Submit to WEVJ Review for WEVJ Propose a Special Issue

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

► Journal Browser

Advanced Permanent Magnet Machines and Drive Systems for Electric Vehicles

Special Issue Editors
Special Issue Information
Keywords
Published Papers

A special issue of World Electric Vehicle Journal (ISSN 2032-6653).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2022) | Viewed by 47843

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Ziqiang Zhu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
Interests: design and control of permanent magnet machines and drive systems; transportation electrification; electric vehicles; domestic appliances; wind power generation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Fred Eastham

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
Interests: electrical machines and drives; transportation electrification

Prof. Dr. Qinfen Lu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
Interests: analysis, design, and control of linear motors and permanent magnet motor drive systems for automation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The world is driving towards electrification and zero-net. Electrical machines and drives constitute a key enabling technology for electric, hybrid and fuel cell vehicles (EVs).

Following the first successful Special Issue on “Novel permanent magnet machines and drives for electric vehicles”, we are organising this second issue on the same topic, since permanent magnet (PM) machines exhibit high torque density and high efficiency, and are eminently suitable for EVs.

This Special Issue is further devoted to the latest developments of PM machines and drives for electric, hybrid, and fuel cell EVs. Prospective authors are invited to submit the original contributions that include, but are not limited to, the following topics of interest:

Emerging PM machine topologies for traction propulsion
High-speed high-power density PM traction machines
High torque low-speed direct-drive in-wheel hub PM machines
Hair-pin winding PM machines
Flux modulated PM machines
Magnetically geared PM machines
Multi-phase and multi 3-phase PM machines
Fault-tolerant PM machines
Memory PM machines
PM machines for auxiliary units, including water pumps and air cooling
Multi-objective and multi-physics design optimization
Advanced modelling techniques
Novel PWM control techniques
Advanced maximum torque, flux weakening, and optimal efficiency control strategies
Mechanical analysis and novel structural design
Loss analyses, including ac copper, iron, and PM eddy current losses
Advanced thermal analysis and management
Torque ripple reduction
Acoustic noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) analysis and reduction
Advanced manufacturing techniques including modular technologies

Technical survey and review papers are highly encouraged for submission and possible publication in this Special Issue “Advanced Permanent Magnet Machines and Drive Systems for Electric Vehicles” of the World Electric Vehicle Journal.

Prof. Dr. Zi-Qiang Zhu
Prof. Dr. Fred Eastham
Prof. Dr. Qinfen Lu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. World Electric Vehicle Journal is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

electric machine
electric drive
design
analysis
modeling
optimization
control
cooling technology
fault tolerance
modularity
loss
efficiency
torque ripple
e-NVH
manufacturing

Published Papers (12 papers)

Download All Papers

Order results

Result details

Show export options Show export options

Select all

Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

Jump to: Review

14 pages, 5048 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Real-Time Estimation of PMSM Rotor Flux Linkage for EV Application under Steady State and Free-Running Conditions

by Bisheng Wen, Kan Liu, Jing Zhou, Shichao Zhou, Wei Hu, Yongdan Chen, Chao Huang and Qing Huang

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(5), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13050083 - 10 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2491

Abstract

A method for real-time estimation of rotor flux linkage of permanent-magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) under both steady state and free-running conditions is proposed in this paper. At steady state, a method for the estimation of rotor flux linkage is proposed based on the injection of variable-period zero-voltage perturbation, of which the accuracy is irrespective of the influence of voltage-source inverter (VSI) nonlinearity. Moreover, for the estimation of rotor flux linkage under free-running condition, due to system inertia after shutdown or fault in the motor driver, an effective approach using history data recorded at different transients of rotor speeds is developed, which has eliminated the influence of VSI nonlinearity during the modeling process. The proposed two methods are experimentally validated on a down-sized PMSM prototyped for electric vehicle application, which shows good performance for the estimation of rotor flux linkage under both steady state and free-running conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Permanent Magnet Machines and Drive Systems for Electric Vehicles)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 9277 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling and Simulation of Traction Power Supply System for High-Speed Maglev Train

by Ziyu Zou, Mengfei Zheng and Qinfen Lu

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(5), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13050082 - 09 May 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2753

Abstract

The electromagnetic suspension high-speed maglev train system uses long-stator linear synchronous motors (LLSMs) as levitation and traction mechanisms. In this paper, the modeling and simulation of the traction power supply system for the maglev train are performed. The simulation models include transformers, converters, variable-length cables and LLSMs of both two sides and two ends; meanwhile, the corresponding control and segmented power supply strategies, including the two-step method and three-step method, are implemented. Based on the system model, the operational performance of the high-speed maglev power supply control system is verified, and the fault performances under open circuit and short circuit are also analyzed. The whole simulation modeling and results have important reference significance for the research of high-speed maglev technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Permanent Magnet Machines and Drive Systems for Electric Vehicles)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 4349 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Permanent Magnet or Additional Electromagnet Compensation Structures of End Electromagnet Module for Mid-Low Speed Maglev Train

by Yunfeng He and Qinfen Lu

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(5), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13050072 - 20 Apr 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2195

Abstract

In the mid-low speed Maglev train, the levitation force produced by end electromagnets is influenced by the train speed due to the eddy current effect, especially the front-end electromagnets at high speed. In this paper, the eddy current effect of front-end electromagnets is calculated by an analytical method, which is validated by the Finite Element method (FEM). To compensate a decrease of levitation force, two improved structures of end electromagnet modules are designed and compared. One is the permanent magnet compensation structure, designed by inserting a piece of permanent magnet (PM), and called the PM hybrid structure, and the other is an additional electromagnet compensation structure, which adopts five electromagnets, and called the five-coil structure. In terms of comparison, the five-coil structure can not only produce a high enough levitation force, but can also be easily manufactured. Its effectiveness is verified by the prototype application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Permanent Magnet Machines and Drive Systems for Electric Vehicles)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 10466 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On Unintentional Demagnetization Effect of Switched Flux Hybrid Magnet Memory Machine

by Jingjing Feng, Hui Yang, Yongsheng Ge and Wei Zhang

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(4), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13040066 - 07 Apr 2022

Viewed by 2172

Abstract

This paper investigates the unintentional demagnetization (UD) characteristics of low-coercive-force (LCF) permanent magnets (PMs), in switched flux hybrid magnet memory machines (SF-HMMMs). Although the LCF PM field is magnetically in parallel to the magnetic fields produced by the NdFeB PM, as well as the armature reaction in the investigated machines, the UD phenomenon of LCF PMs still possibly occurs, particularly, under on-load operation due to the magnetic saturation effect. First, the UD effect is revealed by the frozen permeability method (FPM), and analytically explained via a magnetic circuit model. Various UD types are then identified with the finite-element (FE) method, coupled with a virtual linear hysteresis curve (VLHC) of LCF PM and FPM. In addition, the dimension and grade of the LCF PM are designed with the aid of VLHC, in order to prevent the UD effect. Finally, a fabricated SF-HMMM prototype is tested to verify the theoretical analyses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Permanent Magnet Machines and Drive Systems for Electric Vehicles)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 835 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Analysis and Torque Enhancement of Flux-Switching Permanent Magnet Machines in Electric Power Steering Systems

by Anis Abdelkefi, Amal Souissi, Imen Abdennadher and Ahmed Masmoudi

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(4), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13040064 - 04 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2051

Abstract

Modern road vehicles are more and more often being equipped with electric actuators. These are intended to play critical roles in passengers comfort and safety. Among the electrified components onboard road vehicles, one can distinguish electric power steering (EPS) systems, which have been the subject of intensive investigations covering both design and control aspects. The abilities of several AC motor topologies to fulfil the EPS systems’ requirements have been assessed by a large scientific community in both academia and industry. The present work was aimed at the prediction of the electromagnetic features of the flux-switching permanent magnet machines (FSPMMs), with an emphasis on the air gap flux density. The latter was firstly formulated while neglecting the slotting effect at both sides of the air gap. Then, stator and rotor permeance functions, taking into account the slotting effect and the PM flux concentrating arrangement, were incorporated into the derived flux density spatial repartition. Moreover, the accuracy of the latter was improved through two dedicated correction functions that take into account the rotor position and the magnetic saturation. The last part of the paper presents a simple approach to enhance the developed torque of FSPMMs in an attempt to meet the EPS requirements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Permanent Magnet Machines and Drive Systems for Electric Vehicles)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 6584 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Performance Comparison of High-Speed Motors for Electric Vehicle

by Kohei Aiso and Kan Akatsu

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(4), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13040057 - 23 Mar 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5535

Abstract

It is predicted that the maximum speed of EV traction motors will increase in the future due to reductions in size and weight. The high-speed motors are required to have high mechanical strength of the rotor for high-speed rotation, in addition to satisfying the required output and high efficiency in the wide operation area. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of motors in terms of both electrical and mechanical points of view. In this research, three motor types, PMSM, SRM, and IM, which targeted the output power of 85 kW and the maximum speed of 52,000 min⁻¹, are designed for use with EV traction motors, and the study clarifies which the type of motor is most suitable for application in high-speed motors of EVs in terms of their mechanical and electrical characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Permanent Magnet Machines and Drive Systems for Electric Vehicles)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 8125 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Double-Sided Offset Stator Axial-Flux Permanent Magnet Motor for Electric Vehicles

by Han Wang, Xiaoze Pei, Boyuan Yin, John Frederick Eastham, Christopher Vagg and Xianwu Zeng

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(3), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13030052 - 15 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3251

Abstract

Axial-flux permanent magnet (AFPM) motors have been attracting great interest due to their key advantages of high-torque density and compact structure. Concentrated windings are commonly used for AFPM motors since they significantly reduce the radial length of the end windings. This paper proposes a novel double-sided stator single-rotor motor topology where one stator is offset by π radians. This arrangement can cancel significant space harmonics produced by the concentrated winding and reduce the core and permanent magnet losses. Analytical analysis and finite element analysis (FEA) are used to verify the principle and validate the topology. The simulation results demonstrate that this proposed double-sided offset stator motor can reduce the core loss and permanent magnet loss significantly at base speed compared with the conventional double-sided stator single-rotor motor. In addition, the magnetic core saturation and induced voltage for the double-sided offset stator motor are significantly reduced. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Permanent Magnet Machines and Drive Systems for Electric Vehicles)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

34 pages, 12997 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparison of Different Winding Configurations for Dual Three-Phase Interior PM Machines in Electric Vehicles

by Shensheng Wang, Ziqiang Zhu, Adam Pride, Juntao Shi, Rajesh Deodhar and Chiaki Umemura

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(3), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13030051 - 11 Mar 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5461

Abstract

In this paper, two dual three-phase winding configurations are compared based on the Toyota Prius 2010 interior permanent magnet (IPM) machine. It is found that the winding configuration with single-layer full-pitched (SF) windings can improve average torque and reduce torque ripple in constant torque range. The winding configuration with double-layer short-pitched (DS) windings has better torque performance in a constant power range. The electromagnetic performances of the two winding configurations when one winding set is excited and the other one is open-circuited are also compared. The DS winding configuration shows much better performance under this condition. Overall, the dual three-phase winding configuration with DS windings is preferred for dual three-phase IPM machines in electric vehicles. A Toyota Prius 2010 IPM machine equipped with DS windings was manufactured to verify the analyses presented in this paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Permanent Magnet Machines and Drive Systems for Electric Vehicles)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 9661 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Influence of Adhesive Tapes as Thermal Interface Materials on the Thermal Load of a Compact Electrical Machine

by Henrik-Christian Graichen, Jörg Sauerhering, Olena Stamann, Frank Beyrau and Gunar Boye

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(2), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13020042 - 19 Feb 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2962

Abstract

In this article, a novel form of thermal interface material (TIM), represented by three industrially manufactured pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) tapes with electrical insulating properties, is characterized regarding its applicability in an electric motor with air-gap winding. Firstly, the adhesion performances, in terms of the winding process, were investigated experimentally. Here, every TIM shows sufficient shear strength for the wire–TIM joints, as well as peel adhesion to the laminated iron core. Secondly, the thermal–physical properties of the TIMs are inspected experimentally via laser flash analysis (LFA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). For every TIM, the value of the thermal resistance can double if the relatively smooth surface (R_a = 0.2 μm) of the adjacent layers is interchanged with a rougher one (R_a = 2.0–3.7 μm). Additionally, the TIM’s performance at the system level is examined. Therefore, a flat test section, according to the specifications of the original motor, is studied experimentally and numerically utilizing infrared (IR) thermography and the finite element method (FEM). The focus is set on the heat flow and temperature distribution in the test section under varying thermal loads, mass flow, and variety of TIMs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Permanent Magnet Machines and Drive Systems for Electric Vehicles)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Research

26 pages, 5651 KiB

Open AccessReview

Potentials of Brushless Stator-Mounted Machines in Electric Vehicle Drives—A Literature Review

by Hillary C. Idoko, Udochukwu B. Akuru, Rong-Jie Wang and Olawale Popoola

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(5), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13050093 - 20 May 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2560

Abstract

Brushless stator-mounted traction motors, which are new and emerging, have many potential applications in the electrified transport industry. Brushless stator-mounted machines (BSSMs), with the so-called flux modulation (FM) effects, use asynchronous field harmonics to realize energy conversion by altering the basic principle for conventional machine design which requires the stator and rotor to have the same pole number. The machines show promise of meeting the challenging requirements of electric vehicle (EV) traction motors. Therefore, in this paper, a review is undertaken on the state-of-the-art and potentials of the BSSMs for EV drives. The focus on BSSMs is due to their suitability for high-speed high torque density performance, as well as possessing suitable heat dissipation and flux weakening capabilities. The study is used to first rehash and discuss the design and excitation topologies, operating principles, and some emerging trends based on the basic BSSM variants, e.g., the doubly salient machine, flux reversal machine, and flux switching machine, while also undertaking a bibliometric synthesis on relevant studies highlighting the design and performance candidature of these niche BSSMs in EV applications, especially when compared to the well-developed Prius–IPM motor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Permanent Magnet Machines and Drive Systems for Electric Vehicles)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

32 pages, 10424 KiB

Open AccessReview

Flux-Adjustable Permanent Magnet Machines in Traction Applications

by Zicheng Zhou, Hao Hua and Ziqiang Zhu

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(4), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13040060 - 29 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3148

Abstract

This paper overviews the recent advances in flux-adjustable permanent magnet (PM) machines for traction applications. The flux-adjustable PM machines benefit from the synergies of the high torque density and high efficiency in conventional PM machines as well as the controllable air-gap field in wound-field machines, which are attractive for the traction applications requiring enhanced capabilities of speed regulation and uncontrolled voltage mitigation. In general, three solutions have been presented, namely the hybrid excited (HE), the mechanically regulated (MR), and the variable flux memory (VFM) machines. Numerous innovations were proposed on these topics during the last two decades, while each machine topology has its own merits and demerits. The purpose of this paper is to review the development history and trend of the flux-adjustable PM machines, with particular reference to their topologies, working mechanism, and electromagnetic performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Permanent Magnet Machines and Drive Systems for Electric Vehicles)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

38 pages, 11928 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Permanent Magnet Machines for High-Speed Applications

by Tianran He, Ziqiang Zhu, Fred Eastham, Yu Wang, Hong Bin, Di Wu, Liming Gong and Jintao Chen

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010018 - 07 Jan 2022

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 10967

Abstract

This paper overviews high-speed permanent magnet (HSPM) machines, accounting for stator structures, winding configurations, rotor constructions, and parasitic effects. Firstly, single-phase and three-phase PM machines are introduced for high-speed applications. Secondly, for three-phase HSPM machines, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of slotted/slotless stator structures, non-overlapping/overlapping winding configurations, different rotor constructions, i.e., interior PM (IPM), surface-mounted PM (SPM), and solid PM, are summarised in detail. Thirdly, parasitic effects due to high-speed operation are presented, including various loss components, rotor dynamic and vibration, and thermal aspects. Overall, three-phase PM machines have no self-starting issues, and exhibit high power density, high efficiency, high critical speed, together with low vibration and noise, which make them a preferred choice for high-performance, high-speed applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Permanent Magnet Machines and Drive Systems for Electric Vehicles)

► Show Figures

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Advanced Permanent Magnet Machines and Drive Systems for Electric Vehicles

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Published Papers (12 papers)

Research

Review

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI