Materials

21 pages, 5273 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Li₂O Incrementation on Mechanical and Gamma-Ray Shielding Characteristics of a TeO₂-As₂O₃-B₂O₃ Glass System

by Aljawhara H. Almuqrin, Mohamed Y. Hanfi, M. I. Sayyed, K. G. Mahmoud, Hanan Al-Ghamdi and Dalal Abdullah Aloraini

Materials 2021, 14(14), 4060; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144060 - 20 Jul 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1916

Abstract

According to the Makishema–Mackenzie model assumption, the dissociation energy and packing density for a quaternary TeO₂-As₂O₃-B₂O₃-Li₂O glass system were evaluated. The dissociation energy rose from 67.07 to 71.85 kJ/cm³, [...] Read more.

According to the Makishema–Mackenzie model assumption, the dissociation energy and packing density for a quaternary TeO₂-As₂O₃-B₂O₃-Li₂O glass system were evaluated. The dissociation energy rose from 67.07 to 71.85 kJ/cm³, whereas the packing factor decreased from 16.55 to 15.21 cm³/mol associated with the replacement of TeO₂ by LiO₂ compounds. Thus, as a result, the elastic moduli (longitudinal, shear, Young, and bulk) were enhanced by increasing the LiO₂ insertion. Based on the estimated elastic moduli, mechanical properties such as the Poisson ratio, microhardness, longitudinal velocity, shear velocity, and softening temperature were evaluated for the investigated glass samples. In order to evaluate the studied glasses’ gamma-ray shield capacity, the MCNP-5 code, as well as a theoretical Phy-X/PSD program, were applied. The best shielding capacity was achieved for the glass system containing 25 mol% of TeO_2, while the lowest ability was obtained for the glass sample with a TeO₂ concentration of 5 mol%. Furthermore, a correlation between the studied glasses’ microhardness and linear attenuation coefficient was performed versus the LiO₂ concentration to select the glass sample which possesses a suitable mechanical and shielding capacity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Materials, Machine Learning, and Optimization)

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11 pages, 17914 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Elastic Recovery Properties of Ultralight Carbon Nanotube/Carboxymethyl Cellulose Composites

by Kazuki Matsushima, Kenta Ono, Reo Yanagi, Naoto Shioura, Takahiro Segi and Tomonaga Ueno

Materials 2021, 14(14), 4059; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144059 - 20 Jul 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2556

Abstract

Ultralight materials exhibit superelastic behavior depending on the selection, blending, and carbonization of the materials. Recently, ultimate low-density materials of 5 mg/cm³ or less have attracted attention for applications such as sensors, electrodes, and absorbing materials. In this study, we fabricated an [...] Read more.

Ultralight materials exhibit superelastic behavior depending on the selection, blending, and carbonization of the materials. Recently, ultimate low-density materials of 5 mg/cm³ or less have attracted attention for applications such as sensors, electrodes, and absorbing materials. In this study, we fabricated an ultralight material composed of single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and we investigated the effect of density, composition, and weight average molecular weight of CMC on elastic recovery properties of ultralight CNT/CMC composites. Our results showed that the elastic recovery properties can be improved by reducing the density of the composite, lowering the mass ratio of CNTs, and using CMC with small molecular weight. Full article

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10 pages, 323 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Criterial Analysis Tool to Design a Hybrid Ballistic Plate

by Marcin H. Struszczyk, Paulina Dmowska-Jasek, Paweł Kubiak, Marcin Łandwijt and Marzena Fejdyś

Materials 2021, 14(14), 4058; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144058 - 20 Jul 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1798

Abstract

The presented research focuses on the concept of an advanced ballistic personal protection design, taking into account safety as well as performance requirements. The application of the multi-criterial analysis (MCA) allows for a comprehensive comparison of all the properties of materials and to [...] Read more.

The presented research focuses on the concept of an advanced ballistic personal protection design, taking into account safety as well as performance requirements. The application of the multi-criterial analysis (MCA) allows for a comprehensive comparison of all the properties of materials and to select the optimal personal ballistic protection system, considering their mechanical and ballistic properties. The newly developed hybrid ballistic composites, consisting of two or three various components (variations of ballistic and/or non-ballistic textiles; hybrid ballistic plates—HBP), were evaluated via a multi-criterial analysis that considered a wide range of properties, describing behavior and safety usage, as well as the economical aspect of their fabrication. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Composite Materials: Theory, Design and Applications)

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25 pages, 3272 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Grinding and the Mill Type on Magnetic Properties of Carboxylated Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes

by Agnieszka Jamrozik, Janusz Przewoznik, Sonia Krysiak, Jozef Korecki, Grzegorz Trykowski, Artur Małolepszy, Leszek Stobiński and Kvetoslava Burda

Materials 2021, 14(14), 4057; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144057 - 20 Jul 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2053

Abstract

The influence of the grinding process on the magnetic properties of as prepared and functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is presented. We have observed that 3 h mechanical grinding at 400 rpm in contrast to functionalization does not remove the iron contamination from [...] Read more.

The influence of the grinding process on the magnetic properties of as prepared and functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is presented. We have observed that 3 h mechanical grinding at 400 rpm in contrast to functionalization does not remove the iron contamination from MWCNTs. However, it changes the Fe chemical states. The magnetic properties of iron nanoparticles (Fe-NPs) embedded in the carbon matrix of MWCNTs have been analyzed in detail. We have proven that single-domain non-interacting Fe_(C,O)-NPs enriched in the Fe₃C phase (~10 nm) enclosed inside these nanotubes are responsible for their magnetic properties. Mechanical grinding revealed a unique impact of -COOH groups (compared to -COONH₄ groups) on the magnetism of functionalized MWCNTs. In MWCNT-COOH ground in a steel mill, the contribution of the Fe₂O₃ and α-Fe phases increased while the content of the magnetically harder Fe₃C phase decreased. This resulted in a 2-fold coercivity (H_c) decrease and saturation magnetization (M_S) increase. A 2-fold remanence (M_r) decrease in MWCNT-COOH ground in an agate mill is related to the modified Fe_(C,O)-NP magnetization dynamics. Comparison of the magnetostatic exchange and effective anisotropy length estimated for Fe_(C,O)-NPs allows concluding that the anisotropy energy barrier is higher than the magnetostatic energy barrier. The enhanced contribution of surface anisotropy to the effective anisotropy constant and the unique effect of the -COOH groups on the magnetic properties of MWCNTs are discussed. The procedure for grinding carboxylated MWCNTs with embedded iron nanoparticles using a steel mill has a potential application for producing Fe-C nanocomposites with desired magnetic properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Intermetallic Compounds)

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19 pages, 11766 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication of the Zirconium Diboride-Reinforced Composites by a Combination of Planetary Ball Milling, Turbula Mixing and Spark Plasma Sintering

by Iwona Sulima, Paweł Hyjek and Marcin Podsiadło

Materials 2021, 14(14), 4056; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144056 - 20 Jul 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1957

Abstract

The aim of this study was to carry out the consolidation of zirconium diboride-reinforced composites using the SPS technique. The effect of the adopted method of powder mixture preparation (mixing in Turbula or milling in a planetary mill) and of the reinforcing phase [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to carry out the consolidation of zirconium diboride-reinforced composites using the SPS technique. The effect of the adopted method of powder mixture preparation (mixing in Turbula or milling in a planetary mill) and of the reinforcing phase content and sintering temperature on the microstructure, physical properties, strength and tribological properties of sintered composites was investigated. Experimental data showed that the maximum relative density of 94%–98% was obtained for the composites sintered at 1100 °C. Milling in a planetary mill was found to contribute to the homogeneous dispersion and reduced clustering of ZrB₂ particles in the steel matrix, improving in this way the properties of sintered steel + ZrB₂composites. Morphological and microstructural changes caused by the milling process in a planetary mill increase the value of Young’s modulus and improve the hardness, strength and wear resistance of steel + ZrB₂composites. Higher content of ZrB₂ in the steel matrix is also responsible for the improvement in Young’s modulus, hardness and abrasive wear resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel High-Temperature Materials: Preparation, Characterization, and Applications)

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13 pages, 3795 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructural Characteristics and Subsequent Soften Mechanical Response in Transverse Direction of Wrought AZ31 with Elevated Compression Temperature

by Mengmeng Yang, Feng Zhang, Wei Yu, Yikui Bai and Zheng Liu

Materials 2021, 14(14), 4055; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144055 - 20 Jul 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1682

Abstract

In order to investigate the effect of temperature on the microstructure evolution and mechanical response in the transverse direction of a wrought AZ31 (AZ31-TD) alloy under a high strain rate, the dynamic compression was conducted using Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) apparatus and [...] Read more.

In order to investigate the effect of temperature on the microstructure evolution and mechanical response in the transverse direction of a wrought AZ31 (AZ31-TD) alloy under a high strain rate, the dynamic compression was conducted using Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) apparatus and a resistance-heated furnace under 1000 s⁻¹ at 20–250 °C. By combining optical and EBSD observations, the microstructure’s evolution was specifically analyzed. With the help of theoretically calculated Schmid Factors (SF) and Critical Resolved Shear Stress (CRSS), the activation and development deformation mechanisms are systematically discussed in the current study. The results demonstrated that the stress–strain curves are converted from a sigmoidal curve to a concave-down curve, which is caused by the preferentially and main deformation mechanism

{10 \bar{1} 2}

tension twinning gradually converting to simultaneously exist with the deformation mechanism of a non-basal slip at an elevated temperature, then completing with each other. Finally, the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) and non-basal slip are largely activated and enhanced by temperature elevated to weaken the

{10 \bar{1} 2}

tension twinning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study on the Development and Applications of Magnesium Alloys)

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18 pages, 8136 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Humidity and Temperature on the Stability of the Optical Properties and Structure of MAPbI₃, MA_0.7FA_0.3PbI₃ and (FAPbI₃)_0.95(MAPbBr₃)_0.05 Perovskite Thin Films

by Marie Solange Tumusange, Biwas Subedi, Cong Chen, Maxwell M. Junda, Zhaoning Song, Yanfa Yan and Nikolas J. Podraza

Materials 2021, 14(14), 4054; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144054 - 20 Jul 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3433

Abstract

In situ real-time spectroscopic ellipsometry (RTSE) measurements have been conducted on MAPbI₃, MA_0.7FA_0.3PbI₃, and (FAPbI₃)_0.95(MAPbBr₃)_0.05 perovskite thin films when exposed to different levels of relative humidity at given [...] Read more.

In situ real-time spectroscopic ellipsometry (RTSE) measurements have been conducted on MAPbI₃, MA_0.7FA_0.3PbI₃, and (FAPbI₃)_0.95(MAPbBr₃)_0.05 perovskite thin films when exposed to different levels of relative humidity at given temperatures over time. Analysis of RTSE measurements track changes in the complex dielectric function spectra and structure, which indicate variations in stability influenced by the underlying material, preparation method, and perovskite composition. MAPbI₃ and MA_0.7FA_0.3PbI₃ films deposited on commercial fluorine-doped tin oxide coated glass are more stable than corresponding films deposited on soda lime glass directly. (FAPbI₃)_0.95(MAPbBr₃)_0.05 films on soda lime glass showed improved stability over the other compositions regardless of the substrate, and this is attributed to the preparation method as well as the final composition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thin Films: Growth, Characterization, and Optoelectronic Device Applications)

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11 pages, 4027 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Steel Corrosion Behavior of Reinforced Calcium Aluminate Cement-Mineral Additions Modified Mortar

by Zhongping Wang, Yuting Chen, Zheyu Zhu, Xiang Peng, Kai Wu and Linglin Xu

Materials 2021, 14(14), 4053; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144053 - 20 Jul 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1916

Abstract

Mineral additions can eliminate the conversion in calcium aluminate hydrates and thus inhibit the future strength retraction of calcium aluminate cement (CAC). However, the impacts of these additions on the protection capacity of CAC concrete in relation to the corrosion of embedded steel [...] Read more.

Mineral additions can eliminate the conversion in calcium aluminate hydrates and thus inhibit the future strength retraction of calcium aluminate cement (CAC). However, the impacts of these additions on the protection capacity of CAC concrete in relation to the corrosion of embedded steel reinforcement remains unclear. This paper focused on the corrosion behavior of steel reinforcement in slag, limestone powder, or calcium nitrate-modified CAC mortars via XRD and electrochemical methods (corrosion potential, electrochemical impedance, and linear polarization evaluation). The results indicate that strätlingite (C₂ASH₈), which is formed in slag-modified CAC, has poor chloride-binding ability, leading to decline in corrosion resistance of the steel reinforcement. The electrochemical parameters of specimens immersed in NaCl solution suddenly drop at 14 days, which is 28 days earlier than that of the references. In contrast, the Ca₂[Al(OH)₆]₂0.5CO₃OH·H₂O (CaAl·CO₃²⁻-LDH) and 3CaO·Al₂O₃·Ca(NO₃)₂·12H₂O (NO₃-AFm) in limestone powder and calcium nitrate-modified CAC mortar show great chloride-binding ability, thereby improving the corrosion resistance of the steel reinforcement. The electrochemical parameters of specimens modified with calcium nitrate maintain a slow decreasing trend within 90 days. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion, Properties and Characterization in Concrete)

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15 pages, 2918 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deflection Estimation Based on the Thermal Characteristics of Composite Deck Slabs Containing Macro-Synthetic Fibers

by Dong-Hee Son, Hyo-Jun Ahn, Joo-Hong Chung, Baek-Il Bae and Chang-Sik Choi

Materials 2021, 14(14), 4052; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144052 - 20 Jul 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1658

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the structural performance of composite deck slabs containing macro-synthetic fibers. after a fire by proposing a deflection estimation method for non-fireproof structural decks. Therefore, this study evaluated the fire resistance performance and deflection of deck [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the structural performance of composite deck slabs containing macro-synthetic fibers. after a fire by proposing a deflection estimation method for non-fireproof structural decks. Therefore, this study evaluated the fire resistance performance and deflection of deck slabs mixed with macro-synthetic fibers. Afterward, the deflection estimation method considering the thermal characteristics of concrete and deck plates was proposed. A material test was first conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties of concrete mixed with macro-synthetic fibers. This test found that the compressive strength and elasticity modulus of concrete mixed with macro-synthetic fibers was greater than that of general concrete. A flexural tensile test confirmed that residual strength was maintained after the maximum strength was achieved. The fire resistance of the deck slab was adequate even when a fire-resistant coating was not applied. The internal temperature was lowest for the specimen with macro-synthetic fibers. Deflection was evaluated using previously published equations and standards. The deflection evaluation confirmed that the temperature distribution should be applied differently in the estimation method that uses the thermal load of the deck slab. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Concrete Structures with Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious and Composite Materials)

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14 pages, 3180 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibacterial Properties of a Honeycomb-like Pattern with Cellulose Acetate and Silver Nanoparticles

by Klaudia Hurtuková, Klára Fajstavrová, Silvie Rimpelová, Barbora Vokatá, Dominik Fajstavr, Nikola Slepičková Kasálková, Jakub Siegel, Václav Švorčík and Petr Slepička

Materials 2021, 14(14), 4051; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144051 - 20 Jul 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3410

Abstract

This study involved the preparation and characterization of structures with a honeycomb-like pattern (HCP) formed using the phase separation method using a solution mixture of chloroform and methanol together with cellulose acetate. Fluorinated ethylene propylene modified by plasma treatment was used as a [...] Read more.

This study involved the preparation and characterization of structures with a honeycomb-like pattern (HCP) formed using the phase separation method using a solution mixture of chloroform and methanol together with cellulose acetate. Fluorinated ethylene propylene modified by plasma treatment was used as a suitable substrate for the formation of the HCP structures. Further, we modified the HCP structures using silver sputtering (discontinuous Ag nanoparticles) or by adding Ag nanoparticles in PEG into the cellulose acetate solution. The material morphology was then determined using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the material surface chemistry was studied using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and wettability was analyzed with goniometry. The AFM and SEM results revealed that the surface morphology of pristine HCP with hexagonal pores changed after additional sample modification with Ag, both via the addition of nanoparticles and sputtering, accompanied with an increase in the roughness of the PEG-doped samples, which was caused by the high molecular weight of PEG and its gel-like structure. The highest amount (approx. 25 at %) of fluorine was detected using the EDS method on the sample with an HCP-like structure, while the lowest amount (0.08%) was measured on the PEG + Ag sample, which revealed the covering of the substrate with biopolymer (the greater fluorine extent means more of the fluorinated substrate is exposed). As expected, the thickness of the Ag layer on the HCP surface depended on the length of sputtering (either 150 s or 500 s). The sputtering times for Ag (150 s and 500 s) corresponded to layers with heights of about 8 nm (3.9 at % of Ag) and 22 nm (10.8 at % of Ag), respectively. In addition, we evaluated the antibacterial potential of the prepared substrate using two bacterial strains, one Gram-positive of S. epidermidis and one Gram-negative of E. coli. The most effective method for the construction of antibacterial surfaces was determined to be sputtering (150 s) of a silver nanolayer onto a HCP-like cellulose structure, which proved to have excellent antibacterial properties against both G+ and G− bacterial strains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Functional Materials for Biomedicinal Applications)

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18 pages, 6046 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation into the Effect of Spinel Pigments on the Photostability and Combustion Properties of Ethylene-Norbornene Copolymer

by Małgorzata Kuśmierek, Bolesław Szadkowski, Przemysław Rybiński, Magdalena Śliwka-Kaszyńska, Mirosława Prochoń, Bartłomiej Syrek and Anna Marzec

Materials 2021, 14(14), 4050; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144050 - 20 Jul 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2349

Abstract

Multicolor ethylene-norbornene (EN) composites filled with three different spinel pigments (Cobalt Green-PG50, Zinc Iron Yellow-PY 119, Praseodym Yellow-PY159) were prepared by melt mixing and characterized in terms of their stability under destructive environmental conditions. The EN films were subjected to accelerated aging by [...] Read more.

Multicolor ethylene-norbornene (EN) composites filled with three different spinel pigments (Cobalt Green-PG50, Zinc Iron Yellow-PY 119, Praseodym Yellow-PY159) were prepared by melt mixing and characterized in terms of their stability under destructive environmental conditions. The EN films were subjected to accelerated aging by ultraviolet (UV) photooxidation for 300 h, 600 h, or 900 h. The mechanical performance of the EN composites was investigated in static and dynamic mechanical tests. The morphologies of the EN samples and their color changes during the aging process were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and spectrophotometric measurements. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was applied to determine the amount of carbonyl groups resulting from surface oxidation at different aging times. The effects of the spinel pigments on the thermal stability and combustion properties of the multicolor polymer composites were also assessed, and compared with a sample containing the organic Pigment Yellow 139 (PY139). The results show that the color changes (ΔE) in the spinel pigments were minor in comparison to those in the organic pigment (PY139) and the reference film. The Zinc Yellow (PY119) pigment was the most effective stabilizer of EN copolymer. Moreover, the spinel pigments had a positive effect on the flame retardancy of the EN composites. Microcombustion tests (MCC) showed that the incorporation of both the spinels and the organic pigment PY139 into the EN matrix reduced the heat release rate (HRR) and total heat release (THR) parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymer Composites: Auxiliaries and Additives)

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12 pages, 3126 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analytical Solution of the Non-Stationary Heat Conduction Problem in Thin-Walled Products during the Additive Manufacturing Process

by Dmitrii Mukin, Ekaterina Valdaytseva and Gleb Turichin

Materials 2021, 14(14), 4049; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144049 - 20 Jul 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2211

Abstract

The work is devoted to the development of a model for calculating transient quasiperiodic temperature fields arising in the direct deposition process of thin walls with various configurations. The model allows calculating the temperature field, thermal cycles, temperature gradients, and the cooling rate [...] Read more.

The work is devoted to the development of a model for calculating transient quasiperiodic temperature fields arising in the direct deposition process of thin walls with various configurations. The model allows calculating the temperature field, thermal cycles, temperature gradients, and the cooling rate in the wall during the direct deposition process at any time. The temperature field in the deposited wall is determined based on the analytical solution of the non-stationary heat conduction equation for a moving heat source, taking into account heat transfer to the environment. Heat accumulation and temperature change are calculated based on the superposition principle of transient temperature fields resulting from the heat source action at each pass. The proposed method for calculating temperature fields describes the heat-transfer process and heat accumulation in the wall with satisfactory accuracy. This was confirmed by comparisons with experimental thermocouple data. It takes into account the size of the wall and the substrate, the change in power from layer to layer, the pause time between passes, and the heat-source trajectory. In addition, this calculation method is easy to adapt to various additive manufacturing processes that use both laser and arc heat sources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Materials Manufacturing Processes)

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21 pages, 5507 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Properties of Thin ZnO Films Deposited by ALD under O-Rich and Zn-Rich Growth Conditions and Their Relationship with Electrical Parameters

by Sushma Mishra, Ewa Przezdziecka, Wojciech Wozniak, Abinash Adhikari, Rafal Jakiela, Wojciech Paszkowicz, Adrian Sulich, Monika Ozga, Krzysztof Kopalko and Elzbieta Guziewicz

Materials 2021, 14(14), 4048; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144048 - 20 Jul 2021

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2849

Abstract

The structural, optical, and electrical properties of ZnO are intimately intertwined. In the present work, the structural and transport properties of 100 nm thick polycrystalline ZnO films obtained by atomic layer deposition (ALD) at a growth temperature (T_g) of 100–300 °C [...] Read more.

The structural, optical, and electrical properties of ZnO are intimately intertwined. In the present work, the structural and transport properties of 100 nm thick polycrystalline ZnO films obtained by atomic layer deposition (ALD) at a growth temperature (T_g) of 100–300 °C were investigated. The electrical properties of the films showed a dependence on the substrate (a-Al₂O₃ or Si (100)) and a high sensitivity to T_g, related to the deviation of the film stoichiometry as demonstrated by the RT-Hall effect. The average crystallite size increased from 20–30 nm for as grown samples to 80–100 nm after rapid thermal annealing, which affects carrier scattering. The ZnO layers deposited on silicon showed lower strain and dislocation density than on sapphire at the same T_g. The calculated half crystallite size (D/2) was higher than the Debye length (L_D) for all as grown and annealed ZnO films, except for annealed ZnO/Si films grown within the ALD window (100–200 °C), indicating different homogeneity of charge carrier distribution for annealed ZnO/Si and ZnO/a-Al₂O₃ layers. For as grown films the hydrogen impurity concentration detected via secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) was 10²¹ cm⁻³ and was decreased by two orders of magnitude after annealing, accompanied by a decrease in Urbach energy in the ZnO/a-Al₂O₃ layers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructures and Electrical Conductivity of Thin Films)

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14 pages, 835 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermodynamic Description of Dilution and Dissolution Processes in the MgCl₂−CsCl−H₂O Ternary System

by Valeriia Baranauskaite, Maria Belysheva, Olga Pestova, Yuri Anufrikov, Mikhail Skripkin, Yuri Kondratiev and Vassily Khripun

Materials 2021, 14(14), 4047; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144047 - 20 Jul 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2264

Abstract

Thermodynamic data on the properties of the water-based electrolyte systems are very valuable for fundamental physical chemistry and for industrial applications. The missing data both on the dilution and dissolution enthalpies for the ternary CsCl−MgCl₂−H₂O mixed electrolyte system were [...] Read more.

Thermodynamic data on the properties of the water-based electrolyte systems are very valuable for fundamental physical chemistry and for industrial applications. The missing data both on the dilution and dissolution enthalpies for the ternary CsCl−MgCl₂−H₂O mixed electrolyte system were investigated by means of the calorimetry method. The dilution calorimetry was performed at 298

K

for the set of solutions from diluted to concentrated at constant ratio Cs⁺/Mg²⁺

= 1.8

. The relative partial molar enthalpies, ideal, total, and excess ones were calculated. By means of the dissolution calorimetry, the standard enthalpies of formation, the enthalpies, and entropies for the double salt formation from simple salts were evaluated. The results obtained indicate that entropy as the major factor affecting the formation of the joint compound, both in the liquid and solid phases. These data can be implemented in thermodynamic databases and allow for accurate thermodynamic calculations for the salts extraction from natural water sources and for its possible application as thermochemical energy storage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solvated Metal Ions: From Solution to Solid)

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14 pages, 2639 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analyzing the Effects of the Kinematic System on the Quality of Holes Drilled in 42CrMo4 + QT Steel

by Mateusz Bronis, Edward Miko and Lukasz Nowakowski

Materials 2021, 14(14), 4046; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144046 - 20 Jul 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1744

Abstract

This article discusses the relationship between the kinematic system used in drilling and the quality of through-holes. The drilling was done on a CTX Alpha 500 universal turning center using a TiAlN-coated 6.0 mm drill bit with internal cooling, mounted in a driven [...] Read more.

This article discusses the relationship between the kinematic system used in drilling and the quality of through-holes. The drilling was done on a CTX Alpha 500 universal turning center using a TiAlN-coated 6.0 mm drill bit with internal cooling, mounted in a driven tool holder. The holes were cut in cylindrical 42CrMo4 + QT steel samples measuring 30 mm in diameter and 30 mm in length. Three types of hole-drilling kinematic systems were considered. The first consisted of a fixed workpiece and a tool performing rotary (primary) and linear motions. In the second system, the workpiece rotated (primary motion) while the tool moved linearly. In the third system, the workpiece and the tool rotated in opposite directions; the tool also moved linearly. The analysis was carried out for four output parameters characterizing the hole quality (i.e., cylindricity, straightness, roundness, and diameter errors). The experiment was designed using the Taguchi approach (orthogonal array). ANOVA multi-factor statistical analysis was used to determine the influence of the input parameters (cutting speed, feed per revolution and type of kinematic system) on the geometrical and dimensional errors of the hole. From the analysis, it is evident that the kinematic system had a significant effect on the hole roundness error. Full article

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15 pages, 6136 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of the Nb and V Addition on the Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of the Fe-B-Co-Si Alloy

by Rafał Mech, Jolanta Gąsiorek, Amadeusz Łaszcz and Bartosz Babiarczuk

Materials 2021, 14(14), 4045; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144045 - 20 Jul 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1934

Abstract

The paper presents a comparison of the results of the corrosion resistance for three Fe-B-Co-Si-based newly developed alloys with the addition of Nb and V. The corrosion performance differences and microstructure variations were systematically studied using scanning electron microscope, electric corrosion equipment, X-ray [...] Read more.

The paper presents a comparison of the results of the corrosion resistance for three Fe-B-Co-Si-based newly developed alloys with the addition of Nb and V. The corrosion performance differences and microstructure variations were systematically studied using scanning electron microscope, electric corrosion equipment, X-ray diffractometer, and differential calorimeter. It has been shown that each alloying addition increased the corrosion resistance. The highest corrosion resistance obtained by potentiodynamic polarization was found for the alloy with both Nb and V addons (Fe₅₇Co₁₀B₂₀Si₅Nb₄V₄) and lowest in the case of the basic four-element Fe₆₂Co₁₅B₁₄Si₉ material. This shows that the proper choice of additions is of significant influence on the final performance of the alloy and allows tailoring of the material for specific applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Corrosion Inhibition of Metals and Their Alloys)

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19 pages, 8314 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Calibration of Drucker–Prager Cap Constitutive Model for Ceramic Powder Compaction through Inverse Analysis

by Vladimir Buljak, Severine Baivier-Romero and Achraf Kallel

Materials 2021, 14(14), 4044; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144044 - 20 Jul 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2963

Abstract

Phenomenological plasticity models that relate relative density to plastic strain are frequently used to simulate ceramic powder compaction. With respect to the form implemented in finite element codes, they need to be modified in order to define governing parameters as functions of relative [...] Read more.

Phenomenological plasticity models that relate relative density to plastic strain are frequently used to simulate ceramic powder compaction. With respect to the form implemented in finite element codes, they need to be modified in order to define governing parameters as functions of relative densities. Such a modification increases the number of constitutive parameters and makes their calibration a demanding task that involves a large number of experiments. The novel calibration procedure investigated in this paper is based on inverse analysis methodology, centered on the minimization of a discrepancy function that quantifies the difference between experimentally measured and numerically computed quantities. In order to capture the influence of sought parameters on measured quantities, three different geometries of die and punches are proposed, resulting from a sensitivity analysis performed using numerical simulations of the test. The formulated calibration protocol requires only data that can be collected during the compaction test and, thus, involves a relatively smaller number of experiments. The developed procedure is tested on an alumina powder mixture, used for refractory products, by making a reference to the modified Drucker–Prager Cap model. The assessed parameters are compared to reference values, obtained through more laborious destructive tests performed on green bodies, and are further used to simulate the compaction test with arbitrary geometries. Both comparisons evidenced excellent agreement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Linear and Non-linear Mechanical Behavior of Brittle Materials)

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9 pages, 2087 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Endogenous Enzymatic Activity of Primary and Permanent Dentine

by Tatjana Maravic, Lorenzo Breschi, Federica Paganelli, Giulio Alessandri Bonetti, Stefano Martina, Gianni Di Giorgio, Maurizio Bossù, Antonella Polimeni, Vittorio Checchi, Luigi Generali, Franklin R Tay, Milena Cadenaro and Annalisa Mazzoni

Materials 2021, 14(14), 4043; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144043 - 20 Jul 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2452

Abstract

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in tooth development and influence caries development and hybrid layer degradation. Literature is scant on the differences in the activity of MMPs between primary and permanent dentine. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to [...] Read more.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in tooth development and influence caries development and hybrid layer degradation. Literature is scant on the differences in the activity of MMPs between primary and permanent dentine. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to investigate endogenous gelatinolytic activity in primary and permanent dentine. Separate batches of dentine powder were obtained from intact human primary and permanent molars (n = 6). Each batch was divided in two subgroups: (1) mineralised; and (2) demineralised with 10% H₃PO₄. After protein extraction, gelatine zymography was performed. Furthermore, in situ zymography was performed on dentine sections of the same groups (n = 3). The slices were polished, covered with fluorescein-conjugated gelatine and evaluated using a confocal microscope. In situ zymography data were analysed using two-way analysis of variance and post hoc Holm–Šidák statistics (α = 0.05). Primary dentine showed poorly defined bands in the zymograms that vaguely corresponded to the pro-form and active form of MMP-2 and the pro-form of MMP-9. In permanent dentine, demineralised powder demonstrated stronger gelatinolytic activity than mineralised powder. In situ zymography identified stronger enzymatic activity in primary etched dentine (p < 0.05). Stronger enzymatic activity recorded in primary dentine may be related to the differences in morphology and composition between primary and permanent dentine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials)

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13 pages, 4481 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Surface Condition and Changes in Crystallographic Structure of Zirconium Oxide Affected by Mechanical Processing

by Kinga Regulska, Bartłomiej Januszewicz, Leszek Klimek and Aleksandra Palatyńska-Ulatowska

Materials 2021, 14(14), 4042; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144042 - 20 Jul 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2020

Abstract

Zirconium oxide is a material commonly used in dental prosthetics for making cups of permanent prosthetic restorations. In order to properly prepare the surface of zirconium oxide for prosthetic treatment, it must be veneered with ceramics. The quality of cup-veneered ceramics is dependent [...] Read more.

Zirconium oxide is a material commonly used in dental prosthetics for making cups of permanent prosthetic restorations. In order to properly prepare the surface of zirconium oxide for prosthetic treatment, it must be veneered with ceramics. The quality of cup-veneered ceramics is dependent on many factors, including the surface free energy (SFE) and transformation of zirconium oxide. The aim of the study was to investigate the type of phase transition and the value of free energy of the surface subjected to machining (wet and dry grinding, polishing). Quantitative and qualitative phase identification measurements showed that mechanical treatment causes transformation of the tetragonal phase into a monoclinic phase in the zirconium oxide surface. Prepared samples were analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), which confirmed the phenomenon of transition. Measurements of the wetting angle and the calculated values of the surface free energy (SFE) showed no significant differences between the samples subjected to each treatment Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Dental Restorative Materials)

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13 pages, 5869 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Influence of Y₂O₃ Content on Structural, Optical, Spectroscopic, and Laser Properties of Er³⁺, Yb³⁺ Co-Doped Phosphate Glasses

by Karel Veselský, Vilma Lahti, Laeticia Petit, Václav Prajzler, Jan Šulc and Helena Jelínková

Materials 2021, 14(14), 4041; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144041 - 20 Jul 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2239

Abstract

The influence of the addition of Y₂O₃ on the structural, spectroscopic, and laser properties of newly prepared Er, Yb-doped strontium-sodium phosphate glass was investigated. While the addition of Y₂O₃ has a small influence on the absorption spectra [...] Read more.

The influence of the addition of Y₂O₃ on the structural, spectroscopic, and laser properties of newly prepared Er, Yb-doped strontium-sodium phosphate glass was investigated. While the addition of Y₂O₃ has a small influence on the absorption spectra and fluorescence lifetime, it has a strong impact on the emission cross-section and on OH⁻ content. The glasses were used as the active medium for diode-pumped laser emitting at 1556 nm. The increase in Y₂O₃ content leads to a significant 35% increase in laser slope efficiency up to 10.4%, but at the expense of the substantial reduction of the wavelength tunability from 82 to 54 nm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Optical and Photonic Glass-Based Materials: Synthesis, Characterization and Application)

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13 pages, 5677 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Secondary Cold Reduction Rates on Microstructure, Texture and Earing Behavior of Double Reduction Tinplate

by Peng Tian, Luhai Liao, Guoming Zhu and Yonglin Kang

Materials 2021, 14(14), 4040; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144040 - 20 Jul 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2051

Abstract

In order to evaluate the effect of secondary cold reduction rate on the drawing performance of double reduction tinplate and explain the mechanism, a detailed investigation into the microstructural characterization, dissolved carbon atoms, texture characterization by an X-ray powder diffractometer (XRD) and electron [...] Read more.

In order to evaluate the effect of secondary cold reduction rate on the drawing performance of double reduction tinplate and explain the mechanism, a detailed investigation into the microstructural characterization, dissolved carbon atoms, texture characterization by an X-ray powder diffractometer (XRD) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and earing behavior were carried out with different secondary cold reduction rates of 15%, 20% and 25% for double reduction tinplate. The experimental results indicate that 15% secondary cold reduction rate could obtain a better drawing performance because there are no holes and cracks at the microstructure, and the content of dissolved carbon atom is relatively low; at the same time, it has a better texture distribution and low earing coefficient. Full article

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25 pages, 11181 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Mechanical and Physical Properties of Big Sheep Horn as an Alternative Biomaterial for Structural Applications

by Tajammul Hussain M. Mysore, Arun Y. Patil, G. U. Raju, N. R. Banapurmath, Prabhakar M. Bhovi, Asif Afzal, Sagr Alamri and C Ahamed Saleel

Materials 2021, 14(14), 4039; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144039 - 20 Jul 2021

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4120

Abstract

This paper investigates the physical and mechanical properties of bighorns of Deccani breed sheep native from Karnataka, India. The exhaustive work comprises two cases. First, rehydrated (wet) and ambient (dry) conditions, and second, the horn coupons were selected for longitudinal and lateral (transverse) [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the physical and mechanical properties of bighorns of Deccani breed sheep native from Karnataka, India. The exhaustive work comprises two cases. First, rehydrated (wet) and ambient (dry) conditions, and second, the horn coupons were selected for longitudinal and lateral (transverse) directions. More than seventy-two samples were subjected to a test for physical and mechanical property extraction. Further, twenty-four samples were subjected to physical property testing, which included density and moisture absorption tests. At the same time, mechanical testing included analysis of the stress state dependence with the horn keratin tested under tension, compression, and flexural loading. The mechanical properties include the elastic modulus, yield strength, ultimate strength, failure strain, compressive strength, flexural strength, flexural modulus, and hardness. The results showed anisotropy and depended highly on the presence of water content more than coupon orientation. Wet conditioned specimens had a significant loss in mechanical properties compared with dry specimens. The observed outcomes were shown at par with results for yield strength of 53.5 ± 6.5 MPa (which is better than its peers) and a maximum compressive stress of 557.7 ± 5 MPa (highest among peers). Young’s modulus 6.5 ± 0.5 GPa and a density equivalent to a biopolymer of 1.2 g/cc are expected to be the lightest among its peers; flexural strength 168.75 MPa, with lowest failure strain percentage of 6.5 ± 0.5 and Rockwell hardness value of 60 HRB, seem best in the class of this category. Simulation study identified a suitable application area based on impact and fatigue analysis. Overall, the exhaustive experimental work provided many opportunities to use this new material in various diversified applications in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Materials, Machine Learning, and Optimization)

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19 pages, 7377 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multinucleated Giant Cells Induced by a Silk Fibroin Construct Express Proinflammatory Agents: An Immunohistological Study

by Sarah Al-Maawi, Xuejiu Wang, Robert Sader, Werner Götz, Antonella Motta, Claudio Migliaresi, Charles James Kirkpatrick and Shahram Ghanaati

Materials 2021, 14(14), 4038; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144038 - 19 Jul 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2354

Abstract

Multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs) are frequently observed in the implantation areas of different biomaterials. The main aim of the present study was to analyze the long-term polarization pattern of the pro- and anti-inflammatory phenotypes of macrophages and MNGCs for 180 days to better [...] Read more.

Multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs) are frequently observed in the implantation areas of different biomaterials. The main aim of the present study was to analyze the long-term polarization pattern of the pro- and anti-inflammatory phenotypes of macrophages and MNGCs for 180 days to better understand their role in the success or failure of biomaterials. For this purpose, silk fibroin (SF) was implanted in a subcutaneous implantation model of Wistar rats as a model for biomaterial-induced MNGCs. A sham operation was used as a control for physiological wound healing. The expression of different inflammatory markers (proinflammatory M1: CCR-7, iNos; anti-inflammatory M2: CD-206, CD-163) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and CD-68 were identified using immunohistochemical staining. The results showed significantly higher numbers of macrophages and MNGCs within the implantation bed of SF-expressed M1 markers, compared to M2 markers. Interestingly, the expression of proinflammatory markers was sustained over the long observation period of 180 days. By contrast, the control group showed a peak of M1 macrophages only on day 3. Thereafter, the inflammatory pattern shifted to M2 macrophages. No MNGCs were observed in the control group. To the best of our knowledge, this is study is the first to outline the persistence of pro-inflammatory MNGCs within the implantation bed of SF and to describe their long-term kinetics over 180 days. Clinically, these results are highly relevant to understand the role of biomaterial-induced MNGCs in the long term. These findings suggest that tailored physicochemical properties may be a key to avoiding extensive inflammatory reactions and achieving clinical success. Therefore, further research is needed to elucidate the correlation between proinflammatory MNGCs and the physicochemical characteristics of the implanted biomaterial. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Silk-Based Biomaterials)

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13 pages, 6932 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wear and Corrosion Resistance of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Coatings on 6061 Al Alloy in Electrolytes with Aluminate and Phosphate

by Zhenjun Peng, Hui Xu, Siqin Liu, Yuming Qi and Jun Liang

Materials 2021, 14(14), 4037; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144037 - 19 Jul 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2112

Abstract

Phosphate and aluminate electrolytes were used to prepare plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coatings on 6061 aluminum alloy. The surface and cross-section microstructure, element distribution, and phase composition of the PEO coatings were characterized by SEM, EDS, XPS, and XRD. The friction and wear [...] Read more.

Phosphate and aluminate electrolytes were used to prepare plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coatings on 6061 aluminum alloy. The surface and cross-section microstructure, element distribution, and phase composition of the PEO coatings were characterized by SEM, EDS, XPS, and XRD. The friction and wear properties were evaluated by pin-on-disk sliding tests under dry conditions. The corrosion resistance of PEO coatings was investigated by electrochemical corrosion and salt spray tests in acidic environments. It was found that the PEO coatings prepared from both phosphate and aluminate electrolytes were mainly composed of α-Al₂O₃ and γ-Al₂O₃. The results demonstrate that a bi-layer coating is formed in the phosphate electrolyte, and a single-layered dense alumina coating with a hardness of 1300 HV is realizable in the aluminate electrolyte. The aluminate PEO coating had a lower wear rate than the phosphate PEO coating. However, the phosphate PEO coating showed a better corrosion resistance in acidic environment, which is mainly attributed to the presence of an amorphous P element at the substrate/coating interface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coatings on Light Alloys Substrate)

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13 pages, 2505 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Application of Recycled Chicken Manure and Spent Mushroom Substrate on Organic Matter, Acidity, and Hydraulic Properties of Sandy Soils

by Jerzy Lipiec, Bogusław Usowicz, Jerzy Kłopotek, Marcin Turski and Magdalena Frąc

Materials 2021, 14(14), 4036; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144036 - 19 Jul 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3044

Abstract

Soil organic matter is a key resource base for agriculture. However, its content in cultivated soils is low and often decreases. This study aimed at examining the effects of long-term application of chicken manure (CM) and spent mushroom substrate (SMS) on organic matter [...] Read more.

Soil organic matter is a key resource base for agriculture. However, its content in cultivated soils is low and often decreases. This study aimed at examining the effects of long-term application of chicken manure (CM) and spent mushroom substrate (SMS) on organic matter accumulation, acidity, and hydraulic properties of soil. Two podzol soils with sandy texture in Podlasie Region (Poland) were enriched with recycled CM (10 Mg ha⁻¹) and SMS (20 Mg ha⁻¹), respectively, every 1–2 years for 20 years. The application of CM and SMS increased soil organic matter content at the depths of 0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm, especially at 0–20 cm (by 102–201%). The initial soil pH increased in the CM- and SMS-amended soil by 1.7–2.0 units and 1.0–1.2 units, respectively. Soil bulk density at comparable depths increased and decreased following the addition of CM and SMS, respectively. The addition of CM increased field water capacity (at –100 hPa) in the range from 45.8 to 117.8% depending on the depth within the 0–60 cm layer. In the case of the SMS addition, the value of the parameter was in the range of 42.4–48.5% at two depths within 0–40 cm. Depending on the depth, CM reduced the content of transmission pores (>50 µm) in the range from 46.3 to 82.3% and increased the level of residual pores (<0.5 µm) by 91.0–198.6%. SMS increased the content of residual pores at the successive depths by 121.8, 251.0, and 30.3% and decreased or increased the content of transmission and storage pores. Additionally, it significantly reduced the saturated hydraulic conductivity at two depths within 0–40 cm. The fitted unsaturated hydraulic conductivity at two depths within the 0–40 cm layer increased and decreased in the CM- and SMS-amended soils, respectively. The results provide a novel insight into the application of recycled organic materials to sequester soil organic matter and improve crop productivity by increasing soil water retention capacity and decreasing acidity. This is of particular importance in the case of the studied low-productivity sandy acidic soils that have to be used in agriculture due to limited global land resources and rising food demand. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials)

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15 pages, 4013 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of High-Ductility Concrete against Combined Sulfate Attack and Dry–Wet Cycles

by Lingling Li, Junping Shi and Jialiang Kou

Materials 2021, 14(14), 4035; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144035 - 19 Jul 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2225

Abstract

Concrete will deteriorate and damage under sulfate attack.In order to study the degradation characteristics of HDC under sulfate attack, the mechanical properties of high-ductility concrete (HDC) were investigated using the uniaxial compressive strength test of HDC specimens soaked in different concentrations of sulfate [...] Read more.

Concrete will deteriorate and damage under sulfate attack.In order to study the degradation characteristics of HDC under sulfate attack, the mechanical properties of high-ductility concrete (HDC) were investigated using the uniaxial compressive strength test of HDC specimens soaked in different concentrations of sulfate solution and subjected to different times of dry–wet cycles. The variations in the compressive strength, loss rate of compressive strength, and the max compressive strength under the action of sulfate attack and dry–wet cycles were analyzed. The analytical expressions of damage variables were given. SEM was used to observe the microstructure of the sample, and the microdamage mechanism of the HDC was explored. The deterioration of the HDC was found to be the result of the combined action of sulfate attack and dry–wet cycles and was caused by physical attack and chemical attack. PVA prevented the rapid development of deterioration. On the basis of the change of compressive strength, the damage variable was established to quantitatively describe the degree of damage to HDC. The experimental results showed that with the increase in the number of dry–wet cycles, the compressive strength of HDC generally increased first and then decreased. As the concentration of the sulfate solution increased, the loss rate of the compressive strength of HDC generally increased and the max compressive strength gradually decreased. With the increase inthe number of dry–wet cycles, HDC first showed self-compacting characteristics and then gradually became destroyed. Compared with ordinary concrete (OC), HDC is superior to OC in sulfate resistance and dry–wet cycles. This study provided a test basis for the engineering application of HDC in sulfate attack and dry–wet cycles environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research of Mechanical Behavior of Cement and Concrete Composites)

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15 pages, 2178 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructure and Optical Properties of Nanostructural Thin Films Fabricated through Oxidation of Au–Sn Intermetallic Compounds

by Lukasz Skowronski, Marek Trzcinski, Aleksandra Olszewska and Robert Szczesny

Materials 2021, 14(14), 4034; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144034 - 19 Jul 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2216

Abstract

AuSn and AuSn₂ thin films (5 nm) were used as precursors during the formation of semiconducting metal oxide nanostructures on a silicon substrate. The nanoparticles were produced in the processes of annealing and oxidation of gold–tin intermetallic compounds under ultra-high vacuum conditions. [...] Read more.

AuSn and AuSn₂ thin films (5 nm) were used as precursors during the formation of semiconducting metal oxide nanostructures on a silicon substrate. The nanoparticles were produced in the processes of annealing and oxidation of gold–tin intermetallic compounds under ultra-high vacuum conditions. The formation process and morphology of a mixture of SnO₂ and Au@SnO_x (the core–shell structure) nanoparticles or Au nanocrystalites were carefully examined by means of spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The annealing and oxidation of the thin film of the AuSn intermetallic compound led to the formation of uniformly distributed structures with a size of ∼20–30 nm. All of the synthesized nanoparticles exhibited a strong absorption band at 520–530 nm, which is typical for pure metallic or metal oxide systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Characterization and Applications of Metallic Thin Films)

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16 pages, 5433 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sensitivity of Ultrasonic Coda Wave Interferometry to Material Damage—Observations from a Virtual Concrete Lab

by Claudia Finger, Leslie Saydak, Giao Vu, Jithender J. Timothy, Günther Meschke and Erik H. Saenger

Materials 2021, 14(14), 4033; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144033 - 19 Jul 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2266

Abstract

Ultrasonic measurements are used in civil engineering for structural health monitoring of concrete infrastructures. The late portion of the ultrasonic wavefield, the coda, is sensitive to small changes in the elastic moduli of the material. Coda Wave Interferometry (CWI) correlates these small changes [...] Read more.

Ultrasonic measurements are used in civil engineering for structural health monitoring of concrete infrastructures. The late portion of the ultrasonic wavefield, the coda, is sensitive to small changes in the elastic moduli of the material. Coda Wave Interferometry (CWI) correlates these small changes in the coda with the wavefield recorded in intact, or unperturbed, concrete specimen to reveal the amount of velocity change that occurred. CWI has the potential to detect localized damages and global velocity reductions alike. In this study, the sensitivity of CWI to different types of concrete mesostructures and their damage levels is investigated numerically. Realistic numerical concrete models of concrete specimen are generated, and damage evolution is simulated using the discrete element method. In the virtual concrete lab, the simulated ultrasonic wavefield is propagated from one transducer using a realistic source signal and recorded at a second transducer. Different damage scenarios reveal a different slope in the decorrelation of waveforms with the observed reduction in velocities in the material. Finally, the impact and possible generalizations of the findings are discussed, and recommendations are given for a potential application of CWI in concrete at structural scale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Concrete and Concrete Structures Monitored by Ultrasound)

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16 pages, 8871 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Revised Model of Abrasive Water Jet Cutting for Industrial Use

by Libor M. Hlaváč

Materials 2021, 14(14), 4032; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144032 - 19 Jul 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2272

Abstract

Research performed by the author in the last decade led him to a revision of his older analytical models used for a description and evaluation of abrasive water jet (AWJ) cutting. The review has shown that the power of 1.5 selected for the [...] Read more.

Research performed by the author in the last decade led him to a revision of his older analytical models used for a description and evaluation of abrasive water jet (AWJ) cutting. The review has shown that the power of 1.5 selected for the traverse speed thirty years ago was influenced by the precision of measuring devices. Therefore, the correlation of results calculated from a theoretical model with the results of experiments performed then led to an increasing of the traverse speed exponent above the value derived from the theoretical base. Contemporary measurements, with more precise devices, show that the power suitable for the traverse speed is essentially the same as the value derived in the theoretical description, i.e., it is equal to “one”. Simultaneously, the replacement of the diameter of the water nozzle (orifice) by the focusing (abrasive) tube diameter in the respective equations has been discussed, because this factor is very important for the AWJ machining. Some applications of the revised model are presented and discussed, particularly the reduced forms for a quick recalculation of the changed conditions. The correlation seems to be very good for the results calculated from the present model and those determined from experiments. The improved model shows potential to be a significant tool for preparation of the control software with higher precision in determination of results and higher calculation speed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technology of Material Processing: Abrasive Water Jet Machining)

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11 pages, 5576 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Thermal Oxidation on the Photothermal Conversion Property of Tantalum Coatings

by Ding Ding, Qingping Zeng, Feng He and Zhuojun Chen

Materials 2021, 14(14), 4031; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144031 - 19 Jul 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2508

Abstract

In this study, tantalum coatings are deposited by a plasma spraying method aiming at enhancing the biocompatibility of the titanium implant. Tantalum oxide coatings are gained through the thermal oxidation of tantalum coatings at different temperatures for photothermal therapy. The effect of thermal [...] Read more.

In this study, tantalum coatings are deposited by a plasma spraying method aiming at enhancing the biocompatibility of the titanium implant. Tantalum oxide coatings are gained through the thermal oxidation of tantalum coatings at different temperatures for photothermal therapy. The effect of thermal oxidation on the morphology, composition, and structure of tantalum coatings has been studied. The UV–VIS–NIR spectra results, cancer therapy effect in vitro, and photothermal conversion properties among the tantalum oxide coatings under varied thermal treatment conditions are compared comprehensively. It has been proven that the tantalum coating treated at 200 °C exhibits the most intense NIR adsorption, the highest photothermal conversion effect, and the most excellent photothermal ablation effect in vitro. The results reveal that incomplete oxidation at a low temperature leads to the formation of oxygen vacancies, which narrow the band gap; this promotes its photothermal conversion ability. Full article

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