Animals

1 pages, 163 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Messele et al. Longitudinal Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance among Enterococcus Species Isolated from Australian Beef Cattle Faeces at Feedlot Entry and Exit. Animals 2022, 12, 2690

by Yohannes E. Messele, Mauida F. Hasoon, Darren J. Trott, Tania Veltman, Joe P. McMeniman, Stephen P. Kidd, Wai Y. Low and Kiro R. Petrovski

Animals 2023, 13(16), 2684; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162684 - 21 Aug 2023

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Abstract

There was an error in the original publication [...] Full article

17 pages, 1810 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Browsers or Grazers? New Insights into Feral Burro Diet Using a Non-Invasive Sampling and Plant DNA Metabarcoding Approach

by Saeideh Esmaeili, Sarah R. B. King and Kathryn A. Schoenecker

Animals 2023, 13(16), 2683; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162683 - 21 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1177

Abstract

Ungulates play a large role in shaping ecosystems and communities by influencing plant composition, structure, and productivity. We investigated the summer diets of feral burros in two ecosystems in which they are found in the United States: a subtropical desert in Arizona and [...] Read more.

Ungulates play a large role in shaping ecosystems and communities by influencing plant composition, structure, and productivity. We investigated the summer diets of feral burros in two ecosystems in which they are found in the United States: a subtropical desert in Arizona and a temperate juniper shrubland in Utah. Between 24 June and 16 July of 2019, we gathered 50 burro fecal samples from each location and used plant DNA metabarcoding to determine the burros’ diets. We found that during our sampling period the burros in the Sonoran Desert consumed a higher proportion of woody browse and had a narrower dietary niche breadth and lower degree of diet diversity compared to the burros in the juniper shrubland ecosystem, where the burros consumed higher proportions of graminoids and forbs and had a higher diet diversity index and broader dietary niche breadth. The burros in the Sonoran Desert relied primarily on Prosopis spp. (mesquite) and Poaceae grasses, whereas the burros in the juniper shrubland relied on a wider variety of forb and grass species, likely due to the greater variability in the forage species temporally and spatially available in that temperate ecosystem. We found that feral burros are highly adaptable with respect to diet and appear to be employing a mixed feeding strategy, similar to their ancestor, the African wild ass, to meet their nutritional needs in whichever ecosystem they are found. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wild and Feral Equids—Biology, Conservation and Management)

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12 pages, 6809 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects and Mechanisms of Cage versus Floor Rearing System on Goose Growth Performance and Immune Status

by Bincheng Tang, Shenqiang Hu, Xin Zhang, Qingyuan Ouyang, Enhua Qing, Wanxia Wang, Jiwei Hu, Liang Li and Jiwen Wang

Animals 2023, 13(16), 2682; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162682 - 21 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1078

Abstract

Currently, FRS and CRS are the two predominant dryland rearing systems in the goose industry. However, the effects of these two systems on goose growth performance and health, as well as the underlying mechanisms, have not been fully clarified. Thus, this study aimed [...] Read more.

Currently, FRS and CRS are the two predominant dryland rearing systems in the goose industry. However, the effects of these two systems on goose growth performance and health, as well as the underlying mechanisms, have not been fully clarified. Thus, this study aimed to compare growth performance and immune status, as well as investigate the genome-wide transcriptomic profiles of spleen in geese, between CRS and FRS at 270 d of age. Phenotypically, the body weight and body size traits were higher in geese under FRS, while the weight and organ index of spleen were higher in geese under CRS (p < 0.05). Noticeably, the bursa of Fabricius of geese under FRS was degenerated, while that under CRS was retained. At the serum level, the immune globulin-G (IgG) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were higher in geese under CRS (p < 0.05). At the transcriptomic level, we identified 251 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the spleen between CRS and FRS, which were mainly enriched in scavenger receptor activity, inflammatory response, immune response, neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction, phenylalanine metabolism, ECM receptor interaction, calcium signaling pathway, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, and MAPK signaling pathways. Furthermore, through protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, ten candidate genes were identified, namely, VEGFA, FGF2, NGF, GPC1, NKX2-5, FGFR1, FGF1, MEIS1, CD36, and PAH. Further analysis demonstrated that geese in CRS could improve their immune ability through the “phenylalanine metabolism” pathway. Our results revealed that the FRS improved growth performance, whereas the CRS improved goose immune function by increasing levels of IL-6 and IgG in serum. Moreover, the phenylalanine metabolism pathway could exert positive effects on immune function of geese under CRS. These results can provide reliable references for understanding how floor and cage rearing systems affect goose growth performance and immune capacity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)

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15 pages, 522 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Recombinant Superoxide Dismutase to Control Oxidative Stress in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Cyclic Heat-Stressed Pigs

by Hieu Huu Le, Weicheng Zhao, John Barton Furness, Majid Shakeri, Kristy DiGiacomo, Eugeni Roura, David Renaudeau, Nicolas Kurt Gabler, Brian Joseph Leury, Frank Rowland Dunshea, Gene Wijffels and Jeremy James Cottrell

Animals 2023, 13(16), 2681; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162681 - 21 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1124

Abstract

Climate change is associated with an increased frequency and intensity of heat waves, posing a threat of heat stress to pig production. Heat stress compromises the efficiency of pig production partly due to causing oxidative stress, intestinal dysfunction, and inflammatory responses. Superoxide dismutase [...] Read more.

Climate change is associated with an increased frequency and intensity of heat waves, posing a threat of heat stress to pig production. Heat stress compromises the efficiency of pig production partly due to causing oxidative stress, intestinal dysfunction, and inflammatory responses. Superoxide dismutase is an antioxidant enzyme reported to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation. Therefore, this experiment aimed to investigate whether recombinant superoxide dismutase (_rSOD) could ameliorate oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in heat-stressed grower pigs. Sixty-four female pigs (Large White × Landrace, 27.8 ± 1.65 kg, mean ± SD) were randomly allocated to a control diet (standard grower feed, CON) or the control diet supplemented with 50 IU recombinant superoxide dismutase (_rSOD) for 14 days. After acclimation to the diet, pigs were then housed under thermoneutral (TN, 20 °C, 35–50% relative humidity) or cyclic heat stress conditions (_CHS, at 35 °C: 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. and 28 °C: 5 p.m. to 9 a.m., 35–50% relative humidity) for 3 days. Heat stress increased respiration rate (RR), skin and rectal temperature (RR and RT) (p < 0.001 for all), and reduced plasma thyroid hormone concentration (p < 0.001). The amount of oxidized glutathione (GSH:GSSG) was increased in the jejunum and ileum of _CHS pigs. In the jejunum, _rSOD also increased the amount of oxidized glutathione in both TN and _CHS pigs, without any change in endogenous SOD activity. In the ileum, _rSOD prevented increases in oxidized glutathione formation in the _CHS pigs only. Taken together, this may reflect increased oxidative stress in both the jejunum and ileum in _CHS pigs. Alternatively, _rSOD increased the conversion of reduced to oxidized glutathione independently of _CHS, possibly reflecting an increased overall SOD activity due to the addition of exogenous SOD. In conclusion, the use of in-feed SOD enzymes at a dose of 50 IU/kg may be a useful strategy for preventing oxidative stress in pigs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Heat Stress on Livestock and Adaptation Methods)

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17 pages, 428 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cultivating the Acceptance of Assistance Dogs in Aged Care through Deliberative Democracy

by Amanda J. Salmon and Nancy A. Pachana

Animals 2023, 13(16), 2680; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162680 - 20 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1070

Abstract

Assistance dogs provide significant benefits to older adult owners. However, despite protective legislation, aged care facilities continue to not allow owners to retain their dogs on relocation. The purpose of the current study was to explore whether older adults should be allowed to [...] Read more.

Assistance dogs provide significant benefits to older adult owners. However, despite protective legislation, aged care facilities continue to not allow owners to retain their dogs on relocation. The purpose of the current study was to explore whether older adults should be allowed to retain their dog on relocation to an aged care facility, and what factors should impact this decision. Further, if allowed to retain their dog, what would be the best practice to allow for this? A deliberative democracy methodology was used, with a range of key stakeholders recruited. Focus groups were held, with follow-up questionnaires to establish deliberation for all questions. Results indicated that with sufficient objective measurement, fair decisions can be made to ensure the welfare and well-being of the owner and dog. Key policy and procedure changes would also be necessary to ensure ongoing support, such as training, care plans, and emergency directives. By ensuring sufficient policies and procedures are in place, training and support could lead to an ideal outcome where facilities could be at the forefront of a better future for aged care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on the Human–Pet Relationship)

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9 pages, 873 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Home Sweet Home: The Impact of Lifestyle on a Cat’s Approach to Impossible Tasks in the Home Environment

by Anna Scandurra, Alfredo Di Lucrezia, Biagio D’Aniello and Claudia Pinelli

Animals 2023, 13(16), 2679; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162679 - 20 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2010

Abstract

Cat welfare is a topic of growing interest in the scientific literature. Although previous studies have focused on the effects of living style (i.e., indoor/outdoor) on cat welfare, there has been a noticeable dearth of analysis regarding the impact of lifestyle on cats’ [...] Read more.

Cat welfare is a topic of growing interest in the scientific literature. Although previous studies have focused on the effects of living style (i.e., indoor/outdoor) on cat welfare, there has been a noticeable dearth of analysis regarding the impact of lifestyle on cats’ inclination and mode of communication with humans. Our research aimed to analyze the possible effect of lifestyle (e.g., living indoors only or indoor/outdoor) on cat–human communication. The cats were tested using the impossible task paradigm test, which consists of some solvable trials in which the subject learns to obtain a reward from an apparatus, followed by an impossible trial through blocking the apparatus. This procedure triggers a violation of expectations and is considered a useful tool for assessing both the decision-making process and the tendency to engage in social behaviors towards humans. A specific ethogram was followed to record the behavioral responses of the cats during the unsolvable trial. Our results show the effects of lifestyle and age on domestic cats, providing valuable insights into the factors that influence their social behaviors. Cats that can roam freely outdoors spent less time interacting with the apparatus compared to indoor-only cats. Additionally, roaming cats showed stress behaviors sooner following the expectancy of violation compared to indoor cats. The lifestyle of cats can influence their problem-solving approach while not affecting their willingness to interact with humans or their overall welfare. Future studies on this topic can be useful for improving the welfare of domestic cats. Full article

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11 pages, 3140 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oak Acorn Poisoning in Cattle during Autumn 2022: A Case Series and Review of the Current Knowledge

by Justine Eppe, Calixte Bayrou, Hélène Casalta, Dominique Cassart, Linde Gille, Margot Stipulanti, Jérôme Versyp and Arnaud Sartelet

Animals 2023, 13(16), 2678; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162678 - 20 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1457

Abstract

Oak poisoning is a known intoxication in grazing animals, but is slightly described in the literature. This case report describes 7 cattle from 3 different farms admitted to the clinic for ruminants of the University of Liège for suspected acorn poisoning in the [...] Read more.

Oak poisoning is a known intoxication in grazing animals, but is slightly described in the literature. This case report describes 7 cattle from 3 different farms admitted to the clinic for ruminants of the University of Liège for suspected acorn poisoning in the autumn of 2022. The clinical signs were, anorexia, apathy with polyuria with low density. Further investigations led to the diagnosis of renal failure (blood urea 162 ± 88 mg/dL; blood creatinine 12 ± 4 mg/L). Supportive treatment, based on infusions (NaCl 0.9%) and electrolyte rebalancing, was administered and renal values were assessed every 24–48 h. Of these animals, 5/7 were euthanized. At necropsy, digestive erosions and ulcerations, oedema and renal hemorrhages, between the pyloric/caliceal cavity and the medulla were observed. Histopathological examination revealed necrosis of the renal tubules. The renal values of the two remaining animals were reduced, their general condition improved, and they were discharged. Acorn poisoning is a serious disease with no specific antidote or characteristic symptoms. Animals are identified as sick too late, when renal failure is already established. Farmers should be made more aware in order to prevent exposure, especially in years when acorns are abundant. Furthermore, there is no antidote for this intoxication. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pasture-Associated Poisoning in Grazing Animals)

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11 pages, 769 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predictive Factors for Two-Year Survival in Dogs with Hepatobiliary Diseases: Importance of Clinical and Laboratory Monitoring

by Sathidpak Nantasanti Assawarachan, Thodsapol Ongvisespaibool, Benjang Hakhen, Piyathip Chuchalermporn, Phudit Maneesaay and Naris Thengchaisri

Animals 2023, 13(16), 2677; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162677 - 20 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2033

Abstract

Long-term outcomes and survival predictors for different clinicopathologies (idiopathic chronic hepatitis, liver fibrosis, vacuolar hepatopathy) in dogs with hepatobiliary diseases are poorly described. In this study, ninety dogs were followed up for up to five years to investigate clinical factors that predict two-year [...] Read more.

Long-term outcomes and survival predictors for different clinicopathologies (idiopathic chronic hepatitis, liver fibrosis, vacuolar hepatopathy) in dogs with hepatobiliary diseases are poorly described. In this study, ninety dogs were followed up for up to five years to investigate clinical factors that predict two-year survival in canine patients after liver biopsy. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed based on clinical and laboratory data to determine the association between clinical and laboratory data and mortality rates. Overall, the one-, two-, and five-year mortality rates were 28.9%, 45.6%, and 78.9%, respectively. Univariate analysis indicated that male gender, ascites, elevated serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), hypercholesterolemia, hypoalbuminemia, prolonged activated partial thromboplastin clotting time (aPTT), and prolonged thrombin clotting time (TT) were associated with an increased two-year mortality rate. Results from multivariate analysis demonstrated a significant association between male gender (p = 0.022), elevated serum GGT (p < 0.001), hypoalbuminemia (p < 0.001), and prolonged aPTT (p < 0.001) and an increased two-year mortality rate, regardless of the specific type of liver pathology. Elevated GGT was associated with the highest risk for increased two-year mortality (95% CI: hazard ratio 6.02–41.21). In conclusion, various clinical factors in dogs with liver diseases are useful for prognosis prediction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Companion Animal Clinical Pathology)

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13 pages, 1265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Elevated Interleukin-31 Levels in Serum, but Not CSF of Dogs with Steroid-Responsive Meningitis-Arteritis Suggest an Involvement in Its Pathogenesis

by Laura Lemke, Regina Carlson, Katrin Warzecha, Andrea V. Volk, Andrea Tipold and Jasmin Nessler

Animals 2023, 13(16), 2676; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162676 - 20 Aug 2023

Viewed by 960

Abstract

Steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis (SRMA) is a predominantly Th-2 immune-mediated disease, but the exact pathomechanism remains unclear. Interleukin-31 (IL-31) is predominantly produced by T cells with a Th-2 phenotype during proinflammatory conditions. We hypothesize that IL-31 might be involved in the pathogenesis of SRMA. IL-31 [...] Read more.

Steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis (SRMA) is a predominantly Th-2 immune-mediated disease, but the exact pathomechanism remains unclear. Interleukin-31 (IL-31) is predominantly produced by T cells with a Th-2 phenotype during proinflammatory conditions. We hypothesize that IL-31 might be involved in the pathogenesis of SRMA. IL-31 was measured in archived samples (49 serum and 52 CSF samples) of dogs with SRMA, meningoencephalitis of unknown origin (MUO), infectious meningoencephalitis, and atopic dermatitis, and of healthy control dogs using a competitive canine IL-31 ELISA. The mean serum IL-31 level in dogs with SRMA (n = 18) was mildly higher compared to dogs with atopic dermatitis (n = 3, p = 0.8135) and MUO (n = 15, p = 0.7618) and markedly higher than in healthy controls (n = 10, p = 0.1327) and dogs with infectious meningoencephalitis (n = 3, no statistics). Dogs with SRMA in the acute stage of the disease and without any pre-treatment had the highest IL-31 levels. The mean CSF IL-31 value for dogs with SRMA (n = 23) was quite similar to that for healthy controls (n = 8, p = 0.4454) and did not differ markedly from dogs with MUO (n = 19, p = 0.8724) and infectious meningoencephalitis. Based on this study, an involvement of IL-31 in the pathogenesis of the systemic Th-2 immune-mediated immune response in SRMA can be assumed as a further component leading to an aberrant immune reaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)

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13 pages, 1991 KiB

Open AccessTechnical Note

Description and Validation of Flow-Through Chambers of Respirometry for Measuring Gas Exchange in Animal Trials

by Rony Riveros Lizana, Rosiane de Souza Camargos, Raully Lucas Silva, Bruno Balbino Leme and Nilva Kazue Sakomura

Animals 2023, 13(16), 2675; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162675 - 19 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1009

Abstract

Indirect calorimetry (IC) is a widely used method to study animal energy metabolism by measuring gas exchange. The accuracy of IC depends on detecting variations in signals reflecting the metabolic response, which can be challenging due to measurement noise and external factors. This [...] Read more.

Indirect calorimetry (IC) is a widely used method to study animal energy metabolism by measuring gas exchange. The accuracy of IC depends on detecting variations in signals reflecting the metabolic response, which can be challenging due to measurement noise and external factors. This study proposes a methodology to validate IC systems, including an easy-to-use spreadsheet for data computing, to verify accuracy and detect whole-system leaks. We conducted a recovery test using a simulation of CO₂ dynamics in MS Excel and injecting a known CO₂ concentration into four respirometry chambers. The thought flow rate of CO₂ was observed and compared to the expected rate from the simulation. Data filtering and computing, including a detailed calculation of signals calibration, Bartholomew transformation, and noise reduction, was developed to obtain the gas exchange and heat production parameters using an open-circuit IC system. The results from the recovery test in our system show that the proposed methodology is accurate and precise. The proposed methodology and recovery test can be used to standardize the validation of IC systems together with adequate data computing, providing accurate measurements of animal energy metabolism in different environmental conditions and energy utilization from feeds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

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17 pages, 675 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparison of Dobutamine, Norepinephrine, Vasopressin, and Hetastarch for the Treatment of Isoflurane-Induced Hypotension in Healthy, Normovolemic Dogs

by Natalia Henao-Guerrero, Carolina H. Ricco-Pereira and Vaidehi V. Paranjape

Animals 2023, 13(16), 2674; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162674 - 19 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 8169

Abstract

Isoflurane is a commonly used inhalation anesthetic in species undergoing veterinary care that induces hypotension, impacting organ perfusion, making it imperative to minimize its occurrence or identify effective strategies for treating it. This study evaluated and compared the hemodynamic effects of DOB, NEP, [...] Read more.

Isoflurane is a commonly used inhalation anesthetic in species undergoing veterinary care that induces hypotension, impacting organ perfusion, making it imperative to minimize its occurrence or identify effective strategies for treating it. This study evaluated and compared the hemodynamic effects of DOB, NEP, VAS, and HES in twelve isoflurane-anesthetized Beagle dogs. The order of the first three treatments was randomized. HES was administered last. Data were collected before treatments (baseline) and after 10 min of a sustained MAP of <45 mmHg induced by a high end-tidal isoflurane concentration (T0). Once treatment was initiated and the target MAP was achieved (65 to 80 mmHg) or the maximum dose reached, data were collected after 15 min of stabilization (T1) and 15 min after (T2). A 15 min washout period with a MAP of ≥65 mmHg was allowed between treatments. The intravenous dosage regimens started and were increased by 50% every five minutes until the target MAP or maximum dose was reached. The dosages were as follows: DOB, 5–15 μg/kg/min; NEP, 0.1–2 μg/kg/min; VAS, 0.5–5 mU/kg/min; and HET, 6% 1–20 mL/kg/min. DOB improved CO, DO₂, and VO₂, but reduced SVR. VAS elevated SVR, but decreased CO, DO₂, and VO₂. HES minimally changed BP and mildly augmented CO, DO₂, and VO₂. These treatments failed to reach the target MAP. NEP increased the arterial BP, CO, MPAP, and PAWP, but reduced HR. Norepinephrine infusion at 0.44 ± 0.19 μg/kg/min was the most efficient therapy for correcting isoflurane-induced hypotension. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anaesthesia and Analgesia in Companion Animals)

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11 pages, 552 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microsporidia in Commercially Harvested Marine Fish: A Potential Health Risk for Consumers

by Samantha Moratal, Angela Magnet, Fernando Izquierdo, Carmen del Águila, Jordi López-Ramon and María Auxiliadora Dea-Ayuela

Animals 2023, 13(16), 2673; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162673 - 19 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1584

Abstract

Microsporidia are widely spread obligate intracellular fungal pathogens from vertebrate and invertebrate organisms, mainly transmitted by contaminated food and water. This study aims to detect the presence of major human-pathogenic microsporidia, i.e., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Encephalitozoon intestinalis, Encephalitozoon hellem, and Encephalitozoon [...] Read more.

Microsporidia are widely spread obligate intracellular fungal pathogens from vertebrate and invertebrate organisms, mainly transmitted by contaminated food and water. This study aims to detect the presence of major human-pathogenic microsporidia, i.e., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Encephalitozoon intestinalis, Encephalitozoon hellem, and Encephalitozoon cuniculi, in the gastrointestinal tract of commercially harvested marine fish from Mediterranean coast of the Comunidad Valenciana, Eastern Spain. A total of 251 fish, 138 farmed fish and 113 wild fish from commercial fishing were tested by SYBR Green real-time PCR, enabling the simultaneous detection of the four targeted species. E. intestinalis/hellem was found in 1.45% of farmed fish and 7.96% of wild fish, while Enterocytozoonidae was detected in 2.90% and 18.58% of farmed and wild fish, respectively. E. cuniculi was not detected in any of the analyzed specimens. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of E. intestinalis/hellem in fish, particularly in marine fish. Although the role of fish in these species’ epidemiology remains unknown, this finding points out a potential public health risk linked to fish consumption. Further studies are necessary to characterize these microsporidia in fish hosts better and to elucidate their epidemiological role. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Prevention of Infectious Diseases in Wildlife)

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20 pages, 1733 KiB

Open AccessReview

Characterising Biosecurity Initiatives Globally to Support the Development of a Progressive Management Pathway for Terrestrial Animals: A Scoping Review

by Nina Militzer, Melissa McLaws, Andriy Rozstalnyy, Yushan Li, Madhur Dhingra, Aashima Auplish, Koen Mintiens, Mirzet Sabirovic, Sophie von Dobschuetz and Martin Heilmann

Animals 2023, 13(16), 2672; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162672 - 19 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2086

Abstract

While biosecurity is of increasing importance globally, there is still limited evidence of the factors or elements that support the progressive and sustainable scaling up of biosecurity along the value chains from the local to the global level. To gain insight into the [...] Read more.

While biosecurity is of increasing importance globally, there is still limited evidence of the factors or elements that support the progressive and sustainable scaling up of biosecurity along the value chains from the local to the global level. To gain insight into the current body of literature on biosecurity, a mixed-methods approach was used based on a scoping literature review and an online survey with subject matter experts. Six databases were searched for published literature, and textual information from titles and abstracts of all included records (n = 266) were analysed through inductive content analysis to build biosecurity-relevant categories and identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of existing biosecurity systems or initiatives (such as projects or programs). Most records focused on initiatives in high-income countries, traditional livestock species (pigs, poultry, and large ruminants), and the production stage and had a disease-specific focus. No records described a comprehensive or global framework to progressively scale up biosecurity. Overall, the findings highlight the need for initiatives such as the FAO Progressive Management Pathway for Terrestrial Animal Biosecurity (FAO-PMP-TAB), which is a stepwise approach for strengthening biosecurity management along value chains to enhance the health, resilience, and sustainability of animal sectors. The findings highlight important elements and provide recommendations useful for developing approaches or a global framework to progressively improve biosecurity management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Biosecurity in a One Health Perspective)

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18 pages, 353 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chromium Methionine and Ractopamine Supplementation in Summer Diets for Grower–Finisher Pigs Reared under Heat Stress

by Esther Sánchez-Villalba, Eileen Aglahe Corral-March, Martín Valenzuela-Melendres, Libertad Zamorano-García, Hernán Celaya-Michel, Andrés Ochoa-Meza, Humberto González-Ríos and Miguel Ángel Barrera-Silva

Animals 2023, 13(16), 2671; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162671 - 19 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1052

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the effects of the dietary supplementation of chromium methionine (CrMet) and ractopamine (RAC) on pigs in the growing–finishing stage under heat stress. The parameters evaluated included productive behavior, blood components, carcass characteristics, organ weight, and meat quality. This [...] Read more.

This study aimed to determine the effects of the dietary supplementation of chromium methionine (CrMet) and ractopamine (RAC) on pigs in the growing–finishing stage under heat stress. The parameters evaluated included productive behavior, blood components, carcass characteristics, organ weight, and meat quality. This study was conducted during the summer season in Sonora, Mexico. The treatments included: (1) control diet (CON), a base diet (BD) formulated to satisfy the nutritional requirements of pigs; (2) RAC, BD plus 10 ppm RAC supplemented during the last 34 days of the study; (3) CrMet-S, BD supplemented with 0.8 ppm of Cr from CrMet during the last 34 days; and (4) CrMet-L, BD supplemented with 0.8 ppm of Cr from CrMet for an 81 d period. RAC supplementation improved the productive behavior and main carcass characteristics of the pigs compared with CON. However, RAC and CrMet supplementation during the last 34 days showed similar results in terms of weight gain, carcass quality, blood components, organ weight, and meat quality. The addition of CrMet-S had a moderate (although not significant) increase in productive performance and carcass weight. These findings are encouraging, as they suggest that CrMet may be a potential alternative for growth promotion. However, more research is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Feed Ingredients on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics in Animals)

27 pages, 12978 KiB

Open AccessReview

Surgical Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Cats

by Vasileia Angelou, Aliki Fiska, Anastasia Tsingotjidou, Michael Patsikas and Lysimachos G. Papazoglou

Animals 2023, 13(16), 2670; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162670 - 19 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4058

Abstract

In cats, the gastrointestinal tract is one of the regions in which surgical procedures are most frequently performed by veterinary surgeons; therefore, knowledge of the surgical anatomy of the feline gastrointestinal tract is of high importance. The main surgical procedures performed include gastrotomy, [...] Read more.

In cats, the gastrointestinal tract is one of the regions in which surgical procedures are most frequently performed by veterinary surgeons; therefore, knowledge of the surgical anatomy of the feline gastrointestinal tract is of high importance. The main surgical procedures performed include gastrotomy, gastrectomy, enterotomy, and enterectomy, as well as procedures in the liver and pancreas. There are also anatomical differences between dogs and cats, increasing the need for deep knowledge of the anatomy treated in the different surgical approaches. The aim of the present review is to describe in detail the anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract in cats highlighting the anatomical regions of significant importance in different surgical procedures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Small Animal Veterinary Surgery)

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18 pages, 2130 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding Age-Related Longitudinal Dynamics in Abundance and Diversity of Dominant Culturable Gut Lactic Acid Bacteria in Pastured Goats

by Doaa E. ElHadedy, Chyer Kim, Adnan B. Yousuf, Zhenping Wang and Eunice N. Ndegwa

Animals 2023, 13(16), 2669; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162669 - 19 Aug 2023

Viewed by 917

Abstract

Understanding gut lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in healthy hosts is an important first step in selecting potential probiotic species. To understand the dynamics of LAB in healthy goats, a cohort of thirty-seven healthy new-born goat kids was studied over a ten-month period. Total [...] Read more.

Understanding gut lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in healthy hosts is an important first step in selecting potential probiotic species. To understand the dynamics of LAB in healthy goats, a cohort of thirty-seven healthy new-born goat kids was studied over a ten-month period. Total LAB was quantified using SYBR green qPCR. Seven hundred LAB isolates were characterized using microscopy, M13 RAPD genotyping and 16S rDNA sequencing. The highest and lowest LAB counts were detected at one week and ten months of age, respectively. Diverse LAB species were detected, whose identity and prevalence varied with age. The main isolates belonged to Limosilactobacillus reuteri, Limosilactibacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus johnsonni, Ligilactobacillus murinus, Ligilactobacillus salivarius, Limosilactobacillus mucosae, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Ligilactobacillus agilis, Lactobacillus acidophilus/amyolovolus, Pediococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp. Uniquely, L. reuteri and Pediococcus spp. were most common in pre- and peri-weaned goats, while Lactobacillus mucosae and Enterococcus spp. were predominant in goats one month and older. Based on RAPD genotyping, L. reuteri had the highest genotypic diversity, with age being a factor on the genotypes detected. This data may be relevant in the selection of age-specific probiotics for goats. The findings may also have broader implications by highlighting age as a factor for consideration in probiotic bacteria selection in other animal hosts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Small Ruminants)

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10 pages, 255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Retrospective Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Signs in Hypothyroid Dogs

by Eleonora Gori, Paola Gianella, Ilaria Lippi and Veronica Marchetti

Animals 2023, 13(16), 2668; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162668 - 19 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1270

Abstract

Few observations about gastrointestinal (GI) signs in hypothyroid dogs (hypo-T dogs) are available. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of concurrent GI signs in hypo-T dogs, describe clinicopathological, hepato-intestinal ultrasound findings in hypo-T dogs, investigate changes in GI signs after thyroid [...] Read more.

Few observations about gastrointestinal (GI) signs in hypothyroid dogs (hypo-T dogs) are available. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of concurrent GI signs in hypo-T dogs, describe clinicopathological, hepato-intestinal ultrasound findings in hypo-T dogs, investigate changes in GI signs after thyroid replacement therapy (THRT). Medical records of suspected hypo-T dogs from two hospitals were retrospectively reviewed. The inclusion criteria were: (1) having symptoms and clinicopathological abnormalities related to hypothyroidism (i.e., mild anemia, hyperlipemia); (2) not being affected by systemic acute disease; (3) not having received any treatment affecting thyroid axis. Hypothyroidism had to be confirmed using low fT4 or TT4 with high TSH and/or inadequate TSH-stimulation test response; otherwise, dogs were assigned to a euthyroid group. Clinical history, GI signs, hematobiochemical parameters, and abdominal ultrasound findings were recorded. Hypo-T dogs were assigned to the GI group (at least 2 GI signs) and not-GI group (1 or no GI signs). Follow-up information 3–5 weeks after THRT was recorded. In total, 110 medical records were screened: 31 dogs were hypo-T, and 79 were euthyroid. Hypo-T dogs showed a higher prevalence of GI signs (44%), especially constipation and diarrhea (p = 0.03 and p = 0.001), than euthyroid dogs (24%) (p = 0.04). Among hypo-T dogs, no difference in hematological parameters between GI and non-GI groups was found. Hypo-T dogs had a higher prevalence of gallbladder alterations than euthyroid dogs (20/25; 80% and 32/61; 52% p = 0.04). The hypo-T GI group showed a significant improvement in the GI signs after THRT (p < 0.0001). Specific investigation for concurrent GI diseases in hypo-T dogs was lacking; however, improvement in GI signs following THRT supports this association between GI signs and hypothyroidism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diseases of the Small and Large Intestine, Liver and Pancreas in Small Animals)

12 pages, 804 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feline Lymphoma: Patient Characteristics and Response Outcome of the COP-Protocol in Cats with Malignant Lymphoma in The Netherlands

by Hannah Versteegh, Maurice M. J. M. Zandvliet, Laurien R. Feenstra, Francine E. M. M. van der Steen and Erik Teske

Animals 2023, 13(16), 2667; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162667 - 18 Aug 2023

Viewed by 2194

Abstract

Feline lymphoma is currently less commonly associated with retrovirus infections as the feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). This is thought to have caused a shift in the distribution of anatomical subtypes and eventually have led to poorer treatment outcomes. [...] Read more.

Feline lymphoma is currently less commonly associated with retrovirus infections as the feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). This is thought to have caused a shift in the distribution of anatomical subtypes and eventually have led to poorer treatment outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether this change was also notable in the Netherlands, a country historically known for its low prevalence of FeLV and FIV, and to determine its consequences on treatment response. A 10-year cohort of 174 cats with large cell lymphoma (110 treated) were included and compared to historical data from previously published reports in the Netherlands. Of the 90 cats screened, only one tested positive for FeLV and three for FIV. The most current cohort had an increased age (median 8.7 years) and fever Siamese cats (6.3%) compared to previous reports, with alimentary (24.5%) and nasopharyngeal lymphoma (22.7%) being the most common subtypes. Sixty-six of the one hundred and ten cats (60%) went into complete remission, (CR) resulting in a median disease-free period (DFP) of 763 days, with nasopharyngeal and mediastinal having the longest DFP. The median overall survival time was 274 days with an estimated 1-year survival of 41.3% and a 2-year survival of 34.6%, respectively. Patient characteristics of cats with malignant lymphoma in the Netherlands have changed over the years, but this cannot be explained by differences in FeLV/FIV prevalence. Although the overall response rate to therapy did not change over time, for some lymphoma subtypes, longer DFPs were observed compared to 30 years ago. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Treatment of Cancer in Domesticated Animals)

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13 pages, 1732 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Thoracic Inlet Length as a Reference Point to Radiographically Assess Cardiac Enlargement in Dogs with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease

by David Marbella Fernández, Verónica García, Alexis José Santana and José Alberto Montoya-Alonso

Animals 2023, 13(16), 2666; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162666 - 18 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1688

Abstract

The diagnostic value of the vertebral heart size (VHS) in dogs with mitral valve degeneration (MVD) is compromised when middle thoracic vertebral anomalies are present. The objective of this study was to assess the use of the thoracic inlet heart score (TIHS) to [...] Read more.

The diagnostic value of the vertebral heart size (VHS) in dogs with mitral valve degeneration (MVD) is compromised when middle thoracic vertebral anomalies are present. The objective of this study was to assess the use of the thoracic inlet heart score (TIHS) to identify left heart enlargement (LHE) secondary to MVD. The cardiac silhouette of 50 clinically healthy dogs and 106 MVD dogs in different stages was assessed on a right lateral chest radiograph. The TIHS and VHS value were calculated for each patient and compared. The TIHS was significantly different between the control dogs and the dogs with MMVD, increasing with disease stage, control 2.91 ± 0.23, Stage B1 2.98 ± 0.36, B2 3.25 ± 0.34, and C 3.53 ± 0.36, p < 0.05. A THIS ≥3.3 showed 69% sensitivity and 81% specificity to identify LHE. The TIHS showed moderate correlation with the VHS, LA/Ao, and LVIDDN 0.59, 0.42, and 0.62, respectively. The intraobserver and interobserver agreement were almost perfect, 0.96, and substantial, 0.73. The TIHS method can be used to identify LHE secondary to MMVD on dogs’ thoracic radiographs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)

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9 pages, 1712 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphometrical and Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Kidney as an Indirect Parameter to Estimate Age in Puppies in Veterinary Forensic Pathology

by Ilaria d’Aquino, Giuseppe Piegari, Gianluca Miletti, Emanuela Sannino, Dario Costanza, Leonardo Meomartino, Rosario Fico, Lorenzo Riccio, Emanuela Vaccaro, Davide De Biase and Orlando Paciello

Animals 2023, 13(16), 2665; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162665 - 18 Aug 2023

Viewed by 915

Abstract

Estimation of age represents a central focus in the veterinary forensic pathology field. Currently, the visual examination of the dentition and the skeletal age are the main methods to estimate the age of puppies. Nevertheless, these methods are affected by a broad range [...] Read more.

Estimation of age represents a central focus in the veterinary forensic pathology field. Currently, the visual examination of the dentition and the skeletal age are the main methods to estimate the age of puppies. Nevertheless, these methods are affected by a broad range of variables. In contrast, the kidney is characterized by a specific postnatal development. In human glomerulogenesis, fetal mesangial cells change their immunohistochemical phenotypes with maturation. Therefore, we hypothesized that histological and immunohistochemical examinations of the kidney can be used together as an indirect parameter for age determination in puppies’ cadavers. Forty-five puppies’ cadavers were divided into five groups defined by age (Group A= 0–15 days, Group B = 16–45 days, Group C = 46–85 days, Group D = 86–105 days, Group E= 105–365 days). For each case, kidney samples were collected and processed for histopathological (for morphometrical study of the glomerulus) and immunohistochemical (for the immunolocalization of the α-SMA protein) studies. Morphometrical study allowed us to observe statistical differences in the mean glomerulus numbers per field among assessed groups. Similarly, immunohistochemical examination showed differences in SMA expression among groups. Our findings suggest a potential use of kidney morphometrical and immunohistochemical examinations together as an indirect parameter to assess the age of illegally imported puppies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Companion Animal Clinical Pathology)

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13 pages, 13348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrasonography and Sonoelastography Characteristics of Benign vs. Malignant Mesenteric Lymph Nodes in Cats: An Update

by Elettra Febo, Francesca Del Signore, Nicola Bernabò, Andrea Paolini, Francesco Simeoni, Andrea De Bonis, Martina Rosto, Sara Canal and Massimo Vignoli

Animals 2023, 13(16), 2664; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162664 - 18 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2126

Abstract

(1) Background: Strain elastography (SE) is an ultrasound-based technique able to non-invasively assess tissue elasticity, with malignant tissues being stiffer than normal tissues. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of SE to differentiate feline mesenteric benign and malignant [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Strain elastography (SE) is an ultrasound-based technique able to non-invasively assess tissue elasticity, with malignant tissues being stiffer than normal tissues. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of SE to differentiate feline mesenteric benign and malignant lymph nodes (LNs) using a multivariate approach including both SE results and B-mode ultrasound and color Doppler findings. (2) Methods: Feline enlarged mesenteric LNs were evaluated using B-mode ultrasound, color Doppler ultrasonography, and SE. Short-to-long axis ratios, borders, echogenicity, hilum, vascular flow distribution, elastographic patterns, and strain ratios were recorded. Histological and/or cytological diagnosis was available for each LN. (3) Results: A total of 88 LNs were included, 46 (52.3%) benign and 42 (47.7%) malignant; in the benign group, 40 LNs had a diagnosis of reactive hyperplasia (group A) and 6 eosinophilic sclerosing lymphadenitis (group B), while in the malignant group 42 had a diagnosis of lymphoma (group C). The principal component analysis approach showed evidence that by combining B-mode- and color Doppler-based scores with SE scores, the three groups of LNs can be accurately distinguished. (4) Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that a multivariate sonographic approach combining B-mode ultrasound, color Doppler ultrasonography, and SE can accurately distinguish benign from malignant LNs, thus helping in the clinical advice of feline patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)

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29 pages, 1629 KiB

Open AccessReview

Current and Future Advances in the Detection and Surveillance of Biosecurity-Relevant Equine Bacterial Diseases Using Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP)

by Alexandra Knox, Gemma Zerna and Travis Beddoe

Animals 2023, 13(16), 2663; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162663 - 18 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1945

Abstract

Horses play an important role throughout the world, whether for work, culture, or leisure, providing an ever-growing significant contribution to the economy. The increase in importation and movement of horses, both nationally and internationally, has inevitably allowed for the global equine industry to [...] Read more.

Horses play an important role throughout the world, whether for work, culture, or leisure, providing an ever-growing significant contribution to the economy. The increase in importation and movement of horses, both nationally and internationally, has inevitably allowed for the global equine industry to grow. Subsequently, however, the potential for transmission of fatal equine bacterial diseases has also escalated, and devasting outbreaks continue to occur. To prevent such events, disease surveillance and diagnosis must be heightened throughout the industry. Current common, or “gold-standard” techniques, have shown to be inadequate at times, thus requiring newer technology to impede outbreaks. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has proven to be a reliable, rapid, and accessible tool in both diagnostics and surveillance. This review will discuss equine bacterial diseases of biosecurity relevance and their current diagnostic approaches, as well as their respective LAMP assay developments. Additionally, we will provide insight regarding newer technology and advancements associated with this technique and their potential use for the outlined diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Equids)

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16 pages, 2162 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress of Biological Feed in Beef Cattle

by Longteng Ma, Lifen Wang, Zixi Zhang and Dingfu Xiao

Animals 2023, 13(16), 2662; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162662 - 18 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1664

Abstract

Biological feed is a feed product developed through bioengineering technologies such as fermentation engineering, enzyme engineering, protein engineering, and genetic engineering. It possesses functional characteristics of high nutritional value and good palatability that can improve feed utilization, replace antibiotics, enhance the health level [...] Read more.

Biological feed is a feed product developed through bioengineering technologies such as fermentation engineering, enzyme engineering, protein engineering, and genetic engineering. It possesses functional characteristics of high nutritional value and good palatability that can improve feed utilization, replace antibiotics, enhance the health level of livestock and poultry, improve the quality of livestock products, and promote a better breeding environment. A comprehensive review is provided on the types of biological feed, their mechanism of action, fermenting strains, fermenting raw material resources, and their current status in animal production to facilitate in-depth research and development of applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Feeding Livestock for Health Improvement)

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22 pages, 921 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An International Investigation of the Prevalence of Negative Visitor Behaviour in the Zoo

by Courtney Collins, Yotam Barr, Sean McKeown, Juan Scheun, Claudia Tay and Ruth O’Riordan

Animals 2023, 13(16), 2661; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162661 - 18 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3353

Abstract

Negative visitor behaviour is an understudied area of zoo research, even though negative actions can have serious implications for animal welfare. This research project investigated the prevalence of negative visitor behaviours at four different zoos. It included observations of visitors at seven different [...] Read more.

Negative visitor behaviour is an understudied area of zoo research, even though negative actions can have serious implications for animal welfare. This research project investigated the prevalence of negative visitor behaviours at four different zoos. It included observations of visitors at seven different taxa exhibits and three different types of enclosures. A modified version of behaviour sampling was used to record visitor behaviour and the activity of the animals, while a negative binomial regression was conducted to test the significance of several predictor variables against the number of negative behaviours observed. Negative visitor behaviour was relatively common, occurring in 57% of observations. Banging was the most commonly observed negative action. Negative behaviours were influenced by zoo (p < 0.001), species (p < 0.001) and the number of visitors present (p < 0.001). The charismatic species were the most harassed animals included in the study, while children were the most likely to engage in negative behaviour. Negative visitor behaviours occurred more frequently when animals were active and in close proximity to visitors. It is imperative for zoos to understand visitors’ behaviour so that they can effectively communicate with their visitors to minimise negative actions and promote better animal welfare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Scientific Advances in Zoo Animal Management)

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11 pages, 1095 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Supplementation of Freezing Medium with Ginseng Improves Rooster Sperm Quality and Fertility Relative to Free Radicals and Antioxidant Enzymes

by Ruthaiporn Ratchamak, Supakorn Authaida, Thirawat Koedkanmark, Wuttigrai Boonkum, Yoswaris Semaming and Vibuntita Chankitisakul

Animals 2023, 13(16), 2660; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162660 - 18 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1175

Abstract

To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to determine the effect of ginseng as an antioxidant supplement in freezing extenders on the quality of cryopreserved rooster semen. Semen samples were collected from 40 Thai native roosters (Pradu Hang Dum) [...] Read more.

To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to determine the effect of ginseng as an antioxidant supplement in freezing extenders on the quality of cryopreserved rooster semen. Semen samples were collected from 40 Thai native roosters (Pradu Hang Dum) using the dorso-abdominal massage method and then pooled and divided into five groups according to the concentrations of ginseng supplementation (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1 mg/mL) in a freezing extender. The semen suspensions were loaded into a medium straw and cryopreserved using the liquid nitrogen vapor method. The post-thaw semen was evaluated for sperm quality (sperm motility and membrane integrity), seminal plasma characteristics (lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], and glutathione peroxidase [GPx]), and fertility. The results showed that ginseng extract supplementation at 0.25 mg/mL yielded the highest total motility, progressive motility, and membrane integrity (59.47%, 30.82%, and 48.30%, respectively; p < 0.05) in cryopreserved rooster semen. Higher malondialdehyde concentrations were observed in the control group than in the other groups (p < 0.05). SOD, CAT, and GPx increased compared with those in the control group (p < 0.05). The results showed that the fertility rate with 0.25 mg/mL of ginseng was higher than that of the control group (62.80% vs. 46.28%: p < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation with 0.25 mg/mL of ginseng is recommended as an alternative component to the freezing extender to improve rooster semen cryopreservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Reproduction)

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14 pages, 496 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Response to Dietary Leucine in Laying Lens

by Nilva Kazue Sakomura, Matheus Reis, Lucas Pimentel Bonagurio, Bruno Balbino Leme, Gabriel Silva Viana, Mirella Cunha Melaré and Robert Mervyn Gous

Animals 2023, 13(16), 2659; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162659 - 18 Aug 2023

Viewed by 743

Abstract

This study aimed to estimate the standardized ileal digestible leucine intake (SID-Leu_i, mg) in laying hens for maintenance, and to describe the response in laying hens to SID-Leu_i, thereby providing the information required to determine the optimum economic intake [...] Read more.

This study aimed to estimate the standardized ileal digestible leucine intake (SID-Leu_i, mg) in laying hens for maintenance, and to describe the response in laying hens to SID-Leu_i, thereby providing the information required to determine the optimum economic intake of SID-Leu for laying hens. Two nitrogen balance series, one balanced and the other unbalanced with respect to leucine (Leu), were used to estimate the SID-Leu requirement for maintenance using 36 roosters per series. The roosters were randomly distributed among the six levels of Leu with each level being replicated six times. The six diets were formulated to contain 0.0, 3.5, 6.9, 10.4, 13.9, or 17.4 g/kg of SID-Leu for the unbalanced series and 0.0, 4.0, 8.0, 12.0, 16.0, or 20.0 g/kg of SID-Leu for the balanced series. The SID-Leu_i maintenance requirement was calculated as 144 mg/bird d, 66 mg/kg d, 74 mg/kg^0.75d or 395 mg/BP_m^0.73d. For the response trial, 120 individually caged laying hens (63 weeks old) were randomly distributed among eight treatments with 15 replicates. To estimate the SID-Leu_i for the population of hens, the Reading Model was fitted to the data using body weight (BW, kg), SID-Leu_i and egg output (EO, g). The Reading Model calculated the mg SID-Leu_i = 11.6 EOmax + 43.4 BW. The efficiency of SID-Leu utilization for laying hens was estimated to be 79%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Amino Acid Nutrition in Poultry)

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16 pages, 886 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Representative Survey for Evaluating Housing and Manure Handling Technologies of the Hungarian Pig Sector

by Zsuzsanna Benedek, Károly Dublecz, Ilona Anna Koltay, Gábor Fitos, Vanda Kisanna Várhelyi, Marianna Magyar, Béla Pirkó and Nóra Hegedűsné Baranyai

Animals 2023, 13(16), 2658; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162658 - 18 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 823

Abstract

In Hungary, there is a lack of information on the pig production technologies in place in the base year of 2005 and changes since then, as well as a lack of information on the number of pigs kept in different age and production [...] Read more.

In Hungary, there is a lack of information on the pig production technologies in place in the base year of 2005 and changes since then, as well as a lack of information on the number of pigs kept in different age and production categories, which makes it difficult to calculate ammonia emissions and reductions in the national inventories. Our research team conducted a representative survey of pig farms to assess housing and manure management technologies in the Hungarian pig sector in 2005 and 2015. Novel expert-based calculation methods were developed to convert farm data on pig populations into daily average numbers (DAN) of animals in different statistical categories and feeding phases. The survey resulted in a representative database of housing, manure handling, storage and manure application practices in Hungarian pig production. The data and methodology from the survey helped to develop an ammonia emission calculator and knowledge transfer tool (AGEM-S) for use by farmers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Animal Husbandry)

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14 pages, 2493 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Attitudes towards the Potential Use of Aversive Geofencing Devices to Manage Wild Elephant Movement

by Surendranie J. Cabral de Mel, Saman Seneweera, Ashoka Dangolla, Devaka K. Weerakoon, Tek Maraseni and Benjamin L. Allen

Animals 2023, 13(16), 2657; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162657 - 18 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2283

Abstract

Aversive geofencing devices (AGDs) or animal-borne satellite-linked shock collars might become a useful tool to mitigate human-elephant conflict (HEC). AGDs have the potential to condition problem elephants to avoid human-dominated landscapes by associating mild electric shocks with preceding audio warnings given as they [...] Read more.

Aversive geofencing devices (AGDs) or animal-borne satellite-linked shock collars might become a useful tool to mitigate human-elephant conflict (HEC). AGDs have the potential to condition problem elephants to avoid human-dominated landscapes by associating mild electric shocks with preceding audio warnings given as they approach virtual boundaries. We assessed the opinions of different stakeholders (experts, farmers, and others who have and have not experienced HEC; n = 611) on the potential use of AGDs on Asian elephants. Most respondents expressed positive opinions on the potential effectiveness of AGDs in managing elephant movement (62.2%). About 62.8% respondents also provided positive responses for the acceptability of AGDs if pilot studies with captive elephants have been successful in managing their movements. Some respondents perceived AGDs to be unacceptable because they are unethical or harmful and would be unsuccessful given wild elephants may respond differently to AGDs than captive elephants. Respondents identified acceptability, support and awareness of stakeholders, safety and wellbeing of elephants, logistical difficulties, durability and reliable functionality of AGDs, and uncertainties in elephants’ responses to AGDs as potential challenges for implementing AGDs. These issues need attention when developing AGDs to increase support from stakeholders and to effectively reduce HEC incidents in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conservation Behavior Approaches to Elephant Management and Welfare)

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15 pages, 3795 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Illegal Trade in Protected Sharks: The Case of Artisanal Whale Shark Meat Fisheries in Java, Indonesia

by Vincent Nijman

Animals 2023, 13(16), 2656; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162656 - 17 Aug 2023

Viewed by 2354

Abstract

Illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing, including that of sharks, poses a significant threat to marine ecosystems and individual species. I use data from the media, tourists, and artisan fishermen to gain insight into the trade in the world’s largest fish, the whale shark [...] Read more.

Illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing, including that of sharks, poses a significant threat to marine ecosystems and individual species. I use data from the media, tourists, and artisan fishermen to gain insight into the trade in the world’s largest fish, the whale shark (Rhincodon typus). I focus on the Indonesian island of Java where, along its south coast, whale sharks are landed and butchered on the beach in view of hundreds of people and local media. Whale sharks are typically caught in fishing nets and dragged alongside boats to the shallows, where they are butchered. The meat and oil (valued at ~USD 2000 per shark) are sold and distributed within the community. I document 58 landings of mainly immature whale sharks (2002–2022). Artisanal fishermen see the landing of whale sharks as a fortuitous event, but the species is protected, and Indonesia is a signatory to various international agreements that preclude the fishing of whale sharks. It is imperative for the conservation of whale sharks that the various parties in Indonesia adhere better to their own rules and regulations protecting this species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

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16 pages, 3224 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Autologous Platelet Lysate Is an Alternative to Fetal Bovine Serum for Canine Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Culture and Differentiation

by Usman Rashid, Evelyn Saba, Arfan Yousaf, Waleed Ahsan Tareen, Adeel Sarfraz, Man Hee Rhee and Mansur Abdullah Sandhu

Animals 2023, 13(16), 2655; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162655 - 17 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 942

Abstract

The use of fetal bovine serum (FBS) in regenerative medicine raises serious ethical and scientific concerns. We have cultured and differentiated the canine mesenchymal stem cells (cMSCs) in five different media combinations of autologous platelet lysate (A-PL) and FBS; consisting of 0% A-PL [...] Read more.

The use of fetal bovine serum (FBS) in regenerative medicine raises serious ethical and scientific concerns. We have cultured and differentiated the canine mesenchymal stem cells (cMSCs) in five different media combinations of autologous platelet lysate (A-PL) and FBS; consisting of 0% A-PL and 10% FBS (M-1), 2.5% A-PL and 7.5% FBS (M-2), 5% A-PL and 5% FBS (M-3), 7.5% A-PL and 2.5% FBS (M-4), and 10% A-PL and 0% FBS (M-5). The cMSCs were evaluated for their doubling time, differentiation efficiency, and expression of CD73, CD90, CD105, and PDGFRα. The mRNA expression of NT5E, THY1, ENG, PPARγ, FABP4, FAS, SP7, BGLAP, and SPP1 was also assessed. The results indicated non-significant differences in cellular proliferation/viability; positive expression of surface markers, and PDGFRα with substantial adipo/osteogenic differentiation. The expression of adipogenic (PPARγ, FABP4, FAS), and osteogenic (SP7, BGLAP, SPP1) genes were higher (p < 0.05) in the M5 group. In conclusion, A-PL in cMSCs culture did not negatively affect cellular proliferation and viability but also enhanced their genetic potential for multilineage differentiation. Our results indicate that A-PL can be used as an alternative for FBS to develop potent cMSCs under good manufacturing practice protocol for regenerative medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Canine and Feline Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Veterinary Medicine)

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