Materials for Extreme Environments

Topic Information

Dear Colleagues,

There is a strong need for high-performance materials that can withstand extreme environments to enable new technologies to meet the increasing global demand for energy, improve health, and enable exploration of new frontiers on this planet as well as beyond. Some of these extreme environments involve very high or very low temperatures, high pressures, deformation at high strain rates, nuclear and electromagnetic radiation, and corrosion and oxidation, to name a few. A fundamental understanding of material response, performance degradation, and failure initiation is critical since materials can behave in very unpredictable ways when placed in these extreme environments. We would like to invite academics and researchers to contribute to this Special Issue on “Materials for Extreme Environments”, which is intended to serve as a unique multidisciplinary forum covering material response in extreme environments of myriad forms. The potential topics include, but are not limited to:

1. Cryogenic and Refractory Materials
2. Nuclear and Solar Energy Materials
3. Materials for Biological Environments
4. Corrosion and Materials Degradation
5. Energy Storage under Extreme Environments
6. Modeling and Simulations of Materials under Extreme Environments
7. Computational Approaches to Understanding Materials Degradation
8. High Strain-rate Deformation and Shock Physics
9. Ceramic Materials for Extreme Environments
10. Sensor Materials for Extreme Environments

Dr. Sundeep Mukherjee
Prof. Dr. Jincheng Du
Topic Editors

Keywords

Participating Journals

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Alloys alloys	-	-	2022	15.0 days *	CHF 1000
Corrosion and Materials Degradation cmd	-	-	2020	20.2 Days	CHF 1000
Entropy entropy	2.7	4.7	1999	20.8 Days	CHF 2600
Materials materials	3.4	5.2	2008	13.9 Days	CHF 2600
Metals metals	2.9	4.4	2011	15 Days	CHF 2600

* Median value for all MDPI journals in the second half of 2023.

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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All Alloys CMD Entropy Materials Metals

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22 pages, 13478 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Arc-Jet Tests of Carbon–Phenolic-Based Ablative Materials for Spacecraft Heat Shield Applications

by Rajesh Kumar Chinnaraj, Young Chan Kim and Seong Man Choi

Materials 2023, 16(10), 3717; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16103717 - 13 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1766

Abstract

We developed and tested two carbon–phenolic-based ablators for future Korean spacecraft heat shield applications. The ablators are developed with two layers: an outer recession layer, fabricated from carbon–phenolic material, and an inner insulating layer, fabricated either from cork or silica–phenolic material. The ablator [...] Read more.

We developed and tested two carbon–phenolic-based ablators for future Korean spacecraft heat shield applications. The ablators are developed with two layers: an outer recession layer, fabricated from carbon–phenolic material, and an inner insulating layer, fabricated either from cork or silica–phenolic material. The ablator specimens were tested in a 0.4 MW supersonic arc-jet plasma wind tunnel at heat flux conditions ranging from 6.25 MW/m² to 9.4 MW/m², with either specimen being stationary or transient. Stationary tests were conducted for 50 s each as a preliminary investigation, and the transient tests were conducted for ~110 s each to stimulate a spacecraft’s atmospheric re-entry heat flux trajectory. During the tests, each specimen’s internal temperatures were measured at three locations: 25 mm, 35 mm, and 45 mm from the specimen stagnation point. During the stationary tests, a two-color pyrometer was used to measure specimen stagnation-point temperatures. During the preliminary stationary tests, the silica–phenolic-insulated specimen’s reaction was normal compared to the cork-insulated specimen; hence, only the silica–phenolic-insulated specimens were further subjected to the transient tests. During the transient tests, the silica–phenolic-insulated specimens were stable, and the internal temperatures were lower than 450 K (~180 °C), achieving the main objective of this study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Materials for Extreme Environments)

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24 pages, 26265 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Ablation Experiments of Carbon Phenolic and SiC-Coated Carbon Composite Materials Using a High-Velocity Oxygen-Fuel Torch

by Rajesh Kumar Chinnaraj, Young Chan Kim and Seong Man Choi

Materials 2023, 16(5), 1895; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16051895 - 24 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2260

Abstract

For future spacecraft TPS (heat shield) applications, ablation experiments of carbon phenolic material specimens with two lamination angles (0° and 30°) and two specially designed SiC-coated carbon–carbon composite specimens (with either cork or graphite base) were conducted using an HVOF material ablation test [...] Read more.

For future spacecraft TPS (heat shield) applications, ablation experiments of carbon phenolic material specimens with two lamination angles (0° and 30°) and two specially designed SiC-coated carbon–carbon composite specimens (with either cork or graphite base) were conducted using an HVOF material ablation test facility. The heat flux test conditions ranged from 3.25 to 11.5 MW/m², corresponding to an interplanetary sample return re-entry heat flux trajectory. A two-color pyrometer, an IR camera, and thermocouples (at three internal locations) were used to measure the specimen temperature responses. At the 11.5 MW/m² heat flux test condition, the 30° carbon phenolic specimen’s maximum surface temperature value is approximately 2327 K, which is approximately 250 K higher than the corresponding value of the SiC-coated specimen with a graphite base. The 30° carbon phenolic specimen’s recession value is approximately 44-fold greater, and the internal temperature values are approximately 1.5-fold lower than the corresponding values of the SiC-coated specimen with a graphite base. This indicates that increased surface ablation and a higher surface temperature relatively reduced heat transfer to the 30° carbon phenolic specimen’s interior, leading to lower internal temperature values compared to those of the SiC-coated specimen with a graphite base. During the tests, a phenomenon of periodic explosions occurred on the 0° carbon phenolic specimen surfaces. The 30° carbon phenolic material is considered more suitable for TPS applications due to its lower internal temperatures, as well as the absence of abnormal material behavior as observed in the 0° carbon phenolic material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Materials for Extreme Environments)

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13 pages, 6912 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Corrosion Behavior of Refractory High-Entropy Alloys in FLiNaK Molten Salts

by Kunjal Patel, Chaitanya Mahajan, Saideep Muskeri and Sundeep Mukherjee

Metals 2023, 13(3), 450; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13030450 - 22 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1780

Abstract

Refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) have recently attracted widespread attention due to their outstanding mechanical properties at elevated temperatures, making them appealing for concentrating solar power and nuclear energy applications. Here, the corrosion behavior of equimolar HfTaTiVZr and TaTiVWZr RHEAs was investigated in molten [...] Read more.

Refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) have recently attracted widespread attention due to their outstanding mechanical properties at elevated temperatures, making them appealing for concentrating solar power and nuclear energy applications. Here, the corrosion behavior of equimolar HfTaTiVZr and TaTiVWZr RHEAs was investigated in molten FLiNaK eutectic salt (LiF-NaF-KF: 46.5−11.5−42 mol.%) at 650 °C. Potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and immersion test measurements were carried out for these two RHEAs and compared with Inconel 718 (IN718) superalloy and SS316 stainless steel under identical test conditions. Both TaTiVWZr and HfTaTiVZr refractory high-entropy alloys exhibited an order of magnitude lower corrosion rate than SS316. IN718 and TaTiVWZr showed similar corrosion rates. Corrosion products enriched with noble alloying elements formed in the case of TaTiVWZr and IN718 were stable and protective on the substrate. SS316 showed the lowest corrosion resistance and void formation along the exposed surface due to the active dissolution of Cr and Fe, which provided diffusion paths for the corroded species. The surface analysis results showed that IN718 underwent pitting corrosion, while TaTiVWZr experienced selective dissolution in the inter-dendritic area. In contrast, HfTaTiVZr and SS316 experienced corrosion at the grain boundaries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Materials for Extreme Environments)

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