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10 pages, 611 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physicochemical, Mechanical, and Esthetic Properties of the Composite Resin Manipulated with Glove Powder and Adhesive as a Modeling Liquid

by Jose Bauer, Ruan Pinto Mendes, Rayssa Cavaleiro de Macedo, Edilausson Moreno Carvalho, Leonardo Lopes, Renata Grazziotin-Soares, Darlon Martins Lima and Barbara Costa Oliveira

Materials 2022, 15(21), 7791; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217791 - 04 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1244

Abstract

Composite resins with low flowability are usually handled and manipulated before insertion into the tooth preparation with gloved hands and/or using an instrument covered with a little amount of adhesive to facilitate modeling. We investigated if the modeling techniques (combined or not) affected [...] Read more.

Composite resins with low flowability are usually handled and manipulated before insertion into the tooth preparation with gloved hands and/or using an instrument covered with a little amount of adhesive to facilitate modeling. We investigated if the modeling techniques (combined or not) affected physicochemical and esthetic properties of a composite resin. Specimens were fabricated and divided into groups according to the handling/modeling technique: Gloved-hands (composite was hand-manipulated with powdered latex gloves); Adhesive (adhesive was used in between the composite layers); Gloved-hands + Adhesive; Control (no adhesive and no touch with gloved-hands). The highest values for flexural strength (MPa), modulus of elasticity (GPa), and fracture toughness (MPa.m^0.5) were obtained for Adhesive and Gloved-hands + Adhesive (p < 0.05); the lowest values were obtained for Control and Gloved-hands (p < 0.05). The Control group had the highest sorption. The Gloved-hands (p < 0.05) group had the highest solubility. Adhesive and Gloved-hands + Adhesive had a similar solubility (p > 0.05). The Control group (p < 0.05) had the lowest solubility. There was no statistical interaction between translucency vs. handling/modeling techniques and color stability vs. handling/modeling techniques. Adhesive as a modeling liquid protected the composite against sorption and solubility (if powdered gloves were used) and improved its physical/mechanical properties. Translucency and color stability were not correlated with modeling techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Dental Restorative Materials)

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14 pages, 5335 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Abrasive Treatment on a Transformation of Zirconium Oxide Used in Dental Prosthetics

by Kinga Regulska, Bartłomiej Januszewicz and Leszek Klimek

Materials 2022, 15(12), 4245; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124245 - 15 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1509

Abstract

Zirconium oxide is a ceramic most often used in the field of dentistry for permanently cementing the substructures of prosthetic restorations in patients. The surface of zirconium oxide should be prepared properly because in the next stage it must be covered with porcelain. [...] Read more.

Zirconium oxide is a ceramic most often used in the field of dentistry for permanently cementing the substructures of prosthetic restorations in patients. The surface of zirconium oxide should be prepared properly because in the next stage it must be covered with porcelain. The success of prosthetics treatment depends on various factors, but it has been reported that the transformation of zirconium oxide plays a key role. The purpose of the research was to investigate the effect of abrasive blasting on the transformation of zirconium oxide. The research has shown that this type of surface treatment causes the transformation of the tetragonal phase into a monoclinic one. The samples were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The study confirmed the assumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Dental Restorative Materials)

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11 pages, 5288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Irrigation with Citric Acid on Biodentine Tricalcium Silicate-Based Cement: SEM-EDS In Vitro Study

by Katarzyna Dąbrowska, Aleksandra Palatyńska-Ulatowska and Leszek Klimek

Materials 2022, 15(10), 3467; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15103467 - 11 May 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1692

Abstract

There are various factors that may interfere with the activity of biomaterials during endodontic therapy. One of them is the canal system irrigation procedure with different rinsing solutions performed after the placement of bioactive cements. The authors investigate the influence of citric acid, [...] Read more.

There are various factors that may interfere with the activity of biomaterials during endodontic therapy. One of them is the canal system irrigation procedure with different rinsing solutions performed after the placement of bioactive cements. The authors investigate the influence of citric acid, a chelating agent, on the surface and the chemical composition of Biodentine tricalcium silicate-based cement using a multimethod approach. Twenty samples were divided into two groups based on the material setting time. They were subjected to citric acid irrigation with or without ultrasonic activation for 5 and 20 min. The chemical analysis was made with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The visual assessment of Biodentine surface was carried out in scanning electron microscope (SEM). The volume of material loss during the procedure was measured with Keyence optic microscope and dedicated digital software. Statistical analysis was performed. The results of the study show that the irrigation with citric acid influenced the surface appearance of the material and changed its chemical composition in both investigated groups. The ultrasonic activation (US) of the liquid has also aggravated its impact. Further research is needed to assess if that fact may change the sealing properties of the material influencing the long-term clinical outcome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Dental Restorative Materials)

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13 pages, 3083 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Corrosive Studies of a Prosthetic Ni-Cr Alloy Coated with Ti(C,N) Type Layers

by Katarzyna Banaszek, Marek Maślanka, Michael Semenov and Leszek Klimek

Materials 2022, 15(7), 2471; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072471 - 27 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1616

Abstract

Background: Investigating the general corrosion resistance of Ti(C,N) type coatings on a prosthetic nickel alloy in the aspect of their use as protective coatings on prosthetic and orthodontic elements. Methods: Five groups of Ni-Cr alloy samples covered with Ti(C,N) type coatings differing in [...] Read more.

Background: Investigating the general corrosion resistance of Ti(C,N) type coatings on a prosthetic nickel alloy in the aspect of their use as protective coatings on prosthetic and orthodontic elements. Methods: Five groups of Ni-Cr alloy samples covered with Ti(C,N) type coatings differing in their carbon and nitrogen contents were used for the tests. The reference group included alloy samples without coatings. The samples were held for 105 days (2520 h) in salt spray chambers and examined by means of the NSS (neutral salt spray) and SWAAT (sea water acetic acid test) tests. After the periods of 14, 28, 81 and 105 days, the samples were removed and weighed, and their weight losses were determined. Results: In the case of each type of Ti(C,N) coating, the mass loss was lower than the mass loss of a sample without a coating, which makes it possible to state that coatings improve the corrosion resistance. No significant differences in the resistance were observed between the particular coatings. The corrosion rate of the examined coatings is close to parabolic. Conclusions: Ti(C,N) type coatings improve the resistance of a prosthetic Ni-Cr alloy and can be used as protective coatings for prosthetic and orthodontic elements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Dental Restorative Materials)

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9 pages, 4225 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of SiC Abrasive Blasting Parameters on the Quality of the Ceramic and Ni-Cr Dental Alloy Joint

by Emilia Wołowiec-Korecka, Weronika Czepułkowska-Pawlak, Zofia Kula and Leszek Klimek

Materials 2022, 15(3), 964; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15030964 - 26 Jan 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2155

Abstract

The SiC abrasive blasting parameters are vital in ensuring a suitable bond between dental ceramics and the Ni-Cr alloy. The purpose of this in vitro test was to examine the strength of the joint between the Ni-Cr alloy and fused dental ceramics for [...] Read more.

The SiC abrasive blasting parameters are vital in ensuring a suitable bond between dental ceramics and the Ni-Cr alloy. The purpose of this in vitro test was to examine the strength of the joint between the Ni-Cr alloy and fused dental ceramics for SiC abrasive blasting at a specific pressure (400, 600 kPa) and particle size (50, 110, 250 µm) in order to determine the optimal treatment parameters. The test also accounted for thermal loads (5000 cycles, 5–55 °C) to which the metal-ceramic joint is subjected during use. One hundred and forty-four Ni-Cr cylinders were divided into six groups (n = 12) and subjected to the airborne-particle abrasion with SiC with various pressure and grit size parameters. After treatment, the specimens were rinsed, dried, fused to dental ceramics, and examined for their shear strength using the Zwick/Roell Z020 machine. The results were statistically analysed using the ANOVA analysis of variance (α = 0.05). The highest metal-ceramic joint strength was obtained for abrasive blasting with 110 and 250 µm SiC grit at a pressure of 400 kPa. This relationship was also observed after the joint was subjected to thermal loads (5000 thermocycles). Additionally, thermal loads did not significantly reduce the joint’s strength compared with non-loaded joints. For small SiC abrasive grit sizes (50 µm) under pressure 400 kPa, the treatment pressure had a significant effect on the strength of the joint (p < 0.05). For larger particle sizes, the pressure had no effect. After abrasive blasting using SiC, the Ni-Cr metal-ceramic joint retained its properties, even under thermal load, ensuring the joint properties’ stability during use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Dental Restorative Materials)

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22 pages, 3973 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Artificial Aging on Mechanical and Tribological Properties of CAD/CAM Composite Materials Used in Dentistry

by Marcel Firlej, Daniel Pieniak, Agata M. Niewczas, Agata Walczak, Ivo Domagała, Anna Borucka, Krzysztof Przystupa, Joanna Igielska-Kalwat, Wojciech Jarosz and Barbara Biedziak

Materials 2021, 14(16), 4678; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164678 - 20 Aug 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3621

Abstract

With easy-to-process 3D printing materials and fast production, the quality of dental services can be improved. In the conventional procedure, the dentist makes temporary crowns directly in the patient’s mouth, e.g., from the most commonly used bis-acrylic composites. Temporary crowns made directly in [...] Read more.

With easy-to-process 3D printing materials and fast production, the quality of dental services can be improved. In the conventional procedure, the dentist makes temporary crowns directly in the patient’s mouth, e.g., from the most commonly used bis-acrylic composites. Temporary crowns made directly in the office without the use of CAD/CAM are often of inferior quality, which directly results in impaired hygiene, poorer masticatory mechanics, greater deposition of plaque, calculus and sediment, and may adversely affect periodontal and gum health. The mechanical strength, resistance to aging and abrasion of 3D printing materials are higher than those of the soft materials used in conventional methods. This translates into durability. The patient leaves the surgery with a restoration of higher utility quality compared to the conventional method. The objective of the paper was to determine the influence of aging in artificial saliva of AM (additive manufacturing) orthodontic composites on their functional properties. For the purpose of the study, fillings well-known worldwide were selected. These were traditional UV-curable resins (M I, M II, M III, M V) and a hybrid material based on a UV-curable resin (M VI). Samples were stored in artificial saliva at 37 ± 1 °C in a thermal chamber for 6 months. Indentation hardness, frictional tests and sliding wear measurements were conducted. A comparison between various materials was made. Descriptive statistics, degradation coefficients, H²E, Archard wear and specific wear rate were calculated. The Weibull statistical test for indentation hardness was performed and Hertzian contact stresses for the frictional association were calculated for unaged (M I, M II, M III, M V, M VI) and aged (M I AS, M II AS, M III AS, M V AS, M VI AS) samples. M I exhibited the lowest average hardness among the unaged materials, while M III AS had the lowest average hardness among the aged materials. Comparably low hardness was demonstrated by the M I AS material. The coefficient of friction values for the aged samples were found to be higher. The lowest wear value was demonstrated by the M I material. The wear resistance of most of the tested materials deteriorated after aging. The M VI AS material had the highest increase in wear. According to the results provided, not only the chemical composition and structure, but also aging have a great impact on the indentation hardness and wear resistance of the tested orthodontic materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Dental Restorative Materials)

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18 pages, 12852 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does Simulated Porcelain Firing Influence Corrosion Properties of Casted and Sintered CoCr Alloys?

by Dorota Rylska, Grzegorz Sokolowski and Monika Lukomska-Szymanska

Materials 2021, 14(15), 4147; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14154147 - 26 Jul 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1678

Abstract

The aim of the study was to evaluate how heat processing used for dental porcelain firing influences the surface properties of sintered and casted CoCr alloy. Two CoCr alloys, Soft Metal LHK (milling in soft material and sintering) and MoguCera C (casting), were [...] Read more.

The aim of the study was to evaluate how heat processing used for dental porcelain firing influences the surface properties of sintered and casted CoCr alloy. Two CoCr alloys, Soft Metal LHK (milling in soft material and sintering) and MoguCera C (casting), were used for the study. The samples were examined using SEM–EDS before and after heat treatment. Next, corrosion examinations (E_corr, j_corr, polarization curve, E_br) were performed. Finally, the samples were evaluated under SEM. Based on the results, the following conclusions might be drawn: 1. Thermal treatment (porcelain firing) did not cause chemical impurities formation on the surface of CoCr alloy; 2. The sintered metal exhibited significantly higher corrosion resistance than the casted one due to its homogeneity of structure and chemical composition; 3. Heat treatment (porcelain firing) decreased the resistance of casted and sintered CoCr alloy to electrochemical corrosion. The reduction in corrosion resistance was significantly higher for the casted alloy than for the sintered alloy; 4. The corrosion resistance decrease might be due to an increased thickness and heterogeneity of oxide layers on the surface (especially for the casted alloy). The development of corrosion process started in the low-density areas of the oxide layers; 5. The sintered metal seems to be a favourable framework material for porcelain fused to metal crowns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Dental Restorative Materials)

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13 pages, 4481 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Surface Condition and Changes in Crystallographic Structure of Zirconium Oxide Affected by Mechanical Processing

by Kinga Regulska, Bartłomiej Januszewicz, Leszek Klimek and Aleksandra Palatyńska-Ulatowska

Materials 2021, 14(14), 4042; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144042 - 20 Jul 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2024

Abstract

Zirconium oxide is a material commonly used in dental prosthetics for making cups of permanent prosthetic restorations. In order to properly prepare the surface of zirconium oxide for prosthetic treatment, it must be veneered with ceramics. The quality of cup-veneered ceramics is dependent [...] Read more.

Zirconium oxide is a material commonly used in dental prosthetics for making cups of permanent prosthetic restorations. In order to properly prepare the surface of zirconium oxide for prosthetic treatment, it must be veneered with ceramics. The quality of cup-veneered ceramics is dependent on many factors, including the surface free energy (SFE) and transformation of zirconium oxide. The aim of the study was to investigate the type of phase transition and the value of free energy of the surface subjected to machining (wet and dry grinding, polishing). Quantitative and qualitative phase identification measurements showed that mechanical treatment causes transformation of the tetragonal phase into a monoclinic phase in the zirconium oxide surface. Prepared samples were analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), which confirmed the phenomenon of transition. Measurements of the wetting angle and the calculated values of the surface free energy (SFE) showed no significant differences between the samples subjected to each treatment Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Dental Restorative Materials)

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17 pages, 78669 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Analysis of the Bond Strength between Two Methacrylic Polymers by Surface Modification

by Joanna Taczała, Katarzyna Rak, Jacek Sawicki and Michał Krasowski

Materials 2021, 14(14), 3927; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14143927 - 14 Jul 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1469

Abstract

The creation of acrylic dentures involves many stages. One of them is to prepare the surfaces of artificial teeth for connection with the denture plates. The teeth could be rubbed with a chemical reagent, the surface could be developed, or retention hooks could [...] Read more.

The creation of acrylic dentures involves many stages. One of them is to prepare the surfaces of artificial teeth for connection with the denture plates. The teeth could be rubbed with a chemical reagent, the surface could be developed, or retention hooks could be created. Preparation of the surface is used to improve the bond between the teeth and the plate. Choosing the right combination affects the length of denture use. This work focuses on a numerical analysis of grooving. The purpose of this article is to select the shape and size of the grooves that would most affect the quality of the bond strength. Two types of grooves in different dimensional configurations were analyzed. The variables were groove depth and width, and the distance between the grooves. Finally, 24 configurations were obtained. Models were analyzed in terms of their angular position to the loading force. Finite element method (FEM) analysis was performed on the 3D geometry created, which consisted of two polymer bodies under the shear process. The smallest values of the stresses and strains were characterized by a sample with parallel grooves with the grooving dimensions width 0.20 mm, thickness 0.10 mm, and distance between the grooves 5.00 mm, placed at an angle of 90°. The best dimensions from the parallel (III) and cross (#) grooves were compared experimentally. Specimens with grooving III were not damaged in the shear test. The research shows that the shape of the groove affects the distribution of stresses and strains. Combining the selected method with an adequately selected chemical reagent can significantly increase the strength of the connection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Dental Restorative Materials)

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9 pages, 257 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Popular Beverages on Mechanical Properties of Composite Resins

by Leszek Szalewski, Dorota Wójcik, Marcin Bogucki, Jacek Szkutnik and Ingrid Różyło-Kalinowska

Materials 2021, 14(11), 3097; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14113097 - 05 Jun 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2617

Abstract

Currently, composite resins are used in many restorative procedures. Previous studies showed that drinking beverages may affect the mechanical properties such as microhardness or flexural strength of dental composite resins. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of common [...] Read more.

Currently, composite resins are used in many restorative procedures. Previous studies showed that drinking beverages may affect the mechanical properties such as microhardness or flexural strength of dental composite resins. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of common beverages on the mechanical properties of composite resins. Samples of the materials were prepared according to the ISO 4049:2010 standard and producer’s recommendations. The samples were next conditioned in tested fluids: distilled water, sparkling water, Coca-Cola, Red Bull and orange juice for 7 days. Vickers microhardness and flexural strength testing was performed after 7 days. Performed statistic tests confirmed the significance of microhardness changes of the tested materials in terms of both different conditioning of the samples and different composite materials. The mean flexural strength of composites was highest in distilled water and it was reduced after one week in different beverages. We conclude that all tested beverages influenced on Vickers microhardness of tested composite resins. Flexural strength only in one material was statistically significantly influenced by tested beverages. The results of this study should be taken into consideration by a dentist preparing recommendations for the patients after dental treatment with usage of composite material or after cementing composite based fixed dentures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Dental Restorative Materials)

25 pages, 5948 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Statistical Comparability of the Hardness and Wear of Polymeric Materials for Orthodontic Applications

by Ivo Domagała, Krzysztof Przystupa, Marcel Firlej, Daniel Pieniak, Leszek Gil, Anna Borucka, Ireneusz Naworol, Barbara Biedziak and Mariana Levkiv

Materials 2021, 14(11), 2925; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14112925 - 28 May 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2663

Abstract

Background: Clinical success depends on the contact strength and wear resistance of medical devices made of polymer materials. The scientific goal resulted from the problem of using different methods of surface evaluation of materials used in the production of orthodontic appliances. The purpose [...] Read more.

Background: Clinical success depends on the contact strength and wear resistance of medical devices made of polymer materials. The scientific goal resulted from the problem of using different methods of surface evaluation of materials used in the production of orthodontic appliances. The purpose of the work was an experimental comparative assessment of indentation hardness and scratch hardness and the sliding wear of four selected polymeric materials used in the manufacture of orthodontic appliances. Methods: Four commercial materials were compared. Shore hardness tests and a scratch test with a Rockwell indenter were performed. A sliding wear test was performed using the ball-on-disc method. Statistical PCA and correlation analyses were performed. Results: The results of scratch hardness measurements using a contact profilometer correlated with the Shore hardness to a greater extent than measurements made using an optical microscope. PCA showed that Shore hardness explains 45% of the total variance in all the results across the materials. Conclusions: The scratch hardness method allows for a more explicit ranking of orthodontic polymeric materials when measurements are made with a profilometer. The ranking of sliding wear resistance should be made separately. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Dental Restorative Materials)

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15 pages, 2787 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biofilm Formation on Dental Implant Biomaterials by Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis

by Anna Minkiewicz-Zochniak, Sylwia Jarzynka, Agnieszka Iwańska, Kamila Strom, Bartłomiej Iwańczyk, Marta Bartel, Maciej Mazur, Anna Pietruczuk-Padzik, Małgorzata Konieczna, Ewa Augustynowicz-Kopeć and Gabriela Olędzka

Materials 2021, 14(8), 2030; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082030 - 17 Apr 2021

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3386

Abstract

Implants made of ceramic and metallic elements, which are used in dentistry, may either promote or hinder the colonization and adhesion of bacteria to the surface of the biomaterial to varying degrees. The increased interest in the use of dental implants, especially in [...] Read more.

Implants made of ceramic and metallic elements, which are used in dentistry, may either promote or hinder the colonization and adhesion of bacteria to the surface of the biomaterial to varying degrees. The increased interest in the use of dental implants, especially in patients with chronic systemic diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF), is caused by an increase in disease complications. In this study, we evaluated the differences in the in vitro biofilm formation on the surface of biomaterials commonly used in dentistry (Ti-6Al-4V, cobalt-chromium alloy (CoCr), and zirconia) by Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients with CF. We demonstrated that S. aureus adherence and growth depends on the type of material used and its surface topography. Weaker bacterial biofilm formation was observed on zirconia surfaces compared to titanium and cobalt-chromium alloy surfaces. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy showed clear differences in bacterial aggregation, depending on the type of biomaterial used. Over the past several decades, S. aureus strains have developed several mechanisms of resistance, especially in patients on chronic antibiotic treatment such as CF. Therefore, the selection of an appropriate implant biomaterial with limited microorganism adhesion characteristics can affect the occurrence and progression of oral cavity infections, particularly in patients with chronic systemic diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Dental Restorative Materials)

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10 pages, 2569 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Ni-Cr Alloy Surface Abrasive Blasting on Its Wettability by Liquid Ceramics

by Weronika Czepułkowska-Pawlak, Leszek Klimek, Marcin Makówka and Emilia Wołowiec-Korecka

Materials 2021, 14(8), 2007; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082007 - 16 Apr 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1562

Abstract

An adequate surface is essential in ensuring a solid bond between the metal and dental ceramics for metal framework wettability. This work is aimed at investigating the effect of variable abrasive blasting parameters on Ni-Cr alloy surface’s ability to be wetted with liquid [...] Read more.

An adequate surface is essential in ensuring a solid bond between the metal and dental ceramics for metal framework wettability. This work is aimed at investigating the effect of variable abrasive blasting parameters on Ni-Cr alloy surface’s ability to be wetted with liquid ceramics at elevated temperatures. One-hundred and sixty-eight samples were divided into 12 groups (n = 14), which were sandblasted using variable parameters: type of abrasive (Al₂O₃ and SiC), the grain size of the abrasive (50, 110, and 250 µm), and processing pressure (400 and 600 kPa). After treatment, the samples were cleaned in an ultrasonic cleaner and dried under compressed air. Dental ceramics were applied to the prepared surfaces via drops, and the wettability was tested in a vacuum oven at temperatures in the range of 850–1000 °C. The results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA (α = 0.05). For all surfaces, the contact angles were less than 90° at temperatures below 875 °C. For Al₂O₃, the best wettability was observed for the smallest particles and, for SiC, the largest particles. The ability to wet the surface of a Ni-Cr alloy is related to its sandblasting properties, such as roughness or the percentage of embedded abrasive particles. It should not be the only factor determining the selection of abrasive blasting parameters when creating a prosthetic restoration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Dental Restorative Materials)

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12 pages, 4435 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Surface Condition of Ni-Cr after SiC Abrasive Blasting for Applications in Ceramic Restorations

by Weronika Czepułkowska-Pawlak, Emilia Wołowiec-Korecka and Leszek Klimek

Materials 2020, 13(24), 5824; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245824 - 21 Dec 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1904

Abstract

Abrasive blasting is a process widely used in dentistry. One of the uses is the development of metal surfaces for connections with ceramics in fixed prosthetic restorations. The purpose of this paper was to check how the rough surface profile (width, height, and [...] Read more.

Abrasive blasting is a process widely used in dentistry. One of the uses is the development of metal surfaces for connections with ceramics in fixed prosthetic restorations. The purpose of this paper was to check how the rough surface profile (width, height, and depth on unevenness) impacts the surface’s condition, like its wettability and percentage of stuck abrasives. The Ni-Cr alloy surface was abrasive blasted by silicon carbide with the various pressure parameters (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 MPa) and abrasive particle sizes (50, 110, and 250 µm). Cleaned surfaces were examined for roughness, wettability, and percentage of stuck abrasive particles on the surface. The surface after abrasive blasting using 110 µm of abrasive size and 0.4 MPa pressure has the best wettability results. The width of unevenness may cause it. When the unevenness has too small or too large width and depth, the fluids may not cover the entire cavities because of locking the air. The surface condition of dental alloys directly affects metal–ceramic connection strength. The knowledge about the impact of the abrasive blasting parameters on the bond strength will allow one to create durable dental restorations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Dental Restorative Materials)

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19 pages, 4445 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bending Behaviour of Polymeric Materials Used on Biomechanics Orthodontic Appliances

by Ivo Domagała, Krzysztof Przystupa, Marcel Firlej, Daniel Pieniak, Agata Niewczas and Barbara Biedziak

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5579; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235579 - 07 Dec 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2698

Abstract

This paper discusses the issues of strength and creep of polymeric materials used in orthodontic appliances. Orthodontic biomechanics is focused on the movement of individual teeth or dental groups as a result of the force applied by orthodontic appliances. Stresses in the construction [...] Read more.

This paper discusses the issues of strength and creep of polymeric materials used in orthodontic appliances. Orthodontic biomechanics is focused on the movement of individual teeth or dental groups as a result of the force applied by orthodontic appliances. Stresses in the construction of functional and biomechanical appliances is generated when using the apparatus in the oral cavity. The orthodontic appliance must maintain its shape and not be damaged during treatment so strength and creep resistance are fundamental properties. It was assumed that the clinical success of orthodontic appliances can be determined by these performance properties. The aim of the work was the experimental assessment of comparative bending strength and creep resistance of selected popular polymer materials used in the production of biomechanical orthodontic appliances. Four commercial materials manufactured by the world class producers were tested: NextDent Ortho Rigid (Vertex-Dental B.V., Soesterberg, The Netherlands) marked as “1A”; Erkocryl (ERKODENT Erich Kopp GmbH, Pfalzgrafenweiler, Germany)-“2A”; Vertex Orthoplast (Vertex Dental B.V.), blue, marked as “3A” and material with the same name as “3A” but orange, marked in the article as “4A”. All the tests were carried out after aging in artificial saliva for 48 h at a temperature of 37 °C. Flexular strength and flexular modulus were made using the three point bending method according to the ISO 178 technical standard. Creep tests were carried out according to the method contained in ISO 899-2. The creep test was carried out in an artificial saliva bath at 37 °C. The creep tests showed significant differences in the strength, modulus and deformability of the tested materials. The strength reliability of the tested materials also varied. The research shows that the 2A material can be used for orthodontic applications in which long-term stresses should be lower than 20 MPa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Dental Restorative Materials)

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13 pages, 3831 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Modification of Cellulose Microfibres to Reinforce Poly(methyl methacrylate) Used for Dental Application

by Joanna Taczała, Jacek Sawicki and Joanna Pietrasik

Materials 2020, 13(17), 3807; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13173807 - 28 Aug 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2620

Abstract

The mechanical properties of dental acrylic resins have to be improved in the case of a thin denture plate. This can be achieved by cellulose addition, playing the role of active filler. But to provide the excellent dispersion of cellulose microfibres within the [...] Read more.

The mechanical properties of dental acrylic resins have to be improved in the case of a thin denture plate. This can be achieved by cellulose addition, playing the role of active filler. But to provide the excellent dispersion of cellulose microfibres within the hydrophobic polymer matrix, its surface has to be modified. Cellulose microfibres with average length from 8 to 30 μm were modified with octyltriethoxysilane and (3-methacryloxypropyl)methyldimethoxysilane. The latter also participated in the polymerisation reaction of methyl methacrylate. Dental composites were prepared following the general procedure provided by the supplier. The successful modification of the microfibres led to the improved compatibility of the cellulose and poly(methyl methacrylate). The fibres after modification were uniformly distributed within the matrix, resulting in the improved mechanical performance of obtained materials. Cellulose microfibres are good candidates for the dental materials to be used as the active filler. The simple and straightforward approach for the cellulose modifications with silanes provides good potential for its future practical application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Dental Restorative Materials)

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13 pages, 4019 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Fracture Toughness and Conversion Degree of Resin-Based Dental Composites after Modification with Liquid Rubber

by Krzysztof Pałka, Joanna Kleczewska, Emil Sasimowski, Anna Belcarz and Agata Przekora

Materials 2020, 13(12), 2704; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13122704 - 14 Jun 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2418

Abstract

There are many methods widely applied in the engineering of biomaterials to improve the mechanical properties of the dental composites. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of modification of dental composites with liquid rubber on their mechanical properties, degree [...] Read more.

There are many methods widely applied in the engineering of biomaterials to improve the mechanical properties of the dental composites. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of modification of dental composites with liquid rubber on their mechanical properties, degree of conversion, viscosity, and cytotoxicity. Both flow and packable composite consisted of a mixture of Bis-GMA, TEGDMA, UDMA, and EBADMA resins reinforced with 60 and 78 wt.% ceramic filler, respectively. It was demonstrated that liquid rubber addition significantly increased the fracture toughness by 9% for flow type and 8% for condensable composite. The influence of liquid rubber on flexural strength was not statistically significant. The addition of the toughening agent significantly reduced Young’s modulus by 7% and 9%, respectively, while increasing deformation at breakage. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations allowed to determine the mechanisms of toughening the composites reinforced with ceramic particles. These mechanisms included bridging the crack edges, blocking the crack tip by particles and dissipation of fracture energy by deflection of the cracks on larger particles. The degree of conversion increased after modification, mainly due to a decrease in the matrix resin viscosity. It was also shown that all dental materials were nontoxic according to ISO 10993-5, indicating that modified materials have great potential for commercialization and clinical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Dental Restorative Materials)

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17 pages, 8408 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fretting and Fretting Corrosion Processes of Ti6Al4V Implant Alloy in Simulated Oral Cavity Environment

by Marcin Klekotka, Jan Ryszard Dąbrowski and Katarzyna Rećko

Materials 2020, 13(7), 1561; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071561 - 28 Mar 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3005

Abstract

The paper presents the results of in vitro studies of fretting and fretting corrosion processes of Ti6Al4V implant alloy in the environment of natural saliva and self-made mucin-based artificial saliva solutions. The study was performed on a specially designed fretting pin-on-disc tester, which [...] Read more.

The paper presents the results of in vitro studies of fretting and fretting corrosion processes of Ti6Al4V implant alloy in the environment of natural saliva and self-made mucin-based artificial saliva solutions. The study was performed on a specially designed fretting pin-on-disc tester, which was combined with a set used for electrochemical research. The open circuit potential measurements and potentiodynamic method were used for corrosion tests. The worn surfaces were subjected to microscopic observations and an evaluation of wear. Results were interpreted using the dissipated energy and third-body approaches. The X-ray diffraction analysis showed that titanium oxides constitute over 80% of the friction products. Special attention was paid to the role of saliva and its substitutes, which in certain cases can lead to the intensification of fretting wear. On the basis of the received results, a new phenomenological model of fretting corrosion processes was proposed. This model involves the formation of an abrasive paste that is a combination of metal oxides and the organic components of saliva. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Dental Restorative Materials)

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Review

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33 pages, 8483 KiB

Open AccessReview

Metallic Dental Implants Wear Mechanisms, Materials, and Manufacturing Processes: A Literature Review

by Sudip Saha and Sougata Roy

Materials 2023, 16(1), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010161 - 24 Dec 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5430

Abstract

Objectives: From the treatment of damaged teeth to replacing missing teeth, dental biomaterials cover the scientific interest of many fields. Dental biomaterials are one of the implants whose effective life depends vastly on their material and manufacturing techniques. The purpose of this review [...] Read more.

Objectives: From the treatment of damaged teeth to replacing missing teeth, dental biomaterials cover the scientific interest of many fields. Dental biomaterials are one of the implants whose effective life depends vastly on their material and manufacturing techniques. The purpose of this review is to summarize the important aspects for metallic dental implants from biomedical, mechanical and materials science perspectives. The review article will focus on five major aspects as mentioned below. Tooth anatomy: Maximizing the implant performance depends on proper understanding of human tooth anatomy and the failure behavior of the implants. Major parts from tooth anatomy including saliva characteristics are explored in this section. Wear mechanisms: The prominent wear mechanisms having a high impact on dental wear are abrasive, adhesive, fatigue and corrosion wear. To imitate the physiological working condition of dental implants, reports on the broad range of mastication force and various composition of artificial saliva have been included in this section, which can affect the tribo-corrosion behavior of dental implants. Dental implants classifications: The review paper includes a dedicated discussion on major dental implants types and their details for better understanding their applicability and characteristics. Implant materials: As of today, the most established dental implant materials are SS316L, cobalt chrome alloy and titanium. Detailed discussion on their material properties, microstructures, phase transformations and chemical compositions have been discussed here. Manufacturing techniques: In terms of different production methods, the lost wax casting method as traditional manufacturing is considered. Selective Laser Melting (SLM) and Directed Energy Deposition (DED) as additive manufacturing techniques (AM) have been discussed. For AM, the relationships between process–property–performance details have been explored briefly. The effectiveness of different manufacturing techniques was compared based on porosity distribution, mechanical and biomechanical properties. Summary: Despite having substantial research available on dental implants, there is a lack of systematic reviews to present a holistic viewpoint combining state-of-the-art from biomedical, mechanical, materials science and manufacturing perspectives. This review article attempts to combine a wide variety of analyzing approaches from those interdisciplinary fields to deliver deeper insights to researchers both in academia and industry to develop next-generation dental implants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Dental Restorative Materials)

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16 pages, 1405 KiB

Open AccessReview

3D-Printed Hydroxyapatite and Tricalcium Phosphates-Based Scaffolds for Alveolar Bone Regeneration in Animal Models: A Scoping Review

by Nurulhuda Mohd, Masfueh Razali, Mariyam Jameelah Ghazali and Noor Hayaty Abu Kasim

Materials 2022, 15(7), 2621; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072621 - 02 Apr 2022

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3590

Abstract

Three-dimensional-printed scaffolds have received greater attention as an attractive option compared to the conventional bone grafts for regeneration of alveolar bone defects. Hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphates have been used as biomaterials in the fabrication of 3D-printed scaffolds. This scoping review aimed to evaluate [...] Read more.

Three-dimensional-printed scaffolds have received greater attention as an attractive option compared to the conventional bone grafts for regeneration of alveolar bone defects. Hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphates have been used as biomaterials in the fabrication of 3D-printed scaffolds. This scoping review aimed to evaluate the potential of 3D-printed HA and calcium phosphates-based scaffolds on alveolar bone regeneration in animal models. The systematic search was conducted across four electronic databases: Ovid, Web of Science, PubMed and EBSCOHOST, based on PRISMA-ScR guidelines until November 2021. The inclusion criteria were: (i) animal models undergoing alveolar bone regenerative surgery, (ii) the intervention to regenerate or augment bone using 3D-printed hydroxyapatite or other calcium phosphate scaffolds and (iii) histological and microcomputed tomographic analyses of new bone formation and biological properties of 3D-printed hydroxyapatite or calcium phosphates. A total of ten studies were included in the review. All the studies showed promising results on new bone formation without any inflammatory reactions, regardless of the animal species. In conclusion, hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphates are feasible materials for 3D-printed scaffolds for alveolar bone regeneration and demonstrated bone regenerative potential in the oral cavity. However, further research is warranted to determine the scaffold material which mimics the gold standard of care for bone regeneration in the load-bearing areas, including the masticatory load of the oral cavity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Dental Restorative Materials)

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