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Volume 13
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World Electr. Veh. J., Volume 13, Issue 1 (January 2022) – 22 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): This study investigates the influence of traffic on battery electric vehicle (BEV) energy efficiency by analyzing real-world driving data. A total of 30 BEV inexperienced drivers drove a 2017 Volkswagen eGolf on a route with various road types in two different traffic intensity scenarios: (i) morning commute hours with higher traffic congestion and (ii) lower congestion hours throughout the middle of the day. The study discovered that traffic significantly impacts BEV efficiency, with additional consumption of approximately 4–5% in the high traffic scenario. The additional range potential by avoiding traffic for this particular vehicle and test route can be quantified as up to seven miles. Considering these findings can help stakeholders to understand how eco-driving can be strategically improved by selecting trip times and routes that avoid high traffic intensity. View this paper
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17 pages, 1062 KiB  
Article
Conductive Electric Road Localization and Related Vehicle Power Control
by Anton Karlsson and Mats Alaküla
World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010022 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2344
Abstract
Enabling vehicles to draw energy from an electric road system (ERS) significantly reduces the need for battery capacity on board the vehicle. It is not necessary, nor realistic, to cover every meter of every stretch of road with ERS. The question then arises [...] Read more.
Enabling vehicles to draw energy from an electric road system (ERS) significantly reduces the need for battery capacity on board the vehicle. It is not necessary, nor realistic, to cover every meter of every stretch of road with ERS. The question then arises how and where the ERS sections should be placed. One way of doing it is to place equally long sections of ERS with a certain separating distance. Another way is to place the sections where the highest amount of traction power of the vehicles is required. This paper presents a performance evaluation of both these methods from an energy consumption and battery degradation point of view. This study assumes a conductive ERS which allows for high power transfer. Being conductive, galvanic isolation between the energy source (the ERS) and the on board traction voltage system (TVS) is needed for electric safety reasons. In addition to the two alternative methods for location of ERS segments, three different powertrains, each with a different approach to galvanic isolation and charging, are evaluated. It is discovered that the method for location of the ERS can in fact affect both energy consumption and battery degradation depending on powertrain and driving scenario. Full article
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24 pages, 5252 KiB  
Article
An Energy Management Strategy and Parameter Optimization of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles
by Wenguang Li, Guosheng Feng and Sumei Jia
World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010021 - 13 Jan 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2409
Abstract
This study involved a detailed analysis of an energy distribution strategy and the parameters of key components of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). In order to better utilize the advantages of multiple energy sources, the wavelet-fuzzy energy management method was used to adjust [...] Read more.
This study involved a detailed analysis of an energy distribution strategy and the parameters of key components of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). In order to better utilize the advantages of multiple energy sources, the wavelet-fuzzy energy management method was used to adjust the demand power allocation among multiple energy sources, and particle swarm optimization (PSO) was used to solve highly nonlinear optimization problems under multi-dimensional and multi-condition constraints. The multi-objective optimization problem of predefined driving cycle powertrain parameters about fuel economy and system durability was studied. The parameters of the key components of the system were optimized, including the size parameters of the air com-pressor and the number of batteries and ultra-capacitors. Furthermore, the driving state under specific working conditions was analyzed, and a nonlinear model with system durability and fuel economy as the optimization objectives were established, which greatly reduced the costs, reduced the fuel consumption rate and extended the battery life. The simulation results showed that for a UDDS cycle, the FCS’s maximal net output power of 83 kW was optimal for the fuel economy and system durability of a fuel cell city bus. Full article
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20 pages, 3171 KiB  
Article
Optimization and Analysis of Electric Vehicle Operation with Fast-Charging Technologies
by Mohammed Al-Saadi, Manuel Mathes, Johannes Käsgen, Koffrie Robert, Matthias Mayrock, Joeri Van Mierlo and Maitane Berecibar
World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010020 - 13 Jan 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3933
Abstract
This work presents three demos, which include Electric Buses (EBs) from four various brands with lengths of 12 m and 18 m and an Electric Truck (E-truck) for refuse collection. The technical operation of these EVs were analyzed to implement further operational cost [...] Read more.
This work presents three demos, which include Electric Buses (EBs) from four various brands with lengths of 12 m and 18 m and an Electric Truck (E-truck) for refuse collection. The technical operation of these EVs were analyzed to implement further operational cost optimization on the demo vehicles. The Electric Vehicles (EVs) were tested against superfast-charging solutions based on Pantograph (Type A & Type B) on the route lines (and depots) and based on Combined Charging System Type 2 (CCS2, Combo2) from various brands to validate the interoperability among several vendors and support further EV integration with more affordable solutions. The optimization includes the calculation of the EBs’ consumption at various seasons and under various operating conditions in order to use optimum battery system design, heating system, optimum EB fleet operation and size and to find the charging solutions properly. The results showed that the EB consumption increases in some cases by 64.5% in wintertime due to heating systems, and the consumption in urban areas is more than that on the route lines outside cities. In the E-truck demo, where the electric heater was replaced with a heat-pump to optimize the energy consumption, it was found that the consumption of the heat-pump is about half of the electric heater under certain operating conditions. Under strict EB schedule, Pantograph charging solutions with power ratings of 300–600 kW have been adopted to charge the batteries of the EBs within 4–10 min. In order to minimize the cumulative costs of energy, (pantograph) charging infrastructure depreciation and battery degradation, as well as depot charging (at the bus operator’s depot), was adopted with a power level of 50–350 kW based on CCS2 and pantograph. Full article
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17 pages, 970 KiB  
Article
Research on the Influence Mechanism of Consumers’ Purchase Intention of Electric Vehicles Based on Perceived Endorsement: A Case Study of Chinese Electric Vehicle Start-Ups
by Yong Zang, Jue Qian and Qianling Jiang
World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010019 - 09 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5207
Abstract
During the last decade, a number of electric vehicle start-ups have emerged in China. Although there have been quite a lot of studies on consumers’ purchase decision of electric vehicles, it is not common in the case of electric vehicle start-ups. This paper [...] Read more.
During the last decade, a number of electric vehicle start-ups have emerged in China. Although there have been quite a lot of studies on consumers’ purchase decision of electric vehicles, it is not common in the case of electric vehicle start-ups. This paper puts forward the concept of perceived endorsement and discusses the relationship among perceived benefit, perceived risk, range anxiety, attitude and consumers’ purchase intention and establishes a theoretical model of consumers’ purchase intention towards electric vehicles from start-ups. A structural equation model was used to test the research model and the hypotheses of the model. The results indicate that perceived endorsement has a significant positive influence on perceived benefit and attitude, which then affects consumers’ purchase intention, but range anxiety and perceived risk have no impact on purchase intention. Full article
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38 pages, 11928 KiB  
Review
Permanent Magnet Machines for High-Speed Applications
by Tianran He, Ziqiang Zhu, Fred Eastham, Yu Wang, Hong Bin, Di Wu, Liming Gong and Jintao Chen
World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010018 - 07 Jan 2022
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 10977
Abstract
This paper overviews high-speed permanent magnet (HSPM) machines, accounting for stator structures, winding configurations, rotor constructions, and parasitic effects. Firstly, single-phase and three-phase PM machines are introduced for high-speed applications. Secondly, for three-phase HSPM machines, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of slotted/slotless stator structures, [...] Read more.
This paper overviews high-speed permanent magnet (HSPM) machines, accounting for stator structures, winding configurations, rotor constructions, and parasitic effects. Firstly, single-phase and three-phase PM machines are introduced for high-speed applications. Secondly, for three-phase HSPM machines, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of slotted/slotless stator structures, non-overlapping/overlapping winding configurations, different rotor constructions, i.e., interior PM (IPM), surface-mounted PM (SPM), and solid PM, are summarised in detail. Thirdly, parasitic effects due to high-speed operation are presented, including various loss components, rotor dynamic and vibration, and thermal aspects. Overall, three-phase PM machines have no self-starting issues, and exhibit high power density, high efficiency, high critical speed, together with low vibration and noise, which make them a preferred choice for high-performance, high-speed applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Permanent Magnet Machines and Drive Systems for Electric Vehicles)
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16 pages, 11958 KiB  
Article
Combined Vector and Direct Controls Based on Five-Level Inverter for High Performance of IM Drive
by Oumaymah Elamri, Abdellah Oukassi, Lhoussain El Bahir and Zakariae El Idrissi
World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010017 - 06 Jan 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2232
Abstract
The goal of this study was to figure out how to regulate an induction motor in a hybrid electric vehicle. Conventional combined vector and direct control induction motors take advantage of the advantages of vector control and direct torque control. It is also [...] Read more.
The goal of this study was to figure out how to regulate an induction motor in a hybrid electric vehicle. Conventional combined vector and direct control induction motors take advantage of the advantages of vector control and direct torque control. It is also a method that avoids some of the difficulties in implementing both of the two control methods. However, for this method of control, the statoric current has a great wealth of harmonic components which, unfortunately, results in a strong undulation of the torque regardless of the region speed. To solve this problem, a five-level neutral point clamped inverter was used. Through multilevel inverter operation, the voltage is closer to the sine wave. The speed and torque are then successfully controlled with a lower level of ripple in the torque response which improves system performance. The analysis of this study was verified with simulation in the MATLAB/Simulink interface. The simulation results demonstrate the high performance of this control strategy. Full article
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12 pages, 4006 KiB  
Article
A Novel Sub-Harmonic Synchronous Machine Using Three-Layer Winding Topology
by S M Sajjad Hossain Rafin, Qasim Ali and Thomas A. Lipo
World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010016 - 04 Jan 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3341
Abstract
This paper proposes a novel brushless synchronous machine topology that utilizes stator sub-harmonic magnetomotive force (MMF) for desirable brushless operation. The sub-harmonic MMF component that is used in this novel topology is one fourth of the fundamental MMF component, whereas, in previous practices, [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a novel brushless synchronous machine topology that utilizes stator sub-harmonic magnetomotive force (MMF) for desirable brushless operation. The sub-harmonic MMF component that is used in this novel topology is one fourth of the fundamental MMF component, whereas, in previous practices, it was half. To achieve the brushless operation, the novel machine uses a unique stator winding configuration of two sets of balanced 3-phase winding wound in 3 layers. For the rotor, additional winding is placed to induce the sub-harmonic component to achieve the brushless excitation. Unlike its predecessors, it utilizes maximum allowable space in the stator to house conductors in all of its slots. To implement the topology, 8-pole, 48-slot sub-harmonic brushless synchronous machine model has been designed. A 2-D finite element analysis (FEA) is used to simulate and validate the performance of the novel machine as a motor. The proposed topology shows better average torque than the existing sub-harmonic wound rotor brushless synchronous machine topologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Analysis and Optimization of Electrical Machines and Drives for Electric Vehicles)
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12 pages, 606 KiB  
Article
Quantifying the Impact of Traffic on Electric Vehicle Efficiency
by Tim Jonas, Christopher D. Hunter and Gretchen A. Macht
World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010015 - 01 Jan 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3285
Abstract
While the influence of several factors on battery electric vehicle (BEV) efficiency has been investigated in the past, their impact on traffic is not yet fully understood, especially when driving in a natural environment. This paper investigates the influence of driving in intense [...] Read more.
While the influence of several factors on battery electric vehicle (BEV) efficiency has been investigated in the past, their impact on traffic is not yet fully understood, especially when driving in a natural environment. This paper investigates the influence of driving in intense traffic conditions while considering the ambient temperature and driving behavior on BEV energy efficiency in a field study. A total of 30 BEV inexperienced drivers test drove a 2017 Volkswagen eGolf on a route with various road types in two different traffic intensity scenarios: During morning commute hours with higher traffic congestion and lower congestion hours throughout the middle of the day. Results support the hypothesis that traffic conditions significantly impact the vehicle’s efficiency, with additional consumption of approximately 4–5% in the high traffic scenario. By creating and comparing driving in traffic to an underlying base case scenario, the additional range potential by avoiding traffic for this particular vehicle can be quantified as up to seven miles. New patterns of BEV efficiencies emerged, which can help stakeholders understand how eco-driving can be strategically improved by selecting trip times and routes that avoid high traffic intensity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fuel Consumption and Emissions from Vehicles)
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13 pages, 2287 KiB  
Article
Research on Path Planning and Tracking Control of Automatic Parking System
by Bingzhan Zhang, Zhiyuan Li, Yaoyao Ni and Yujie Li
World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010014 - 01 Jan 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3585
Abstract
In this paper, we focus on the parking path planning and path tracking control under parallel parking conditions with automatic parking system as the research object. In order to solve the problem of discontinuity of curvature in the path planning of traditional arc-straight [...] Read more.
In this paper, we focus on the parking path planning and path tracking control under parallel parking conditions with automatic parking system as the research object. In order to solve the problem of discontinuity of curvature in the path planning of traditional arc-straight combined curve, a quintic polynomial is used to smooth the path. we design a path tracking controller based on the incremental model predictive control (MPC). The preview control based on pure tracking algorithm is used as the comparison algorithm for path tracking. The feasibility of the controller is verified by building a Simulink/CarSim co-simulation platform. In addition, the practicality of the parking controller is further verified by using the ROS intelligent car in the laboratory environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Intelligent E-Mobility—Selected Papers from The 34th International Electric Vehicles Symposium and Exhibition (Nanjing, China))
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17 pages, 8387 KiB  
Article
Constant-Current and Constant-Voltage Output for Single-Switch WPT System with Composite Shielding Structure
by Quanlei Zhang, Chunfang Wang, Lingyun Yang and Zhihao Guo
World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010013 - 31 Dec 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2641
Abstract
With the development of wireless power transfer (WPT), the wireless charging has become a research hotspot. This paper proposes a novel single-switch hybrid compensation topology, which can change the compensation network to realize the constant-current (CC) and constant-voltage (CV) output. The zero voltage [...] Read more.
With the development of wireless power transfer (WPT), the wireless charging has become a research hotspot. This paper proposes a novel single-switch hybrid compensation topology, which can change the compensation network to realize the constant-current (CC) and constant-voltage (CV) output. The zero voltage switching (ZVS) margin can be designed to increase the stability of the system. In addition, the magnetic coupler adopts a composite shielding structure composed of ferrite, nanocrystalline, and aluminium foil. The composite shielding structure has a better shielding effect on magnetic flux leakage, and its weight is lighter. The composite shielding structure is expected to be used in the wireless charging system of electric vehicles (EVs). Finally, an experimental prototype is built to verify the theoretical analysis, and the maximum efficiency can reach 91.4%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Intelligent E-Mobility—Selected Papers from The 34th International Electric Vehicles Symposium and Exhibition (Nanjing, China))
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16 pages, 12906 KiB  
Article
Design and Dynamic Simulation Analysis of a Wheel–Track Composite Chassis Based on RecurDyn
by Yaowei Li, Liguo Zang, Tuo Shi, Tian Lv and Fen Lin
World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010012 - 31 Dec 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3060
Abstract
The traditional chassis has the problems of low trafficability and poor stability under complex and changeable unstructured conditions. Thus, a wheel rail composite chassis is proposed. The chassis had a tracked travel mechanism at the front wheels and a wheeled travel mechanism at [...] Read more.
The traditional chassis has the problems of low trafficability and poor stability under complex and changeable unstructured conditions. Thus, a wheel rail composite chassis is proposed. The chassis had a tracked travel mechanism at the front wheels and a wheeled travel mechanism at the rear wheels. This study presents the design, theoretical analysis and dynamic simulation analysis of the chassis. The maximum values of the passability of the wheel–track composite chassis that can be passed were calculated according to the relevant parameters. Furthermore, the chassis was modeled and simulated using RecurDyn to verify whether the values were reasonable. According to different values of the terrain, slope, vertical obstacle height and trench width, the change regularity of the track tension and driving torque of the chassis were obtained. The chassis is designed to improve the vehicle’s ability to operate under complex and diverse unstructured conditions. Full article
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13 pages, 5333 KiB  
Article
Suppression of Cross-Coupling Effect of Hybrid Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor with Parallel Magnetic Circuit
by Xiao He and Guangqing Bao
World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010011 - 30 Dec 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2630
Abstract
Hybrid permanent magnet synchronous motor (HPMSM) has attracted increased attention in recent years due to its adjustable air gap flux. However, as a result of the cross-coupling effect of high- and low-coercive permanent magnets, the precise magnetic adjustment of HPMSM has become increasingly [...] Read more.
Hybrid permanent magnet synchronous motor (HPMSM) has attracted increased attention in recent years due to its adjustable air gap flux. However, as a result of the cross-coupling effect of high- and low-coercive permanent magnets, the precise magnetic adjustment of HPMSM has become increasingly difficult. In order to weaken the cross-coupling effect, two methods of adding magnetic barrier and exciting coil are adopted in this paper. First, the equivalent magnetic circuit model is established, and the theoretical rationality of the weakening method is analyzed. Second, the electromagnetic performance of two weakening methods are analyzed based on the finite element analysis. Finally, the rationality of the theoretical analysis is verified, which provides the structure basis for the precise magnetic adjustment of the hybrid permanent magnet motor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Intelligent E-Mobility—Selected Papers from The 34th International Electric Vehicles Symposium and Exhibition (Nanjing, China))
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13 pages, 3409 KiB  
Article
Research on Hydrogen Consumption and Driving Range of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle under the CLTC-P Condition
by Zhijie Duan, Nan Mei, Lili Feng, Shuguang Yu, Zengyou Jiang, Dongfang Chen, Xiaoming Xu and Jichao Hong
World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010009 - 29 Dec 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4695
Abstract
Hydrogen consumption and mileage are important economic indicators of fuel cell vehicles. Hydrogen consumption is the fundamental reason that restricts mileage. Since there are few quantitative studies on hydrogen consumption during actual vehicle operation, the high cost of hydrogen consumption in outdoor testing [...] Read more.
Hydrogen consumption and mileage are important economic indicators of fuel cell vehicles. Hydrogen consumption is the fundamental reason that restricts mileage. Since there are few quantitative studies on hydrogen consumption during actual vehicle operation, the high cost of hydrogen consumption in outdoor testing makes it impossible to guarantee the accuracy of the test. Therefore, this study puts forward a test method based on the hydrogen consumption of fuel cell vehicles under CLTC-P operating conditions to test the hydrogen consumption of fuel cell vehicles per 100 km. Finally, the experiment shows that the mileage calculated by hydrogen consumption has a higher consistency with the actual mileage. Based on this hydrogen consumption test method, the hydrogen consumption can be accurately measured, and the test time and cost can be effectively reduced. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fuel Consumption and Emissions from Vehicles)
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21 pages, 3038 KiB  
Article
Design and Numerical Analysis of Electric Vehicle Li-Ion Battery Protections Using Lattice Structure Undergoing Ground Impact
by Leonardus Kenny Pratama, Sigit Puji Santosa, Tatacipta Dirgantara and Djarot Widagdo
World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010010 - 29 Dec 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3049
Abstract
Improvement in electric vehicle technology requires the lithium-ion battery system’s safe operations, protecting battery fire damage potential from road debris impact. In this research a design of sandwich panel construction with a lattice structure core is evaluated as the battery protection system. Additive [...] Read more.
Improvement in electric vehicle technology requires the lithium-ion battery system’s safe operations, protecting battery fire damage potential from road debris impact. In this research a design of sandwich panel construction with a lattice structure core is evaluated as the battery protection system. Additive manufacturing technology advancements have paved the way for lattice structure development. The sandwich protective structure designs are evaluated computationally using a non-linear dynamic finite element analysis for various geometry and material parameters. The lattice structure’s optimum shape was obtained based on the highest Specific Energy Absorption (SEA) parameter developed using the ANOVA and Taguchi robust design method. It is found that the octet-cross lattice structure with 40% relative density provided the best performance in terms of absorbing impact energy. Furthermore, the sandwich panel construction with two layers of lattice structure core performed very well in protecting the lithium-ion NCA battery in the ground impact loading conditions, which the impactor velocity is 42 m/s, representing vehicle velocity in highway, and weigh 0.77 kg. The battery shortening met the safety threshold of less than 3 mm deformation. Full article
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11 pages, 4998 KiB  
Article
The Integrated Kinetic Energy Recoup Drive (i-KERD): An Optimized Powertrain for EVs, HEVs and FCEVs
by Min Yang, Tao Wang, Chunji Guo, Chris Ellis and Yuefeng Liao
World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010008 - 28 Dec 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2202
Abstract
In this paper, a particular form of flywheel hybrid powertrain, namely, the Integrated Kinetic Energy Recoup Drive (i-KERD) is fully explored and its applications for EVs, HEVs and FCEVs in recent years to show the energy-savings and performance enhancement potential of this innovative [...] Read more.
In this paper, a particular form of flywheel hybrid powertrain, namely, the Integrated Kinetic Energy Recoup Drive (i-KERD) is fully explored and its applications for EVs, HEVs and FCEVs in recent years to show the energy-savings and performance enhancement potential of this innovative powertrain technology. It is shown that the i-KERD is a small highspeed flywheel integrated into an e-CVT, or power-split hybrid drive. Under NEDC or WLTC, typically it can achieve some 40% energy savings and >50% gain in 0–100 kph acceleration due to effective regenerative braking mechanism of the integrated flywheel power system. In addition to its “peak-shaving” capability, the highly-efficient, long-life flywheel power on-board, is able to keep the kinetic energy of the vehicle fully recycled, rather than dissipated during braking. The i-KERD technology has also been applied to urban railway transportation (i.e., underground railway) and off-road heavy construction equipment, where regenerative braking plays a great role on energy efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Intelligent E-Mobility—Selected Papers from The 34th International Electric Vehicles Symposium and Exhibition (Nanjing, China))
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17 pages, 2901 KiB  
Article
Research on Charging-Discharging Operation Strategy for Electric Vehicles Based on Different Trip Patterns for Various City Types in China
by Sirui Qi, Zhengchong Lin, Junwen Song, Xinwei Lin, Yan Liu, Meng Ni and Beibei Wang
World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010007 - 27 Dec 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2215
Abstract
Connecting large numbers of electric vehicles to the power grid creates challenges for the operation of the power distribution network, but also provides a new method for supporting grid operation. This paper considers the trip patterns of electric vehicle users in China, including [...] Read more.
Connecting large numbers of electric vehicles to the power grid creates challenges for the operation of the power distribution network, but also provides a new method for supporting grid operation. This paper considers the trip patterns of electric vehicle users in China, including their trip starting time, traffic congestion, vehicle energy consumption, and other factors. We develop a charging–discharging operation strategy for electric vehicles in different functional areas with the goal of minimizing the cost of distribution network, which considers the distribution patterns of electric vehicles in different functional areas. As different types of cities in China have different proportions of electric vehicle users who follow different travel chains, we provide multiple examples showing the effectiveness of our proposed V2G method in different cities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Smart Charging and V2G)
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10 pages, 3601 KiB  
Article
Dual-Side Phase-Shift Control for Strongly Coupled Series–Series Compensated Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging Systems
by Yiming Zhang, Zhiwei Shen, Yuanchao Wu, Hui Wang and Wenbin Pan
World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010006 - 26 Dec 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2143
Abstract
Wireless power transfer (WPT) for electric vehicles is an emerging technology and a future trend. To increase power density, the coupling coefficient of coils can be designed to be large, forming a strongly coupled WPT system, different from the conventional loosely coupled WPT [...] Read more.
Wireless power transfer (WPT) for electric vehicles is an emerging technology and a future trend. To increase power density, the coupling coefficient of coils can be designed to be large, forming a strongly coupled WPT system, different from the conventional loosely coupled WPT system. In this way, the power density and efficiency of the WPT system can be improved. This paper investigates the dual-side phase-shift control of the strongly coupled series–series compensated WPT systems. The mathematical models based on the conventional first harmonic approximation and differential equations for the dual-side phase-shift control are built and compared. The dual-side phase-shift angle and its impact on the power transfer direction and soft switching are investigated. It is found that synchronous rectification at strong couplings can lead to hard switching because the dual-side phase shift in this case is over 90°. In comparison, a relatively high efficiency and soft switching can be realized when the dual-side phase shift is below 90°. The experimental results have validated the analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Intelligent E-Mobility—Selected Papers from The 34th International Electric Vehicles Symposium and Exhibition (Nanjing, China))
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10 pages, 5392 KiB  
Article
Optimization of TSPWM for Common-Mode Voltage Reduction in Vehicular Electric Drive System
by Shang Jiang and Yuan Wang
World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010005 - 24 Dec 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2180
Abstract
Common-mode voltage can be reduced effectively by optimized modulation methods without increasing additional costs. However, the existing methods cannot satisfy the requirements of the vehicular electric-drive application. This paper optimizes the tri-state voltage modulation method to reduce the common-mode voltage for vehicular electric [...] Read more.
Common-mode voltage can be reduced effectively by optimized modulation methods without increasing additional costs. However, the existing methods cannot satisfy the requirements of the vehicular electric-drive application. This paper optimizes the tri-state voltage modulation method to reduce the common-mode voltage for vehicular electric drive system applications. Firstly, the discontinuous switching issue during sector transition is analyzed. Under the limit of two switching times in one period, multiple alignments combination is proposed to address that issue. Secondly, the zero-voltage time intervals in different modulation ranges are explored. This paper proposes an unsymmetric translation method to reconstruct the voltage vector, and then the minimum zero-voltage time interval is controlled to enough value for safe switching. Finally, the proposed methods have been validated through experiments on a vehicular electric drive system. The results show that the common-mode voltage can be reduced effectively in the whole range with the optimized tri-state voltage modulation method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Intelligent E-Mobility—Selected Papers from The 34th International Electric Vehicles Symposium and Exhibition (Nanjing, China))
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12 pages, 5399 KiB  
Article
Co-Simulation and Modeling of PMSM Based on Ansys Software and Simulink for EVs
by Tewodros Kassa Mersha and Changqing Du
World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010004 - 24 Dec 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7249
Abstract
Electric vehicles (EVs) should have an electrical motor with high efficiency, high power density, and a wider constant power operating region, as well as ease of control and inexpensive manufacturing cost. To achieve these requirements, a real-time control-oriented electric motor model is essential. [...] Read more.
Electric vehicles (EVs) should have an electrical motor with high efficiency, high power density, and a wider constant power operating region, as well as ease of control and inexpensive manufacturing cost. To achieve these requirements, a real-time control-oriented electric motor model is essential. A co-simulation method based on Ansys software (Maxwell and Twin Builder) and MATLAB/Simulink for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) model is presented, which can improve the design of the PMSM and evaluate its performance by Rotating Machine Expert (RMxprt) when any slight modification of parameters and output inaccuracy occur. The PMSM drive system under different input reference speeds was analyzed by simulation, which testified that co-simulation of the magnetic and electrical domain is necessary to capture all applicable effects. The simulation results show the good feasibility of the motor model and control method, which achieves the desired effect and fast response with a small torque ripple as well. Such a developed prototype allows both accurate and simple characterization and optimization to be made possible. Full article
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16 pages, 370 KiB  
Article
What Is the Level of People’s Acceptance for Electric Taxis and Buses? Exploring Citizens’ Perceptions of Transportation Electrification to Pay Additional Fees
by Jean-Michel Clairand and Mario González-Rodríguez
World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010003 - 24 Dec 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2862
Abstract
Electric vehicles (EVs) are gradually addressing the environmental problem in cities created by internal combustion vehicles. However, to be widely used, a major challenge will still have to be tackled. Some significant challenges are the resistance to new technologies and EVs’ purchase cost, [...] Read more.
Electric vehicles (EVs) are gradually addressing the environmental problem in cities created by internal combustion vehicles. However, to be widely used, a major challenge will still have to be tackled. Some significant challenges are the resistance to new technologies and EVs’ purchase cost, which is significantly higher than that of internal combustion vehicles. These challenges are similar to the adoption of EVs for public transportation, such as buses and taxis. Thus, this paper proposes valuable insights into attitudes and preferences for taxi and bus users for the willingness to travel in EVs, by performing a convenience sampling, focusing especially on young users. Moreover, this study highlights the possibility of the users paying additional fees to travel in electric taxis (ETs) or electric buses (EBs). Pearson’s chi-squared analysis was also performed to validate the hypotheses. Full article
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20 pages, 2160 KiB  
Article
LLC DC-DC Converter Performances Improvement for Bidirectional Electric Vehicle Charger Application
by Houssein Al Attar, Mohamed Assaad Hamida, Malek Ghanes and Miassa Taleb
World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010002 - 23 Dec 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3688
Abstract
Electric Vehicle (EV) bidirectional charger technology is growing in importance. It defines the fact of returning the electricity stored in the batteries of EV to Grid (V2G), to Home (V2H), to Load (V2L), or in one word V2X mode. The EV onboard charger [...] Read more.
Electric Vehicle (EV) bidirectional charger technology is growing in importance. It defines the fact of returning the electricity stored in the batteries of EV to Grid (V2G), to Home (V2H), to Load (V2L), or in one word V2X mode. The EV onboard charger is divided into two parts: AC-DC and DC-DC converters. The isolated bidirectional DC-DC LLC resonant converter is used to improve the charger efficiency within both battery power and voltage ranges. It is controlled by varying the switching frequency based on a small signal modeling approach using the gain transfer function inversion method. The dimensions of the DC-DC LLC converter directly affect the charger cost. Moreover, they cause an important control frequency saturation zone, especially in V2X mode, where the switching frequency is out of the feasibility zone. The new challenge in this paper is to design an optimization strategy to minimize the LLC converter cost and improve the control frequency feasibility zone, for a wide variation of battery voltage and converter power, in the charging (G2V) and discharging (V2X) modes simultaneously. For our best knowledge, this optimization problem, in the case of a bidirectional (G2V and V2X) charger, is not yet considered in the literature. An optimal design that considers the control stability equations in the optimization algorithm is elaborated. The obtained results show a significant converter cost decrease and important expansion of control frequency feasibility zones. A comparative study between initial and optimized values, in G2V and V2X modes, is generated according to the converter efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue On-Board and Off-Board Power Electronics for EVs)
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14 pages, 4233 KiB  
Article
Vehicle Lateral Velocity Estimation Based on Long Short-Term Memory Network
by Debao Kong, Wenhao Wen, Rui Zhao, Zheng Lv, Kewang Liu, Yujie Liu and Zhenhai Gao
World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010001 - 23 Dec 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4777
Abstract
Lateral velocity is an important parameter to characterize vehicle stability. The acquisition of lateral velocity is of great significance to vehicle stability control and the trajectory following control of autonomous vehicles. Aiming to resolve the problems of poor estimation accuracy caused by the [...] Read more.
Lateral velocity is an important parameter to characterize vehicle stability. The acquisition of lateral velocity is of great significance to vehicle stability control and the trajectory following control of autonomous vehicles. Aiming to resolve the problems of poor estimation accuracy caused by the insufficient modeling of traditional model-based methods and significant decline in performance in the case of a change in road friction coefficient, a deep learning method for lateral velocity estimation using an LSTM, long-term and short-term memory network, is designed. LSTM can well reflect the inertial characteristics of vehicles. The training data set contains sensor data under various working conditions and roads. The simulation results show that the prediction model has high accuracy in general and robustness to the change of road friction coefficient. Full article
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