline, and the heavy-saline field conditions in the northeast of Thailand. In the non-saline field, net photosynthesis rates (P_n) of all genotypes remained high from the early vegetative stage to the milky stage and then dramatically reduced at maturity. In contrast, in both saline fields, P_n was the highest at the early vegetative stage and continuously declining until maturity. Leaf chlorophyll content remained high from the early vegetative to milky stage then reduced at maturity for all three field conditions. During the reproductive phase, P_n of KDML105 and the improved lines were reduced by 4–17% in the heavy-saline field, while that of Pokkali was increased (11–19% increase over that of the non-saline). Pokkali also showed a prominent increase in water use efficiency (WUE) under salinity. Nevertheless, rice leaves under saline conditions maintained the PSII integrity, as indicated by the pre-dawn values of maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (F_v/F_m) of higher than 0.8. Pokkali under the semi-saline and the heavy-saline conditions exhibited 51% and 27% increases in final biomass, and 64% and 42% increases in filled grain weight plant⁻¹, respectively. In the semi-saline condition, RD73, TSKC1-144, CSSL8-94, and KDML105 showed moderate salt tolerance by displaying 24%, 18.6%, 15%, and 11.3% increases in final biomass, and 24%, 4%, 13%, and 6% increases in filled grain weight plant⁻¹, respectively. In contrast, in the heavy-saline field, final biomass of RD73, KDML105, CSSL8-94, and TSKC1-144 showed 48%, 45%, 38%, and 36% reductions from that in the non-saline field, while the filled grain weight plant⁻¹ were reduced by 45%, 58%, 35%, and 32%, respectively. This indicated that the improved lines carrying drought- and/or salt-tolerance genes achieved an increased salt tolerance level than the parental elite cultivar, KDML105. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Tolerance to Drought and Salt Stress in Plants)

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16 pages, 1736 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differential Effects of Senescence on the Phloem Exports of Cadmium and Zinc from Leaves to Grains in Rice during Grain Filling

by Chengfeng Hu, Bofang Yan, Yating Liu, Chen Gong, Man Zhao, Rongliang Qiu and Yetao Tang

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1902; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091902 - 06 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1769

Abstract

In rice, non-essential toxic cadmium (Cd) and the essential nutrient zinc (Zn) share similar transport pathways, which makes it challenging to differentially regulate the allocation of these elements to the grain. The phloem is the main pathway for the loading of these elements [...] Read more.

In rice, non-essential toxic cadmium (Cd) and the essential nutrient zinc (Zn) share similar transport pathways, which makes it challenging to differentially regulate the allocation of these elements to the grain. The phloem is the main pathway for the loading of these elements into rice grains. It has long been accepted that tissue senescence makes the nutrients (e.g., Zn) stored in leaves available for further phloem export toward the grain. Whether senescence could drive the phloem export of Cd remains unclear. To this end, the stable isotopes ¹¹¹Cd and ⁶⁷Zn were used to trace the phloem export and the subsequent allocation of Cd and Zn from the flag leaves, where senescence was accelerated by spraying abscisic acid. Furthermore, changes upon senescence in the distribution of these elements among the leaf subcellular fractions and in the expression of key transporter genes were investigated. Abscisic acid-induced senescence enhanced the phloem export of Zn but had no impact on that of Cd, which was explained by the significant release of Zn from the chloroplast and cytosol fractions (concentrations decreased by ~50%) but a strong allocation of Cd to the cell wall fraction (concentration increased by ~90%) during senescence. Nevertheless, neither Zn nor Cd concentrations in the grain were affected, since senescence strengthened the sequestration of phloem-exported Zn in the uppermost node, but did not impact that of phloem-exported Cd. This study suggests that the agronomic strategies affecting tissue senescence could be utilized to differentially regulate Cd and Zn allocation in rice during grain filling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytoremediation and Safe Production Technology of Agricultural Contaminated Soil)

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15 pages, 1098 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antiquorum and Antibiofilm Activities of Piper bogotense C. DC. against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Identification of Bioactive Compounds

by Andrés G. Sierra-Quitian, Lida V. Hernandez-Moreno, Ludy C. Pabon-Baquero, Juliet A. Prieto-Rodriguez and Oscar J. Patiño-Ladino

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1901; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091901 - 06 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1781

Abstract

The present study describes the anti-biofilm and quorum sensing (QS) inhibitory potential of extracts and chemical constituents from Piper bogotense. Antibiofilm potential was determined through crystal violet assay against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while QS inhibition efficacy was determined through violacein inhibition assay [...] Read more.

The present study describes the anti-biofilm and quorum sensing (QS) inhibitory potential of extracts and chemical constituents from Piper bogotense. Antibiofilm potential was determined through crystal violet assay against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while QS inhibition efficacy was determined through violacein inhibition assay using Chromobacterium violaceum as a bacterial model. Additionally, this study reports the effects of the chemical constituents isolated in P. bogotense against various virulent factors associated with QS, such as the percentage decrease in pyocyanin, elastase, and protease production. The chemical study led to the isolation and identification of two prenylated benzoic acids (1 and 2) and a prenylated hydroquinone 3, of which compounds 1 and 2 are reported for the first time for P. bogotense. The ethanolic extract and the DCM fraction from P. bogotense stand out for reducing violacein production in C. violaceum, as well as the biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa. Compounds 2 and 3 stand out for having the lowest violacein production (43.8% and 68.3%), as well as the lowest production of virulence factors such as elastase (60.2% and 51.4%) and pyocyanin (39.7% and 33.2%). These results demonstrate the potential of P. bogotense components to be used as an alternative control against multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Derived Natural Products and Their Applications)

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19 pages, 3687 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Proteomic Insights of Cowpea Response to Combined Biotic and Abiotic Stresses

by Daiane Gonzaga Ribeiro, Ana Carolina Mendes Bezerra, Ivonaldo Reis Santos, Priscila Grynberg, Wagner Fontes, Mariana de Souza Castro, Marcelo Valle de Sousa, Maria Eugênia Lisei-de-Sá, Maria Fatima Grossi-de-Sá, Octávio Luiz Franco and Angela Mehta

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1900; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091900 - 06 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1440

Abstract

The co-occurrence of biotic and abiotic stresses in agricultural areas severely affects crop performance and productivity. Drought is one of the most adverse environmental stresses, and its association with root-knot nematodes further limits the development of several economically important crops, such as cowpea. [...] Read more.

The co-occurrence of biotic and abiotic stresses in agricultural areas severely affects crop performance and productivity. Drought is one of the most adverse environmental stresses, and its association with root-knot nematodes further limits the development of several economically important crops, such as cowpea. Plant responses to combined stresses are complex and require novel adaptive mechanisms through the induction of specific biotic and abiotic signaling pathways. Therefore, the present work aimed to identify proteins involved in the resistance of cowpea to nematode and drought stresses individually and combined. We used the genotype CE 31, which is resistant to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. And tolerant to drought. Three biological replicates of roots and shoots were submitted to protein extraction, and the peptides were evaluated by LC-MS/MS. Shotgun proteomics revealed 2345 proteins, of which 1040 were differentially abundant. Proteins involved in essential biological processes, such as transcriptional regulation, cell signaling, oxidative processes, and photosynthesis, were identified. However, the main defense strategies in cowpea against cross-stress are focused on the regulation of hormonal signaling, the intense production of pathogenesis-related proteins, and the downregulation of photosynthetic activity. These are key processes that can culminate in the adaptation of cowpea challenged by multiple stresses. Furthermore, the candidate proteins identified in this study will strongly contribute to cowpea genetic improvement programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Defense-Related Proteins of Higher Plants)

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16 pages, 2615 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Sowing Date on the Growth Characteristics and Yield of Growth-Constrained Direct-Seeding Rice

by Rong-Ping Zhang, Ning-Ning Zhou, Ri-Gui Ashen, Lin Zhou, Ting-Yu Feng, Ke-Yuan Zhang, Xue-Huan Liao, Li-Se Aer, Jian-Chao Shu, Xue-Wu He, Fei Gao and Peng Ma

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1899; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091899 - 06 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1627

Abstract

To investigate changes in the yield and physiological characteristics of indica hybrid rice varieties sown on different dates, we evaluated appropriate hybrid rice varieties and their optimal sowing dates in the hilly areas of Sichuan. Three popular indica rice varieties were used as [...] Read more.

To investigate changes in the yield and physiological characteristics of indica hybrid rice varieties sown on different dates, we evaluated appropriate hybrid rice varieties and their optimal sowing dates in the hilly areas of Sichuan. Three popular indica rice varieties were used as experimental materials, and five sowing dates were set uniformly locally [16 May (SD1), 23 May (SD2), 30 May (SD3), 6 June (SD4), and 13 June (SD5)] to investigate differences in the yield characteristics, growth period, and dry matter accumulation. The results showed that, over the two years, the sowing-to-heading period and overall growth period of the three varieties shortened as the sowing date was delayed, and the difference in yield between the SD1 and SD2 treatments was not significant, owing to higher material accumulation after flowering and higher assimilative material transport capacity. These varieties are both photosensitive and tolerant to low temperatures. Among the three varieties tested, the Huangyouyuehesimiao (V3) cultivar had the highest yield, with 10.75 t ha⁻¹ under the SD2 treatment. The impact of shifting the sowing date on yield components varied. Delaying the sowing date increased and then decreased the number of effective panicles, and the number of grains per panicle and the seed setting rate decreased by differing degrees. In summary, a high yield of indica hybrid rice can be maintained by sowing between 16 and 23 May each year in the study area. It indicated that indica hybrid rice in the hilly rice-producing region of Sichuan is highly adaptable to different sowing dates. Full article

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23 pages, 7132 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Macro and Micro-Nutrient Accumulation and Partitioning in Soybean Affected by Water and Nitrogen Supply

by Ingrid Silva Setubal, Aderson Soares de Andrade Júnior, Silvestre Paulino da Silva, Artenisa Cerqueira Rodrigues, Aurenívia Bonifácio, Evandro Henrique Figueiredo Moura da Silva, Paulo Fernando de Melo Jorge Vieira, Rafael de Souza Miranda, Nicolas Cafaro La Menza and Henrique Antunes de Souza

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1898; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091898 - 06 May 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1597

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the influence of water availability and nitrogen fertilization on plant growth, nutrient dynamics, and variables related to soybean crop yield. Trials were performed in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil, using randomized blocks in a split-split plot arrangement. The plots corresponded [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the influence of water availability and nitrogen fertilization on plant growth, nutrient dynamics, and variables related to soybean crop yield. Trials were performed in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil, using randomized blocks in a split-split plot arrangement. The plots corresponded to water regimes (full and deficient), the split plots to N fertilization (0 and 1000 kg ha⁻¹ N-urea), and the split-split plots to harvest times of soybean plants (16, 23, 30, 37, 44, 58, 65, 79 and 86 days after emergence), with three replicates. In general, the accumulation and partitioning of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulphur (S), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and boron (B) were decreased in plants subjected to water deficit and without N fertilization. Although nitrogen fertilization promoted elevated N accumulation in tissues, it did not result in any significant yield gain, and the highest seed yields were found in plants under full irrigation, regardless of N supplementation. However, deficient irrigation decreased the seed oil content of N-fertilized plants. In conclusion, N fertilization is critical for nutrient homeostasis, and water availability impairs biomass and nutrient accumulation, thereby limiting soybean yield performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Basis of Crops and Fruit Plants in Response to Stress)

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17 pages, 1130 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Regulatory Networks of the Circadian Clock Involved in Plant Adaptation and Crop Yield

by Hang Xu, Xiling Wang, Jian Wei, Yi Zuo and Lei Wang

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1897; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091897 - 06 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2137

Abstract

Global climatic change increasingly threatens plant adaptation and crop yields. By synchronizing internal biological processes, including photosynthesis, metabolism, and responses to biotic and abiotic stress, with external environmental cures, such as light and temperature, the circadian clock benefits plant adaptation and crop yield. [...] Read more.

Global climatic change increasingly threatens plant adaptation and crop yields. By synchronizing internal biological processes, including photosynthesis, metabolism, and responses to biotic and abiotic stress, with external environmental cures, such as light and temperature, the circadian clock benefits plant adaptation and crop yield. In this review, we focus on the multiple levels of interaction between the plant circadian clock and environmental factors, and we summarize recent progresses on how the circadian clock affects yield. In addition, we propose potential strategies for better utilizing the current knowledge of circadian biology in crop production in the future. Full article

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19 pages, 1398 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Potential of Allelochemicals from Microalgae for Biopesticides

by Livia Marques Casanova, Andrew Macrae, Jacqueline Elis de Souza, Athayde Neves Junior and Alane Beatriz Vermelho

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1896; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091896 - 06 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2863

Abstract

Improvements in agricultural productivity are required to meet the demand of a growing world population. Phytopathogens, weeds, and insects are challenges to agricultural production. The toxicity and widespread application of persistent synthetic pesticides poses a major threat to human and ecosystem health. Therefore, [...] Read more.

Improvements in agricultural productivity are required to meet the demand of a growing world population. Phytopathogens, weeds, and insects are challenges to agricultural production. The toxicity and widespread application of persistent synthetic pesticides poses a major threat to human and ecosystem health. Therefore, sustainable strategies to control pests are essential for agricultural systems to enhance productivity within a green paradigm. Allelochemicals are a less persistent, safer, and friendly alternative to efficient pest management, as they tend to be less toxic to non-target organisms and more easily degradable. Microalgae produce a great variety of allelopathic substances whose biocontrol potential against weeds, insects, and phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria has received much attention. This review provides up-to-date information and a critical perspective on allelochemicals from microalgae and their potential as biopesticides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Allelopathy: Mechanisms and Applications in Regenerative Agriculture)

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16 pages, 5210 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Analysis of Potato Breeding Collection Using Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Markers

by Xi-ou Xiao, Ning Zhang, Hui Jin and Huaijun Si

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1895; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091895 - 06 May 2023

Viewed by 1742

Abstract

The autotetraploid potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important crop in China, and it is widely cultivated from Northeast China to South China. Thousands of varieties are bred by breeding institutions or companies, and distinguishing the different varieties based on morphological characteristics [...] Read more.

The autotetraploid potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important crop in China, and it is widely cultivated from Northeast China to South China. Thousands of varieties are bred by breeding institutions or companies, and distinguishing the different varieties based on morphological characteristics is difficult. Using DNA fingerprints is an efficient method to identify varieties that plays an increasingly important role in germplasm identification and property rights protection. In this study, the genetic diversity and population structure of 135 autotetraploid potatoes were evaluated using specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) methods. A total of 3,397,137 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which were distributed across 12 chromosomes, were obtained. Principal component analysis (PCA), neighbour-joining genetic trees, and model-based structure analysis showed that these autotetraploid potato subpopulations, classified by their SNPs, were not consistent with their geographical origins. On the basis of the obtained 3,397,137 SNPs, 160 perfect SNPs were selected, and 71 SNPs were successfully converted to penta-primer amplification refractory mutation (PARMS-SNP) markers. Additionally, 190 autotetraploid potato varieties were analysed using these 71 PARMS-SNP markers. The PCA results show that the accessions were not completely classified on the basis of their geographical origins. The SNP DNA fingerprints of the 190 autotetraploid potato varieties were also constructed. The SNP fingerprint results show that both synonyms and homonyms were present amongst the 190 autotetraploid potatoes. Above all, these novel SNP markers can lay a good foundation for the analysis of potato genetic diversity, DUS (distinctness, uniformity, and stability) testing, and plant variety protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetic Resources)

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17 pages, 2511 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pea Aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) Host Races Reduce Heat-Induced Forisome Dispersion in Vicia faba and Trifolium pratense

by Maria K. Paulmann, Linus Wegner, Jonathan Gershenzon, Alexandra C. U. Furch and Grit Kunert

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1888; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091888 - 06 May 2023

Viewed by 1775

Abstract

Although phloem-feeding insects such as aphids can cause significant damage to plants, relatively little is known about early plant defenses against these insects. As a first line of defense, legumes can stop the phloem mass flow through a conformational change in phloem proteins [...] Read more.

Although phloem-feeding insects such as aphids can cause significant damage to plants, relatively little is known about early plant defenses against these insects. As a first line of defense, legumes can stop the phloem mass flow through a conformational change in phloem proteins known as forisomes in response to Ca²⁺ influx. However, specialized phloem-feeding insects might be able to suppress the conformational change of forisomes and thereby prevent sieve element occlusion. To investigate this possibility, we triggered forisome dispersion through application of a local heat stimulus to the leaf tips of pea (Pisum sativum), clover (Trifolium pratense) and broad bean (Vicia faba) plants infested with different pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) host races and monitored forisome responses. Pea aphids were able to suppress forisome dispersion, but this depended on the infesting aphid host race, the plant species, and the age of the plant. Differences in the ability of aphids to suppress forisome dispersion may be explained by differences in the composition and quantity of the aphid saliva injected into the plant. Various mechanisms of how pea aphids might suppress forisome dispersion are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Aphid Interactions: From Genes to Ecosystems)

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20 pages, 3897 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nitric Oxide and Strigolactone Alleviate Mercury-Induced Oxidative Stress in Lens culinaris L. by Modulating Glyoxalase and Antioxidant Defense System

by Riti Thapar Kapoor, Ajaz Ahmad, Awais Shakoor, Bilal Ahamad Paray and Parvaiz Ahmad

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1894; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091894 - 05 May 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1687

Abstract

Developmental activities have escalated mercury (Hg) content in the environment and caused food security problems. The present investigation describes mercury-incited stress in Lens culinaris (lentil) and its mitigation by supplementation of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and strigolactone (GR24). Lentil exposure to Hg decreased root [...] Read more.

Developmental activities have escalated mercury (Hg) content in the environment and caused food security problems. The present investigation describes mercury-incited stress in Lens culinaris (lentil) and its mitigation by supplementation of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and strigolactone (GR24). Lentil exposure to Hg decreased root and shoot length, relative water content and biochemical variables. Exogenous application of SNP and GR24 alone or in combination enhanced all of the aforementioned growth parameters. Hg treatment increased electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content, but this significantly decreased with combined application (Hg + SNP + GR24). SNP and GR24 boosted mineral uptake and reduced Hg accumulation, thus minimizing the adverse impacts of Hg. An increase in mineral accretion was recorded in lentil roots and shoots in the presence of SNP and GR24, which might support the growth of lentil plants under Hg stress. Hg accumulation was decreased in lentil roots and shoots by supplementation of SNP and GR24. The methylglyoxal level was reduced in lentil plants with increase in glyoxalase enzymes. Antioxidant and glyoxylase enzyme activities were increased by the presence of SNP and GR24. Therefore, synergistic application of nitric oxide and strigolactone protected lentil plants against Hg-incited oxidative pressure by boosting antioxidant defense and the glyoxalase system, which assisted in biochemical processes regulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological and Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Responses to Abiotic Stress)

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15 pages, 2527 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acquisition of Freezing Tolerance of Resurrection Species from Gesneriaceae, a Comparative Study

by Gergana Mihailova, Bekim Gashi, Nikola Krastev and Katya Georgieva

Plants 2023, 12(9), 1893; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091893 - 05 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1248

Abstract

Resurrection plants have the unique ability to restore normal physiological activity after desiccation to an air-dry state. In addition to their desiccation tolerance, some of them, such as Haberlea rhodopensis and Ramonda myconi, are also freezing-tolerant species, as they survive subzero temperatures [...] Read more.

Resurrection plants have the unique ability to restore normal physiological activity after desiccation to an air-dry state. In addition to their desiccation tolerance, some of them, such as Haberlea rhodopensis and Ramonda myconi, are also freezing-tolerant species, as they survive subzero temperatures during winter. Here, we compared the response of the photosynthetic apparatus of two other Gesneriaceae species, Ramonda serbica and Ramonda nathaliae, together with H. rhodopensis, to cold and freezing temperatures. The role of some protective proteins in freezing tolerance was also investigated. The water content of leaves was not affected during cold acclimation but exposure of plants to −10 °C induced dehydration of plants. Freezing stress strongly reduced the quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Y(II)) and stomatal conductance (g_s) on the abaxial leaf side. In addition, the decreased ratio of F_v/F_m suggested photoinhibition or sustained quenching. Freezing-induced desiccation resulted in the inhibition of PSII activity, which was accompanied by increased thermal energy dissipation. In addition, an increase of dehydrins and ELIPs was detected, but the protein pattern differed between species. During recovery, the protein abundance decreased and plants completely recovered their photosynthetic activity. Thus, our results showed that R. serbica, R. nathaliae, and H. rhodopensis survive freezing stress due to some resurrection-linked traits and confirmed their freezing tolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological and Biochemical Adjustments in Response to Abiotic Stressors Associated with Climate Change)

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Plants, Volume 12, Issue 9 (May-1 2023) – 189 articles

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