Animals

14 pages, 1574 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Growth and Development Characteristics of Lindian Chickens

by Jie Liu, Yitong Jin, Shijie Zhou, Xinyu Wang, Yumao Li, Peng Luan, Hui Li, Li Leng and Yuxiang Wang

Animals 2024, 14(2), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020354 - 22 Jan 2024

Viewed by 740

Abstract

As an excellent chicken breed found in a high-altitude zone of northern China, Lindian chickens are characterized by good egg and meat production, strong adaptability, cold tolerance, rough feeding resistance, excellent egg quality, and delicious meat quality. To facilitate the exploitation of the [...] Read more.

As an excellent chicken breed found in a high-altitude zone of northern China, Lindian chickens are characterized by good egg and meat production, strong adaptability, cold tolerance, rough feeding resistance, excellent egg quality, and delicious meat quality. To facilitate the exploitation of the unique qualities of the Lindian chicken, the varying patterns and correlations of various body size and carcass traits of 3–22-week-old Lindian chickens were analyzed in this study. The optimal growth model of these traits was determined by growth curve fitting analysis. The results showed that most traits of Lindian chickens increased steadily with increasing age, and most of them increased rapidly before 10 weeks of age. In addition, the inflection point age of each trait was predicted to be between 4 and 10 weeks. Furthermore, this study revealed that body size traits were closely related to carcass traits in Lindian chickens. In summary, Lindian chickens are in a rapid growth stage before the age of 10 weeks, and better slaughter performance can be achieved through good feeding management during this stage. The reproductive traits and muscles are the main developmental focus after the age of 19 weeks, so it is important to adequately meet their energy requirements for subsequent good breeding performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Poultry Production: Physiology and Nutrition)

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17 pages, 985 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

The Role of Adipokines in the Control of Pituitary Functions

by Barbara Kaminska, Beata Kurowicka, Marta Kiezun, Kamil Dobrzyn, Katarzyna Kisielewska, Marlena Gudelska, Grzegorz Kopij, Karolina Szymanska, Barbara Zarzecka, Oguzhan Koker, Ewa Zaobidna, Nina Smolinska and Tadeusz Kaminski

Animals 2024, 14(2), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020353 - 22 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1120

Abstract

The pituitary gland is a key endocrine gland in all classes of vertebrates, including mammals. The pituitary gland is an important component of hypothalamus–pituitary–target organ hormonal regulatory axes and forms a functional link between the nervous system and the endocrine system. In response [...] Read more.

The pituitary gland is a key endocrine gland in all classes of vertebrates, including mammals. The pituitary gland is an important component of hypothalamus–pituitary–target organ hormonal regulatory axes and forms a functional link between the nervous system and the endocrine system. In response to hypothalamic stimuli, the pituitary gland secretes a number of hormones involved in the regulation of metabolism, stress reactions and environmental adaptation, growth and development, as well as reproductive processes and lactation. In turn, hormones secreted by target organs at the lowest levels of the hormonal regulatory axes regulate the functions of the pituitary gland in the process of hormonal feedback. The pituitary also responds to other peripheral signals, including adipose-tissue-derived factors. These substances are a broad group of peptides known as adipocytokines or adipokines that act as endocrine hormones mainly involved in energy homeostasis. Adipokines, including adiponectin, resistin, apelin, chemerin, visfatin, and irisin, are also expressed in the pituitary gland, and they influence the secretory functions of this gland. This review is an overview of the existing knowledge of the relationship between chosen adipose-derived factors and endocrine functions of the pituitary gland, with an emphasis on the pituitary control of reproductive processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Endocrinology of the Female Reproductive System)

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21 pages, 5574 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptome Analysis and Identification of Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Stress Response Genes in Different Meretrix meretrix Developmental Stages

by Yiyuan Xu, Chenghui Wu, Jianyu Jin, Wenhan Tang, Yuting Chen, Alan Kueichieh Chang and Xueping Ying

Animals 2024, 14(2), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020352 - 22 Jan 2024

Viewed by 798

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the major pollutants in the aquatic environment, and it can easily accumulate in aquatic animals and result in toxic effects by changing the metabolism of the body, causing a serious impact on the immune system, reproductive system, and [...] Read more.

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the major pollutants in the aquatic environment, and it can easily accumulate in aquatic animals and result in toxic effects by changing the metabolism of the body, causing a serious impact on the immune system, reproductive system, and the development of offspring. The clam Meretrix meretrix is one of the commercially important species that is cultivated in large-scale aquaculture in China. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of Cd²⁺ in the developmental processes, fertilized eggs and larvae of M. meretrix at different developmental stages were exposed to Cd²⁺ (27.2 mg L⁻¹ in natural seawater) or just natural seawater without Cd²⁺ (control), and high-throughput transcriptome sequencing and immunohistochemistry techniques were used to analyze the toxic effects of Cd on larvae at different early developmental stages. The results revealed 31,914 genes were differentially expressed in the different stages of M. meretrix development upon treatment with Cd²⁺. Ten of these genes were differentially expressed in all stages of development examined, but they comprised only six unigenes (CCO, Ndh, HPX, A2M, STF, and pro-C3), all of which were related to the oxidative stress response. Under Cd exposure, the expression levels of CCO and Ndh were significantly upregulated in D-shaped and pediveliger larvae, while pro-C3 expression was significantly upregulated in the fertilized egg, D-shaped larva, and pediveliger. Moreover, HPX, A2M, and STF expression levels in the fertilized egg and pediveliger larvae were also significantly upregulated. In contrast, CCO, Ndh, HPX, A2M, STF, and pro-C3 expression levels in the postlarva were all downregulated under Cd exposure. Besides the genes with changes in expression identified by the transcriptome, the expression of two other oxidative stress-related genes (MT and Nfr2) was also found to change significantly in the different developmental stages of M. meretrix upon Cd exposure, confirming their roles in combating oxidative stress. Overall, the findings of this study indicated that Cd would interfere with cellular respiration, ion transport, and immune response through inducing oxidative stress, and changes in the expression of oxidative stress-related genes might be an important step for M. meretrix to deal with the adverse effects of Cd at different stages of its development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecotoxicology in Aquatic Animals)

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24 pages, 4305 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Pain Assessment in Cattle by Use of Numerical Rating and Visual Analogue Scales—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Theresa Tschoner, Kristina R. Mueller, Yury Zablotski and Melanie Feist

Animals 2024, 14(2), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020351 - 22 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1019

Abstract

Subjective pain assessment in cattle is contingent upon the observer’s experience and attitude. Studies of pain assessment in cattle by veterinarians and farmers using different pain scales have been published. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to describe and compare the pain scores [...] Read more.

Subjective pain assessment in cattle is contingent upon the observer’s experience and attitude. Studies of pain assessment in cattle by veterinarians and farmers using different pain scales have been published. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to describe and compare the pain scores given by veterinarians and producers for different procedures and conditions using either a NRS or VAS. The literature search was conducted with PubMed (MEDLINE) and Agricola, using defined search terms (e.g., peer-reviewed). A total of 842 articles were identified. After screening of duplicates, abstracts, and full texts, a total of 16 articles were included in this systematic review. Different pain scales were used for the included studies (NRS 0–10 for eight studies, NRS 1–10 for six studies, NRS 1–10 and VAS 0–10 for one study, and VAS 0–1 for one study). Most studies (n = 11) originated from the European Union. Mean values for pain scores differed significantly between studies included in the meta-analysis for both NRS 0–10 and 1–10. The findings of this study indicated that comparison of pain scoring used in different studies is difficult due to use of different pain scales and varying nomenclature, and that many variables (such as age and gender) influence pain scoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anaesthesia and Pain Management in Large Animals)

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20 pages, 655 KiB

Open AccessReview

Connecting the Dots: Livestock Animals as Missing Links in the Chain of Microplastic Contamination and Human Health

by Francesca Corte Pause, Susy Urli, Martina Crociati, Giuseppe Stradaioli and Anja Baufeld

Animals 2024, 14(2), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020350 - 22 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1312

Abstract

Plastic pollution is a global diffuse threat, especially considering its fragmentation into microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs). Since the contamination of the aquatic environment is already well studied, most studies have now focused on the soil. Moreover, the number of studies on the [...] Read more.

Plastic pollution is a global diffuse threat, especially considering its fragmentation into microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs). Since the contamination of the aquatic environment is already well studied, most studies have now focused on the soil. Moreover, the number of studies on the exposure routes and toxic effects of MNPs in humans is continuously increasing. Although MNPs can cause inflammation, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and immune toxicity in livestock animals, which can accumulate ingested/inhaled plastic particles and transfer them to humans through the food chain, research on this topic is still lacking. In considering farm animals as the missing link between soil/plant contamination and human health effects, this paper aims to describe their importance as carriers and vectors of MNP contamination. As research on this topic is in its early stages, there is no standard method to quantify the amount and the characteristics of MNPs in different matrices. Therefore, the creation of a common database where researchers can report data on MNP characteristics and quantification methods could be helpful for both method standardization and the future training of an AI tool for predicting the most abundant/dangerous polymer(s), thus supporting policy decisions to reduce plastic pollution and perfectly fitting with One Health principles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmentally Exposed Animals as Indicators or Sentinel Species for (Micro)plastics)

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13 pages, 2160 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Immature Reticulocyte Fraction (IRF) in the Sysmex XN-1000V Analyzer Can Differentiate between Causes of Regenerative and Non-Regenerative Anemia in Dogs and Cats

by Alejandro Perez-Ecija, Carmen Martinez, Julio Fernandez-Castañer and Francisco J. Mendoza

Animals 2024, 14(2), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020349 - 22 Jan 2024

Viewed by 927

Abstract

The Sysmex XN-1000V analyzer can identify those reticulocytes with high RNA content and fluorescence, providing the immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF). While this parameter has been used in human medicine to identify the cause of anemia, few studies have focused on its use in [...] Read more.

The Sysmex XN-1000V analyzer can identify those reticulocytes with high RNA content and fluorescence, providing the immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF). While this parameter has been used in human medicine to identify the cause of anemia, few studies have focused on its use in veterinary medicine. In this study, we determined the IRF and related reticulocyte parameters in a large population of non-anemic and anemic dogs and cats (subclassified depending on the origin of their anemia). The IRF was significantly higher in hemolytic anemias compared to hemorrhagic ones in both species. Moreover, the IRF was significantly lower in dogs and cats with bone marrow failure than in other non-regenerative anemias and in both groups compared to pre-regenerative anemias. The accurate cut-off values for the differential in regenerative anemias and reference ranges for both species using the Sysmex XN-1000V are also reported. The measurement of the IRF in this analyzer can help clinicians to further classify the type of anemia in both species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Companion Animal Clinical Pathology)

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13 pages, 927 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Fatty Acids in the Eggs of Red King Crabs from the Barents Sea

by Alexander G. Dvoretsky, Fatima A. Bichkaeva, Nina F. Baranova and Vladimir G. Dvoretsky

Animals 2024, 14(2), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020348 - 22 Jan 2024

Viewed by 677

Abstract

The red king crab, Paralithodes camtschaticus, was introduced into the Barents Sea where, after a period of 30 years of adaptation, it has established a new population. This population has been commercially exploited over the past two decades, supporting profitable fisheries in [...] Read more.

The red king crab, Paralithodes camtschaticus, was introduced into the Barents Sea where, after a period of 30 years of adaptation, it has established a new population. This population has been commercially exploited over the past two decades, supporting profitable fisheries in both Russia and Norway. Biochemical studies aimed at assessing fatty acid profiles have been conducted, focusing primarily on the edible parts of red king crabs. Only recently have by-products been included in this research. Capture of female red king crabs is prohibited in Russia but is allowed in Norway. The fatty acids of the egg masses carried by these females have not yet been studied. To fill this knowledge gap, we assayed the fatty acid composition of eggs using gas–liquid chromatography. Our results showed a predominance of polyunsaturated fatty acids, while the concentrations of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were similar. Multivariate comparisons showed no significant differences in fatty acid profiles in terms of egg developmental stage (nauplius vs. metanauplius), habitat conditions (soft vs. hard bottoms), female size class, or number of autotomized limbs. However, individual comparisons showed some differences in fatty acids, the most important being the lower content of docosahexaenoic acid in eggs at the metanauplius stage compared to eggs at the nauplius stage, which is likely due to its essential role in the development of red king crab embryos. The total fatty acid content (53.94 mg g⁻¹) was 2–87 times higher in eggs than in other red king crab tissues, confirming the critical role that fatty acids play in maintaining physiological processes during vitellogenesis. The high content of essential fatty acids and an optimal omega-3-to-omega-6 ratio (4.9) suggest that red king crab eggs are a good product for a healthy diet and a valuable source for extracting essential fatty acids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fishes and Crustaceans: Biology and Ecology in a Changing Marine Environment)

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20 pages, 806 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Exploratory Study into the Backgrounds and Perspectives of Equine-Assisted Service Practitioners

by Rita Seery and Deborah Wells

Animals 2024, 14(2), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020347 - 22 Jan 2024

Viewed by 3770

Abstract

Equine-Assisted Services (EASs) are commonplace in today’s society, but vary widely in both theoretical and practical applications. Until now, practitioners’ experiences and perspectives in relation to these services have received little attention. To address this, a purpose-designed online questionnaire was distributed to EAS [...] Read more.

Equine-Assisted Services (EASs) are commonplace in today’s society, but vary widely in both theoretical and practical applications. Until now, practitioners’ experiences and perspectives in relation to these services have received little attention. To address this, a purpose-designed online questionnaire was distributed to EAS practitioners, exploring issues relating to the nature of the service provided, practice patterns, practitioner education, perceived knowledge, challenges faced and the future direction of these services. An analysis revealed a significant association between practitioners’ backgrounds and the nature of the service offered, as well as perceived knowledge. Median EAS training received to first practice was 20 days of block release over a year; however, nearly half of the sample (42.4%) reported less training than this. Equine-specific training was more limited, with 41.5% of practitioners having no horse-relevant qualifications. The most important challenges reported by practitioners involved client and equine welfare, financial sustainability and raising awareness of EAS. This research highlights the diverse nature of EAS and also raises important challenges and possible opportunities for development. Findings suggest that more progress is needed to professionalise and legitimise the area to support and help practitioners provide the best service for all concerned. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Influence of Human Behaviour and Cognition on Sustainable Equine Welfare and Horse–Human Interaction)

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12 pages, 2314 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Maternal Colostrum and Colostrum Replacer Effects on Immunity, Growth, and Health of Japanese Black Calves

by Marimu Urakawa, Mahmoud Baakhtari, Amany Ramah, Shoichiro Imatake, Parnian Ahmadi, Yuichiro Deguchi, Mizuho Uematsu, Yoshiki Nakama, Kazunari Imabeppu, Yusuke Nomura and Masahiro Yasuda

Animals 2024, 14(2), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020346 - 22 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 921

Abstract

Maternal colostrum (MC) is an important source of nutrients and immune factors for newborn calves. However, when colostrum is unavailable or of poor quality, a colostrum replacer (CR) may be a suitable alternative to MC. As stock-raising farmers must make informed decisions about [...] Read more.

Maternal colostrum (MC) is an important source of nutrients and immune factors for newborn calves. However, when colostrum is unavailable or of poor quality, a colostrum replacer (CR) may be a suitable alternative to MC. As stock-raising farmers must make informed decisions about colostrum feeding management, this study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding MC versus CR on the promotion of immunological status, growth, and health in pre-weaned Japanese black (JB) calves. Sixteen newborn JB calves were fed MC after birth, and 16 JB calves were fed CR. For the MC group, the numbers of γδ T cells, CD4⁺ cells, CD8⁺ cells, CD4⁺CD8⁺ cells, B cells, and MHC class II⁺ cells were significantly higher compared with the CR group. Furthermore, the expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1β-, IL-2-, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-encoding mRNAs were significantly higher in the MC group compared with the CR group. A lower incidence of disease in 1-month-old calves and higher carcass weight in the MC group were observed compared with the CR group. These results suggest that CR activates the immune system delayed in calves compared with MC. MC increases populations of various immunocompetent cells, which can reduce infection rates and improve body weight gain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Calf Nutrition and Management)

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2 pages, 1327 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Pu et al. Exosome miRNA Expression in Umbilical Cord Blood of High-Parity Sows Regulates Their Reproductive Potential. Animals 2022, 12, 2456

by Qiang Pu, Jie Chai, Li Chen, Changbao Liu, Changfeng Yang, Yongfu Huang and Jia Luo

Animals 2024, 14(2), 345; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020345 - 22 Jan 2024

Viewed by 434

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

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8 pages, 3712 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Utero-Cutaneous Fistula in Ruminants: Characterization of the First Cases in Ewes and Cows

by Antonio Carlos Lopes Câmara, Gustavo Peixoto Braga, Andrei Antonioni Guedes Fidelis, Fausto Romualdo de Faria Dantas, José Renato Junqueira Borges and Márcio Botelho de Castro

Animals 2024, 14(2), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020344 - 22 Jan 2024

Viewed by 633

Abstract

Reports on UCF in animals are still lacking in veterinary literature. Detailed clinical signs, laboratory findings, and follow-up information from the first cases of UCF in two ewes and two cows are provided. The cases occurred over a 12-year period. All ruminants presented [...] Read more.

Reports on UCF in animals are still lacking in veterinary literature. Detailed clinical signs, laboratory findings, and follow-up information from the first cases of UCF in two ewes and two cows are provided. The cases occurred over a 12-year period. All ruminants presented a fistulous tract or perforated wound on the right ventral abdomen, emitting a foul-smelling secretion possibly associated with macerated fetal parts or placental remains. Laboratory findings included anemia, leukocytosis by neutrophilia, and hyperfibrinogenemia in one ewe, and hyperfibrinogenemia in one cow. Ovariohysterectomy and fistulectomy were performed in one ewe, while the other three ruminants were submitted for the removal of fetal parts and placental remains through the UCF. Two ewes died within 12–48 h, and the two Nelore cows had an uneventful recovery, achieving secondary intention healing within 30 to 35 days. As a never-reported or unnoticed disease of the reproductive tract, UCF is an unusual consequence of dead fetus retention in an end-stage pregnancy and a potentially life-threatening condition in ruminants, especially ewes. Further broad studies in large herds of cattle and small ruminant flocks must be conducted to estimate the incidence of UCF and ensure improvements in the diagnosis and knowledge of pathogenesis, aiming at prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)

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18 pages, 910 KiB

Open AccessReview

Methodology Advances in Vertebrate Age Estimation

by Yifei Zhang, Jinping Bi, Yao Ning and Jiang Feng

Animals 2024, 14(2), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020343 - 22 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1061

Abstract

Age is a core metric in vertebrate management, and the correct estimation of the age of an individual plays a principal role in comprehending animal behavior, identifying genealogical information, and assessing the potential reproductive capacity of populations. Vertebrates have a vertebral column and [...] Read more.

Age is a core metric in vertebrate management, and the correct estimation of the age of an individual plays a principal role in comprehending animal behavior, identifying genealogical information, and assessing the potential reproductive capacity of populations. Vertebrates have a vertebral column and a distinct head containing a developed brain; they have played an important role in the study of biological evolution. However, biological age estimations constantly exhibit large deviations due to the diversity of vertebrate taxon species, sample types, and determination methods. To systematically and comprehensively understand age estimation methods in different situations, we classify the degree of damage to vertebrates during sample collection, present the sample types and their applications, list commonly applied methods, present methodological recommendations based on the combination of accuracy and implementability, and, finally, predict future methods for vertebrate age assessments, taking into account the current level of research and requirements. Through comprehensive data gathering and compilation, this work serves as an introduction and summary for those who are eager to catch up on related fields and facilitates the rapid and accurate selection of an evaluation method for researchers engaged in related research. This is essential to promote animal conservation and guide the smooth implementation of conservation management plans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wildlife)

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13 pages, 1474 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Recovery of Copper and Zinc from Livestock Bio-Sludge with An Environmentally Friendly Organic Acid Extraction

by Kuang-Wei Yen, Wei-Chen Chen and Jung-Jeng Su

Animals 2024, 14(2), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020342 - 22 Jan 2024

Viewed by 751

Abstract

Pig farmers in Taiwan tend to overdose copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in animal feeds to ensure pig health. The application of Cu- or Zn-rich livestock compost to fields can result in high Cu/Zn residues in surface soil and violate limitations for zinc [...] Read more.

Pig farmers in Taiwan tend to overdose copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in animal feeds to ensure pig health. The application of Cu- or Zn-rich livestock compost to fields can result in high Cu/Zn residues in surface soil and violate limitations for zinc and copper in land applications. This study aims to extract Cu and Zn from sludge using organic acid or H₂O₂/organic acids. The livestock bio-sludge was dried and treated with different concentrations of acetic acid (1N, 2N, and 4N). The acid-extracted sludge was then treated with or without adding H₂O₂ during different periods (4, 24, and 48 h) to investigate the efficiency of acid extraction of Cu and Zn. The supernatant of the acid-extracted product was separated from the residues through centrifugation. Experimental results showed that the treatment set of dried bio-sludge with 2% H₂O₂ significantly promoted the removal efficiency of Cu and Zn from the bio-sludge (p < 0.01). The best removal efficiency of Cu and Zn from the bio-sludge was 40% and 70%, respectively, using 4N acetic acid in the 48 h group. The study shows a green method for extracting Cu and Zn from livestock sludge, enhancing the sustainability of intensive livestock farming. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Strategies for Intensive Livestock Production Systems)

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14 pages, 1630 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Semiochemical 2-Methyl-2-butenal Reduced Signs of Stress in Cats during Transport

by Courtney Archer and John McGlone

Animals 2024, 14(2), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020341 - 22 Jan 2024

Viewed by 879

Abstract

Some cats experience stress when they have novel experiences, such as infrequent transport. This study was a randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded study that sought to objectively evaluate the effects of a 2M2B collar on transported cat physiology and behavior. The statistical model included effects [...] Read more.

Some cats experience stress when they have novel experiences, such as infrequent transport. This study was a randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded study that sought to objectively evaluate the effects of a 2M2B collar on transported cat physiology and behavior. The statistical model included effects of cat treatment (2M2B vs. control), period (70 min), sex, and interactions. Cats wearing 2M2B collars had an 8% lower PR (p < 0.01), and they slept more and did not hide at the back of the kennel. While control cats vomited or showed excess salivation, cats with 2M2B collars did not show these signs of stress. Male cats were less active during transport than females. Male cats slept more with 2M2B collars compared with male cats with a control collar, but females showed similar sleeping overall regardless of which collar they wore. Female cats increased activity during transport when they had a 2M2B collar, while male activity did not differ with control or 2M2B collars. These data support the concept that the semiochemical 2M2B can reduce stress in transported cats based on objective physiological and behavioral measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Chemical Signals in Animal Reproduction, Behavior and Communication)

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19 pages, 914 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Detection and Molecular Diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in the Endangered Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus), Spain

by Pablo Matas-Méndez, Gabriel Ávalos, Javier Caballero-Gómez, Alejandro Dashti, Sabrina Castro-Scholten, Débora Jiménez-Martín, David González-Barrio, Gemma J. Muñoz-de-Mier, Begoña Bailo, David Cano-Terriza, Marta Mateo, Fernando Nájera, Lihua Xiao, Pamela C. Köster, Ignacio García-Bocanegra and David Carmena

Animals 2024, 14(2), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020340 - 22 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1063

Abstract

Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis are the main non-viral causes of diarrhoea in humans and domestic animals globally. Comparatively, much less information is currently available in free-ranging carnivore species in general and in the endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) in particular. [...] Read more.

Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis are the main non-viral causes of diarrhoea in humans and domestic animals globally. Comparatively, much less information is currently available in free-ranging carnivore species in general and in the endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) in particular. Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis were investigated with molecular (PCR and Sanger sequencing) methods in individual faecal DNA samples of free-ranging and captive Iberian lynxes from the main population nuclei in Spain. Overall, Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis were detected in 2.4% (6/251) and 27.9% (70/251) of the animals examined, respectively. Positive animals to at least one of them were detected in each of the analysed population nuclei. The analysis of partial ssu rRNA gene sequences revealed the presence of rodent-adapted C. alticolis (n = 1) and C. occultus (n = 1), leporid-adapted C. cuniculus (n = 2), and zoonotic C. parvum (n = 2) within Cryptosporidium, and zoonotic assemblages A (n = 5) and B (n = 3) within G. duodenalis. Subgenotyping analyses allowed for the identification of genotype VaA19 in C. cuniculus (gp60 locus) and sub-assemblages AI and BIII/BIV in G. duodenalis (gdh, bg, and tpi loci). This study represents the first molecular description of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis in the Iberian lynx in Spain. The presence of rodent/leporid-adapted Cryptosporidium species in the surveyed animals suggests spurious infections associated to the Iberian lynx’s diet. The Iberian lynx seems a suitable host for zoonotic genetic variants of Cryptosporidium (C. parvum) and G. duodenalis (assemblages A and B), although the potential risk of human transmission is regarded as limited due to light parasite burdens and suspected low excretion of infective (oo)cysts to the environment by infected animals. More research should be conducted to ascertain the true impact of these protozoan parasites in the health status of the endangered Iberian lynx. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transdisciplinary Approach to Surveillance for Wildlife Health Epidemiology)

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12 pages, 2004 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Spatial Ecology of Nuisance Crocodiles: Movement Patterns of Relocated American Crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) in Guanacaste, Costa Rica

by Tyler Steven Coleman, Wray Gabel, Michael Easter, Maggie McGreal, Mahmood Sasa Marin, Davinia Beneyto Garrigos and Christopher M. Murray

Animals 2024, 14(2), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020339 - 22 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1053

Abstract

Anthropogenic alterations of the environment have increased, highlighting the need for human–wildlife coexistence and conflict mitigation. Spatial ecology, and the use of passive satellite movement technology in particular, has been used to identify patterns in human–wildlife conflict as a function of shared resources [...] Read more.

Anthropogenic alterations of the environment have increased, highlighting the need for human–wildlife coexistence and conflict mitigation. Spatial ecology, and the use of passive satellite movement technology in particular, has been used to identify patterns in human–wildlife conflict as a function of shared resources that present potential for dangerous situations. Here, we aim to remotely identify patterns indicative of human–crocodile conflict in Guanacaste, Costa Rica by exploring site fidelity and diverse modes of movement (i.e., land and water) across space between nuisance (relocated) and non-nuisance (wild) crocodiles. Advanced satellite remote sensing technology provided near-constant movement data on individuals at the regional scale. Telonics Iridium SeaTrkr-4370-4 transmitters were used with modified crocodilian fitting. Results indicate that relocated crocodiles exhibited large-scale movements relative to wild crocodiles. Nuisance relocated crocodiles either returned to the area of nuisance or potentially attempted to in short time frames. The results presented here highlight the need for alternative management strategies that facilitate relocation efficacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology and Conservation of Crocodiles)

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10 pages, 248 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Rib Lesions in Dairy Cows

by George Stilwell, João M. B. Azevedo and Telmo Nunes

Animals 2024, 14(2), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020338 - 22 Jan 2024

Viewed by 670

Abstract

Unilateral or bilateral hard bony enlargement is sometimes palpated over dairy cows’ ribs. Although usually not painful, these injuries may have welfare and economic implications and can be used as indicators of poor husbandry conditions. The objective of this study was to determine [...] Read more.

Unilateral or bilateral hard bony enlargement is sometimes palpated over dairy cows’ ribs. Although usually not painful, these injuries may have welfare and economic implications and can be used as indicators of poor husbandry conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of rib lesions in dairy cows kept in intensive systems and to identify the risk factors either associated with the housing or with the animal’s clinical history. We examined the ribs of all 1319 lactating cows from 22 Portuguese dairy farms. In each farm, housing and animal potential risk factors were recorded. Additionally, clinical examination, including lameness scoring, was performed on all cows showing rib lesions. The global rib lesions’ prevalence per farm was 2.3%, ranging from 0% (n = 12 farms) to 6.1% (n = 1 farm). Lesions were found in cows with an average of 3.7 lactations. The main farm risk factors were narrow stalls; insufficient feeding places; insufficient cubicles; and the presence of an exposed curb at the back end of the stalls. Rib lesions were associated with a history of lameness but not with lame cows at the moment of examination or a history of being a downer cow. In conclusion, rib lesions’ prevalence can be high in some farms, being significantly associated with cubicle design and lameness. By being associated with chronic lameness and inadequate housing, rib lesions should be included in dairy cows’ welfare assessment protocols. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)

13 pages, 2527 KiB

Open AccessArticle

miR-10a-5p Regulates the Proliferation and Differentiation of Porcine Preadipocytes Targeting the KLF11 Gene

by Wanfeng Zhang, Tianzhi Zhao, Xinyu Gao, Shuangji Ma, Tianye Gong, Yang Yang, Meng Li, Guoqing Cao, Xiaohong Guo and Bugao Li

Animals 2024, 14(2), 337; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020337 - 22 Jan 2024

Viewed by 738

Abstract

In the swine industry, meat quality, color, and texture are influenced by the excessive differentiation of fat cells. miRNAs have emerged as integral regulators of adipose development. This study delves into the influence of miR-10a-5b on the proliferation and differentiation of pig preadipocytes. [...] Read more.

In the swine industry, meat quality, color, and texture are influenced by the excessive differentiation of fat cells. miRNAs have emerged as integral regulators of adipose development. This study delves into the influence of miR-10a-5b on the proliferation and differentiation of pig preadipocytes. Our findings reveal that miR-10a-5b is prevalent across various tissues. It hinders preadipocyte proliferation, amplifies the expression of adipogenic genes, promotes lipid accumulation, and, as a result, advances preadipocyte differentiation. We predict that KLF11 is the target gene of miRNA. A dual-fluorescence reporter assay was conducted to validate the binding sites of miR-10a-5b on the 3′UTR of the KLF11 mRNA. Results showed that miR-10a-5b targeted KLF11 3′UTR and reduced the fluorescence activity of the dual-fluorescent reporter vector. Our research also indicates that miR-10a-5b targets and downregulates the expression of both mRNA and the protein levels of KLF11. During the differentiation of the preadipocytes, KLF11 inhibited adipose differentiation and was able to suppress the promotion of adipose differentiation by miR-10a-5b. This underscores miR-10a-5b’s potential as a significant regulator of preadipocyte behavior by modulating KLF11 expression, offering insights into the role of functional miRNAs in fat deposition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

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44 pages, 4601 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Impacts of Puppy Early Life Experiences, Puppy-Purchasing Practices, and Owner Characteristics on Owner-Reported Problem Behaviours in a UK Pandemic Puppies Cohort at 21 Months of Age

by Claire L. Brand, Dan G. O’Neill, Zoe Belshaw, Fiona C. Dale, Bree L. Merritt, Kathryn N. Clover, Mi-Xue Michelle Tay, Camilla L. Pegram and Rowena M. A. Packer

Animals 2024, 14(2), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020336 - 22 Jan 2024

Viewed by 3619

Abstract

Problem behaviours are a leading cause of relinquishment and euthanasia of young dogs. Previous research has identified associations between owner-reported problem behaviours and risk factors, including how dogs were acquired as puppies, early socialisation experiences, and owners’ experience levels. Puppies acquired during the [...] Read more.

Problem behaviours are a leading cause of relinquishment and euthanasia of young dogs. Previous research has identified associations between owner-reported problem behaviours and risk factors, including how dogs were acquired as puppies, early socialisation experiences, and owners’ experience levels. Puppies acquired during the 2020 phase of the UK COVID-19 pandemic (“Pandemic Puppies”) were more likely to be exposed to many of these risk factors compared to puppies acquired in 2019; however, consequences for their adult behaviour are, as yet, unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the impact of these early-life and provenance-based risk factors, in addition to owner management strategies (including training methods) into early adulthood, upon adult dog behaviour aged 21 months. An online longitudinal cohort study of n = 985 Pandemic Puppies was conducted, recruited from a cohort of n = 4369 puppies originally surveyed in November–December 2020, which included data on how and why they were acquired and their socialisation/habituation experiences <16 weeks of age. Nearly all owners (96.7%) reported that their dog had exhibited at least one problem behaviour up to 21 months of age (median: 5; IQR: 3–7). Almost one third of dogs (30.9%) were reported to have displayed separation-related behaviours. Multivariable linear regression modelling revealed that owners reporting more problem behaviours were more likely to use multiple aversive training techniques (e.g., physical punishment), the use of which was notably high in this population (82.3%) compared to previous studies. Attendance at online puppy classes was the sole protective factor against owner use of aversive training methods. Almost one third of owners had underestimated how hard training their dog would be; this view was more likely among first-time owners. Urgent efforts are required to support this vulnerable population of dogs, including providing owner education regarding humane training techniques, to improve canine emotional health and avoid future relinquishment and/or behavioural euthanasia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)

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26 pages, 4082 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Cetacean Sanctuary: A Sea of Unknowns

by Jason N. Bruck

Animals 2024, 14(2), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020335 - 21 Jan 2024

Viewed by 5319

Abstract

Housing cetaceans in netted sea pens is not new and is common for many accredited managed-care facilities. Hence, the distinction between sanctuary and sea pen is more about the philosophies of those who run these sanctuary facilities, the effects of these philosophies on [...] Read more.

Housing cetaceans in netted sea pens is not new and is common for many accredited managed-care facilities. Hence, the distinction between sanctuary and sea pen is more about the philosophies of those who run these sanctuary facilities, the effects of these philosophies on the animals’ welfare, and how proponents of these sanctuaries fund the care of these animals. Here, I consider what plans exist for cetacean sanctuaries and discuss the caveats and challenges associated with this form of activist-managed captivity. One goal for stakeholders should be to disregard the emotional connotations of the word “sanctuary” and explore these proposals objectively with the best interest of the animals in mind. Another focus should be related to gauging the public’s understanding of proposed welfare benefits to determine if long-term supporters of donation-based sanctuary models will likely see their expectations met as NGOs and their government partners consider moving forward with cetacean sanctuary experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zoo and Aquarium Welfare, Ethics, Behavior)

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13 pages, 2164 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sleep Pattern Interference in the Cognitive Performance of Lusitano Horses

by Ângela P. Barbosa, Tiago M. Oliveira, Pedro Henrique E. Trindade, Sarah R. T. Seidel, Paula K. A. Tokawa, Fernando M. Jaramilo, Neimar V. Roncati and Raquel Y. A. Baccarin

Animals 2024, 14(2), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020334 - 21 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1171

Abstract

Like most mammalian, polyphasic sleep, equine sleep can be divided into two phases: the REM (rapid eye movement) phase and the NREM (non-rapid eye movement) phase. For this study, a randomized crossover experiment was conducted using ten purebred Lusitano horses, all dressage athletes [...] Read more.

Like most mammalian, polyphasic sleep, equine sleep can be divided into two phases: the REM (rapid eye movement) phase and the NREM (non-rapid eye movement) phase. For this study, a randomized crossover experiment was conducted using ten purebred Lusitano horses, all dressage athletes aged from three to seven years old. The horses were filmed before the intervention to characterize their sleep patterns. REM sleep deprivation was achieved by not letting the horses attain sternal or lateral recumbency for three consecutive days, totaling 72 h. A spatial memory task and a visual attention test were performed. A recording time of 48 h appeared to be long enough to characterize the sleep patterns of the stalled horses. The total recumbency time of the studied population was lower than that previously reported in horses. Although the recumbency times before and after the intervention were similar, there was a tendency shown by the delta (p = 0.0839) towards an increased time needed to resolve spatial memory tasks in the sleep-deprived group. Future studies may deepen the understanding of horse sleep requirements and patterns, and the effects of environmental changes on horse sleep. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Practical Methods for Accommodating Behavioral Needs and Improving the Wellbeing of Both Farm Animals)

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10 pages, 426 KiB

Open AccessReview

Knowledge Gaps on the Utilization of Fossil Shell Flour in Beef Production: A Review

by Zimkhitha Soji-Mbongo and Thando Conference Mpendulo

Animals 2024, 14(2), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020333 - 21 Jan 2024

Viewed by 782

Abstract

Population growth in many countries results in increased demand for livestock production and quality products. However, beef production represents a complex global sustainability challenge, including meeting the increasing demand and the need to respond to climate change and/or greenhouse gas emissions. Several feed [...] Read more.

Population growth in many countries results in increased demand for livestock production and quality products. However, beef production represents a complex global sustainability challenge, including meeting the increasing demand and the need to respond to climate change and/or greenhouse gas emissions. Several feed resources and techniques have been used but have some constraints that limit their efficient utilization which include being product-specific, not universally applicable, and sometimes compromising the quality of meat. This evokes a need for novel techniques that will provide sustainable beef production and mitigate the carbon footprint of beef while not compromising beef quality. Fossil shell flour (FSF) is a natural additive with the potential to supplement traditional crops in beef cattle rations in response to this complex global challenge as it is cheap, readily available, and eco-friendly. However, it has not gained much attention from scientists, researchers, and farmers, and its use has not yet been adopted in most countries. This review seeks to identify knowledge or research gaps on the utilization of fossil shell flour in beef cattle production, with respect to climate change, carcass, and meat quality. Addressing these research gaps would be a step forward in developing sustainable and eco-friendly beef production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carcass Traits and Meat Quality in Cattle)

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23 pages, 933 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fermentation of Plant-Based Feeds with Lactobacillus acidophilus Improves the Survival and Intestinal Health of Juvenile Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Reared in a Biofloc System

by Nataly Oliveira Dos Santos Neves, Juliano De Dea Lindner, Larissa Stockhausen, Fernanda Regina Delziovo, Mariana Bender, Letícia Serzedello, Luiz Augusto Cipriani, Natalia Ha, Everton Skoronski, Enric Gisbert, Ignasi Sanahuja and Thiago El Hadi Perez Fabregat

Animals 2024, 14(2), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020332 - 21 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 972

Abstract

This study evaluated the effect of fermentation with Lactobacillus acidophilus on the biochemical and nutritional compositions of a plant-based diet and its effects on the productive performance and intestinal health of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared in a biofloc technology [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the effect of fermentation with Lactobacillus acidophilus on the biochemical and nutritional compositions of a plant-based diet and its effects on the productive performance and intestinal health of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared in a biofloc technology (BFT) system. The in vitro kinetics of feed fermentation were studied to determine the L. acidophilus growth and acidification curve through counting the colony-forming units (CFUs) mL⁻¹ and measuring the pH. Physicochemical and bromatological analyses of the feed were also performed. Based on the microbial growth kinetics results, vegetable-based Nile tilapia feeds fermented for 6 (FPB6) and 18 (FPB18) h were evaluated for 60 days. Fermented diets were compared with a positive control diet containing fishmeal (CFM) and a negative control diet without animal protein (CPB). Fermentation with L. acidophilus increased lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count and the soluble protein concentration of the plant-based feed, as well as decreasing the pH (p < 0.05). FPB treatments improved fish survival compared with CPB (p < 0.05). Fermentation increased feed intake but worsened feed efficiency (p < 0.05). The use of fermented feeds increased the LAB count and reduced pathogenic bacteria both in the BFT system’s water and in the animals’ intestines (p < 0.05). Fermented plant-based feeds showed greater villi (FPB6; FPB18) and higher goblet cell (FPB6) counts relative to the non-fermented plant-based feed, which may indicate improved intestinal health. The results obtained in this study are promising and show the sustainable potential of using fermented plant-based feeds in fish feeding rather than animal protein and, in particular, fishmeal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

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12 pages, 619 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Audicor Acoustic Cardiography Device as a Diagnostic Tool in Horses with Mitral or Aortic Valve Insufficiency

by Isabelle L. Piotrowski, Hannah K. Junge and Colin C. Schwarzwald

Animals 2024, 14(2), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020331 - 21 Jan 2024

Viewed by 653

Abstract

Mitral and aortic valve insufficiencies have been commonly reported in horses. The objective of this study was to establish the use of acoustic cardiography (Audicor^®) in horses with aortic (AI) or mitral valve insufficiency (MI). A total of 17 healthy horses, [...] Read more.

Mitral and aortic valve insufficiencies have been commonly reported in horses. The objective of this study was to establish the use of acoustic cardiography (Audicor^®) in horses with aortic (AI) or mitral valve insufficiency (MI). A total of 17 healthy horses, 18 horses with AI, and 28 horses with MI were prospectively included. None of the horses was in heart failure. Echocardiography and Audicor^® analyses were conducted. Electromechanical activating time (EMAT), rate-corrected EMATc, left ventricular systolic time (LVST), rate-corrected LVSTc, and intensity and persistence of the third and fourth heart sound (S3, S4) were reported by Audicor^®. Graphical analysis of the three-dimensional (3D) phonocardiogram served to visually detect murmurs. Audicor^® snapshot variables were compared between groups using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple-comparisons test. The association between Audicor^® snapshot variables and the corresponding echocardiographic variables was investigated by linear regression and Bland–Altman analyses. Heart murmurs were not displayed on Audicor^® phonocardiograms. No significant differences were found between Audicor^® variables obtained in clinically healthy horses and horses with valvular insufficiency. The Audicor^® device is unable to detect heart murmurs in horses. Audicor^® variables representing cardiac function are not markedly altered, and their association with corresponding echocardiographic variables is poor in horses with valvular insufficiency that are not in heart failure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Equine Internal Medicine)

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20 pages, 2938 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

An Overview of Reactive Oxygen Species Damage Occurring during In Vitro Bovine Oocyte and Embryo Development and the Efficacy of Antioxidant Use to Limit These Adverse Effects

by Jessica A. Keane and Alan D. Ealy

Animals 2024, 14(2), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020330 - 21 Jan 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1340

Abstract

The in vitro production (IVP) of bovine embryos has gained popularity worldwide and in recent years and its use for producing embryos from genetically elite heifers and cows has surpassed the use of conventional superovulation-based embryo production schemes. There are, however, several issues [...] Read more.

The in vitro production (IVP) of bovine embryos has gained popularity worldwide and in recent years and its use for producing embryos from genetically elite heifers and cows has surpassed the use of conventional superovulation-based embryo production schemes. There are, however, several issues with the IVP of embryos that remain unresolved. One limitation of special concern is the low efficiency of the IVP of embryos. Exposure to reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one reason why the production of embryos with IVP is diminished. These highly reactive molecules are generated in small amounts through normal cellular metabolism, but their abundances increase in embryo culture because of oocyte and embryo exposure to temperature fluctuations, light exposure, pH changes, atmospheric oxygen tension, suboptimal culture media formulations, and cryopreservation. When uncontrolled, ROS produce detrimental effects on the structure and function of genomic and mitochondrial DNA, alter DNA methylation, increase lipid membrane damage, and modify protein activity. Several intrinsic enzymatic pathways control ROS abundance and damage, and antioxidants react with and reduce the reactive potential of ROS. This review will focus on exploring the efficiency of supplementing several of these antioxidant molecules on oocyte maturation, sperm viability, fertilization, and embryo culture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reproductive Physiology of Ruminants)

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20 pages, 1506 KiB

Open AccessReview

Literature Review of the Principal Diagnostic Tests to Detect Bovine Respiratory Disease in Pre-Weaned Dairy and Veal Calves

by Julie Berman

Animals 2024, 14(2), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020329 - 21 Jan 2024

Viewed by 920

Abstract

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is an infection of the upper and lower respiratory tract, characterized by an inflammation of the lung. Different diagnostic tests can be used to detect BRD, including clinical respiratory scoring systems, thoracic auscultation, and imaging tests like thoracic ultrasonography [...] Read more.

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is an infection of the upper and lower respiratory tract, characterized by an inflammation of the lung. Different diagnostic tests can be used to detect BRD, including clinical respiratory scoring systems, thoracic auscultation, and imaging tests like thoracic ultrasonography and thoracic radiography. Although commonly used, none of these diagnostic tests are perfect for detecting BRD. This article reviews the advantages and drawbacks of these techniques and their performance in detecting BRD in pre-weaned dairy and veal calves. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infectious Respiratory Diseases of Livestock Animals)

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10 pages, 251 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of including a Mixed-Enzyme Product in Broiler Diets on Performance, Metabolizable Energy, Phosphorus and Calcium Retention

by Harriet Walker, Suvi Vartiainen, Juha Apajalahti, Jules Taylor-Pickard, Ivana Nikodinoska and Colm A. Moran

Animals 2024, 14(2), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020328 - 21 Jan 2024

Viewed by 819

Abstract

The importance of enzymes in the poultry industry is ever increasing because they help to extract as many nutrients as possible from the raw material available and reduce environmental impacts. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to examine the effect of a natural enzyme [...] Read more.

The importance of enzymes in the poultry industry is ever increasing because they help to extract as many nutrients as possible from the raw material available and reduce environmental impacts. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to examine the effect of a natural enzyme complex (ASC) on diets low in AME, Ca and P. Male Ross 308 broilers (n = 900) were fed one of four diets: (1) positive control (PC) with no enzyme added (AME 12.55 MJ/kg, AVPhos 4.8 g/kg and AVCal 9.6 g/kg); (2) negative control (NC) with no enzyme added and reduced AME, Ca and P (AME 12.18 MJ/kg, AVPhos 3.3 g/kg, AVCal 8.1 g/kg); (3) negative control plus ASC at 200 g/t; and (4) negative control plus ASC at 400 g/t. Broiler performance, digesta viscosity, tibia mineralization and mineral content were analyzed at d 21. Between d 18 and 20, excreted DM, GE, total nitrogen, Ca, and P were analyzed. ASC at 200 g/t and 400 g/t improved the FCR (p = 0.0014) significantly when compared with that of the NC. There were no significant differences in BW or FI between the treatments. Birds fed ASC at 200 g/t and 400 g/t had significantly improved digesta viscosity (p < 0.0001) compared with that of the PC and NC birds and had significantly higher excreted DM digestibility (p < 0.01) than the NC and the PC birds with 400 g/t ASC. ASC inclusion significantly improved P retention (p < 0.0001) compared to that in the PC. Ca retention was significantly increased by 400 g/t ASC compared to that in the PC and NC (p < 0.001). AME was significantly higher (p < 0.0001) for all treatments compared to that in the NC. There were no significant differences between treatments for any of the bone measurements. This study showed that feeding with ASC can support the performance of broilers when fed a diet formulated to have reduced Ca, P and AME, with the greatest results being seen with a higher level of ASC inclusion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)

16 pages, 4812 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Association Study of Milk Composition in Karachai Goats

by Marina Selionova, Vladimir Trukhachev, Magomet Aibazov, Alexander Sermyagin, Anna Belous, Marianna Gladkikh and Natalia Zinovieva

Animals 2024, 14(2), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020327 - 21 Jan 2024

Viewed by 941

Abstract

This study is first to perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to investigate the milk quality traits in Karachai goats. The objective of the study was to identify candidate genes associated with milk composition traits based on the identification and subsequent analysis of [...] Read more.

This study is first to perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to investigate the milk quality traits in Karachai goats. The objective of the study was to identify candidate genes associated with milk composition traits based on the identification and subsequent analysis of all possible SNPs, both genome-wide (high-confidence) and suggestive (subthreshold significance). To estimate the milk components, 22 traits were determined, including several types of fatty acids. DNA was extracted from ear tissue or blood samples. A total of 167 Karachai goats were genotyped using an Illumina GoatSNP53K BeadChip panel (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). Overall, we identified 167 highly significant and subthreshold SNPs associated with the milk components of Karachai goats. A total of 10 SNPs were located within protein-coding genes and 33 SNPs in close proximity to them (±0.2 Mb). The largest number of genome-wide significant SNPs was found on chromosomes 2 and 8 and some of them were associated with several traits. The greatest number of genome-wide significant SNPs was identified for crude protein and lactose (6), and the smallest number—only 1 SNP—for freezing point depression. No SNPs were identified for monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Functional annotation of all 43 SNPs allowed us to identify 66 significant candidate genes on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 13, 16, 18, 21, 23, 25, 26, and 27. We considered these genes potential DNA markers of the fatty acid composition of Karachai goat milk. Also, we found 12 genes that had a polygenic effect: most of them were simultaneously associated with the dry matter content and fatty acids (METTL, SLC1A 8, PHACTR1, FMO2, ECI1, PGP, ABCA3, AMDHD2). Our results suggest that the genes identified in our study affecting the milk components in Karachai goats differed from those identified in other breeds of dairy goats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Status and Challenges for Dairy Sheep/Goat Farming Worldwide)

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10 pages, 1334 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A Thorny Tale of Parasites: Screening for Enteric Protozoan Parasites in Hedgehogs from Portugal

by Sara Gomes-Gonçalves, Sérgio Santos-Silva, Andreia V. S. Cruz, Clarisse Rodrigues, Vanessa Soeiro, Patrícia Barradas and João R. Mesquita

Animals 2024, 14(2), 326; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020326 - 21 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 889

Abstract

Enteric protozoan parasites, such as Blastocystis sp., Balantioides coli, Cryptosporidium spp., and Giardia duodenalis, may have implications for both animal and human health.Transmitted through the fecal–oral route, these parasites cause symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss. This study [...] Read more.

Enteric protozoan parasites, such as Blastocystis sp., Balantioides coli, Cryptosporidium spp., and Giardia duodenalis, may have implications for both animal and human health.Transmitted through the fecal–oral route, these parasites cause symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss. This study investigated the presence of these enteric protozoan parasites and genetically characterized them in hedgehogs from Portugal. A total of 110 hedgehog stool samples were collected. Molecular detection methods showed an overall occurrence of protozoa in 1.82% (2/110 95% CI: 0.22–6.41) of hedgehogs, with Blastocystis being found in one hedgehog and Cryptosporidium being found in another. No evidence for the presence of B. coli or G. duodenalis was found. This study suggests that there is a need to stay aware of hedgehogs as potential hosts of enteric protozoa. Ongoing research and surveillance efforts are recommended to explore practical prevention and control strategies. The results contribute to the limited knowledge of these parasites in Portuguese hedgehog populations and underscore their potential relevance to both veterinary and public health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infectious Diseases in Animals: Community Ecology and Pathogen Dynamics)

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15 pages, 1734 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of Farrowing Pen Design, Season, and Sow Parity on Litter Performance and Piglet Mortality

by Verônica Madeira Pacheco, Tami M. Brown-Brandl, Gary A. Rohrer, Rafael Vieira de Sousa and Luciane Silva Martello

Animals 2024, 14(2), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020325 - 20 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1139

Abstract

Piglet mortality during lactation is a significant concern in swine production, influenced by complex interactions involving sow, piglet, environmental, and management factors. While crushing by the sow may be the ultimate cause of piglet mortality, there are many factors influencing the outcome, including [...] Read more.

Piglet mortality during lactation is a significant concern in swine production, influenced by complex interactions involving sow, piglet, environmental, and management factors. While crushing by the sow may be the ultimate cause of piglet mortality, there are many factors influencing the outcome, including parity, thermal stress, and animal housing systems. New farrowing systems are continuously being developed; however, it is difficult for producers to make decisions without any scientific basis. This study aimed to assess the impact of different farrowing pen layouts on piglet performance, considering parity and season. A total of 546 sows and 9123 piglets were monitored across 36 lactation cycles. Sows were randomly assigned to three farrowing pen layouts (standard, diagonal, and offset) in three rooms (20 sows by room). All farrowing pens had the same space allocations (2.7 m by 1.8 m and 2.1 m by 0.6 m for the sow area). The three types of farrowing pens were blocked by position within the room. Piglet performance traits (percent of stillborns, percent of mortality, percent of overlays, and average daily weight gain: ADG) and sows traits (health and parity) were monitored following US Meat Animal Research Center (USMARC) procedures. Results indicated that treatment, parity, and season influenced some piglet performance traits. The offset farrowing pen had a lower percent of stillborns compared to the standard. No significant differences were observed between the diagonal crate and the other treatments. When evaluating high mortality sow (>two piglets), the offset and standard treatments had a lower percent of overlays. Piglets from first-parity sows had lower ADG than those from higher-parity sows. A higher percent of overlays were observed in Autumn and Summer compared to Spring and Winter, and Summer had lower average daily weight gain than other seasons. The results suggest that modifying the layout (offset), with sows placed further away from the heating source, can reduce the percent of overlays in sows with high mortality (>2 piglets). In addition, the influence of season on the piglet production traits demonstrated the importance of proper management of the environment, even in systems with a certain level of climatic control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Swine Housing, Health and Welfare)

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