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WEVJ
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Dynamics, Control and Simulation of Electrified Vehicles
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Dynamics, Control and Simulation of Electrified Vehicles

A special issue of World Electric Vehicle Journal (ISSN 2032-6653).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2024 | Viewed by 7765

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Xiang Chen

E-Mail
Guest Editor
College of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
Interests: software maintenance and software testing, such as security vulnerability prediction, software defect prediction, combinatorial testing, regression testing, and fault localization
Dr. Xiangyu Wang

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Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Interests: EV
Dr. Congzhi Liu

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Guest Editor
School of Mechanical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
Interests: complex electro-mechanical system and control theory; autonomous driving vehicle dynamics and control

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Vehicle engineering has become an intersectional discipline with the development of electrification, intelligence, networking and sharing technologies. Suitable vehicle system dynamics and advanced control methods are playing an increasingly crucial role in vehicle design. These technologies address mechanical engineering, electronic and electrical engineering, control engineering, signal processing, artificial intelligence, and so on. This Special Issue focuses on advanced vehicle system design, modelling, dynamic analysis, and control methods. Its topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

  1. The advanced modelling and dynamic analysis of vehicle systems and their components, including steering, braking, suspension, chassis systems, and power train;
  2. The application of advanced observation methods for vehicle key dynamic parameters and verification;
  3. The application of intelligent vehicle fusion perception methods, and advanced trajectory planning and control technology;
  4. Human–machine co-driving technology, driver modelling, and analysis of human factor engineering characteristics.
  5. Intelligent connected vehicles and road vehicle collaborative control technology.

Dr. Xiang Chen
Dr. Xiangyu Wang
Dr. Congzhi Liu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. World Electric Vehicle Journal is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 10322 KiB  
Article
The Performance Enhancement of a Vehicle Suspension System Employing an Electromagnetic Inerter
by Chen Luo, Xiaofeng Yang, Zhihong Jia, Changning Liu and Yi Yang
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(4), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15040162 - 10 Apr 2024
Viewed by 615
Abstract
As a newly conceived vibration isolation element, an inerter can be implemented in different forms, and it is easily introduced in different vibration isolation scenarios. This paper focuses on a novel inerter device called an electromagnetic inerter (EMI), which combines a linear generator [...] Read more.
As a newly conceived vibration isolation element, an inerter can be implemented in different forms, and it is easily introduced in different vibration isolation scenarios. This paper focuses on a novel inerter device called an electromagnetic inerter (EMI), which combines a linear generator with a fluid inerter. Firstly, the structure and the working principle of the EMI is stated. Then, the parameter sensitivity of the fluid inerter is analyzed, and two parameters that have great influence on the inertance coefficient are obtained. Subsequently, the influence of the change of the external circuit on the output characteristics of the device is also discussed. This proves that the introduction of external circuits can simplify complex mechanical topologies. Finally, the topological structures of vehicle suspension are changed in the form of an EMI (including external circuit), and the dynamic performance of these structures in the typical vibration isolation system of a vehicle’s suspension is obtained. It is found that an L4 layout should be considered as the best suspension structure. Compared with traditional passive suspension, it not only ensures that its handling stability is not weakened, but also reduces the root mean square value of body acceleration and the peak of suspension work space by 4.56% and 11.62%, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamics, Control and Simulation of Electrified Vehicles)
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30 pages, 23629 KiB  
Article
Advanced Torque Control of Interior Permanent Magnet Motors for Electrical Hypercars
by Ettore Bianco, Sandro Rubino, Massimiliana Carello and Iustin Radu Bojoi
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15020046 - 01 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1126
Abstract
Nowadays, electric vehicles have gained significant attention as a promising solution to the environmental concerns associated with traditional combustion engine vehicles. With the increasing demand for high-performance hypercars, the need for advanced torque control strategies has become paramount. Field-Oriented Control using Current Vector [...] Read more.
Nowadays, electric vehicles have gained significant attention as a promising solution to the environmental concerns associated with traditional combustion engine vehicles. With the increasing demand for high-performance hypercars, the need for advanced torque control strategies has become paramount. Field-Oriented Control using Current Vector Control represents a consolidated solution to implement torque control. However, this kind of control must take into account the DC link voltage variation and the variation of motor parameters depending on the magnets’ temperature while providing the maximum torque production for specific inverter current and voltage limitations. Multidimensional lookup tables are needed to provide a robust torque control from zero speed up to maximum speed under deep flux-weakening operation. Therefore, this article aims to explore the application of FOC 4D control in electrical hypercars and its impact on enhancing their overall performance and control stability. The article will delve into the principles underlying FOC 4D control and its advantages, challenges, and potential solutions to optimize the operation of electric hypercars. An electric powertrain model has been developed in the Simulink environment with the Simscape tool using a S-function block for the implementation of digital control in C-code. High-power electric motor electromagnetic parameters, derived from a Finite Element Method magnetic model, have been used in the simulation. The 4D LUTs have been computed from the motor flux maps and implemented in C-code in the S-function. The choice of FOC 4D control has been validated in the main load points of a hypercar application and compared to the conventional FOC. The final part of the research underlines the benefits of the FOC 4D on reliability, critical in motorsport applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamics, Control and Simulation of Electrified Vehicles)
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22 pages, 4195 KiB  
Article
Research on Stability Control Algorithm of Distributed Drive Bus under High-Speed Conditions
by Shaopeng Zhu, Bangxuan Wei, Chen Ping, Minjun Shi, Chen Wang, Huipeng Chen and Minglu Han
World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14(12), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14120343 - 12 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1272
Abstract
Aiming at the instability problem of a four-wheel independent drive electric bus under high-speed conditions, this paper first designs a vehicle yaw stability controller based on a linear two-degree-of-freedom model and a linear quadratic programming (LQR) algorithm. A vehicle roll stability controller is [...] Read more.
Aiming at the instability problem of a four-wheel independent drive electric bus under high-speed conditions, this paper first designs a vehicle yaw stability controller based on a linear two-degree-of-freedom model and a linear quadratic programming (LQR) algorithm. A vehicle roll stability controller is then designed based on a linear three-degree-of-freedom model and a model predictive control algorithm (MPC). Moreover, a coordinated control rule based on the lateral load transfer rate (LTR) is designed for the coupled problem of yaw and roll dynamics. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm is verified by simulation. The obtained results show that when the vehicle is running at a high speed of 90 km/h, the stability control algorithm can control the yaw rate tracking error within 0.05 rad/s. In addition, the control algorithm can reduce the maximum amplitude of the side slip angle, the maximum value of the roll angle, the maximum value of the roll angular velocity, and the amplitude of the lateral acceleration by more than 96%, 81.1%, 65.0%, and 11.1%, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamics, Control and Simulation of Electrified Vehicles)
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21 pages, 23381 KiB  
Article
Topological Optimization of Vehicle ISD Suspension under Steering Braking Condition
by Yanling Liu, Dongyin Shi, Fu Du, Xiaofeng Yang and Kerong Zhu
World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14(10), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14100297 - 18 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1336
Abstract
Anti-roll and anti-pitch are important directions in the comprehensive research of automobiles. In order to improve the anti-roll and anti-pitch performance of the vehicle, an inerter was applied to the vehicle suspension system, and a 14 DOF vehicle nonlinear dynamics model was established. [...] Read more.
Anti-roll and anti-pitch are important directions in the comprehensive research of automobiles. In order to improve the anti-roll and anti-pitch performance of the vehicle, an inerter was applied to the vehicle suspension system, and a 14 DOF vehicle nonlinear dynamics model was established. The influence of the change in inertance in the eight kinds of improved ISD (Inerter-Spring-Damper) suspension structures on the RMS (root mean square) value of performance indexes of roll, vertical, and pitch motion of the vehicle was studied. Based on this, the vehicle’s ISD structure with better performance was selected, and the NSGA-Ⅱ algorithm was adopted to optimize the selected structural parameters. The simulation results showed that the four kinds of suspension hadbetter comprehensive performance, and their structureswere, respectively, excluding the supporting spring in parallel, (1) an inerter in series with a spring and a damper in parallel, (2) a damper in series with a spring and an inerter in parallel, (3) an inerter and a damper in series, and (4) the damper in parallel with a spring and an inerter in series. The ISD suspension structure had better comprehensive performance under step steering braking, which was obviously better than the passive suspension, and effectively improved the vehicle ride comfort, anti-roll and anti-pitch performance. Under the hook steering braking, the lateral load transfer rate was used to evaluate the vehicle’s anti-rollover ability. The results showed that the ride comfort and anti-rollover ability of ISD suspension were better than those of passive suspension. Under the condition of taking into account the anti-pitching ability, the suspension consists of a supporting spring in parallel with an inerter, and a damper in series was better. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamics, Control and Simulation of Electrified Vehicles)
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Review

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33 pages, 3019 KiB  
Review
Review of Management System and State-of-Charge Estimation Methods for Electric Vehicles
by Jigar Sarda, Hirva Patel, Yashvi Popat, Kueh Lee Hui and Mangal Sain
World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14(12), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14120325 - 27 Nov 2023
Viewed by 2282
Abstract
Energy storage systems (ESSs) are critically important for the future of electric vehicles. Due to the shifting global environment for electrical distribution and consumption, energy storage systems (ESS) are amongst the electrical power system solutions with the fastest growing market share. Any ESS [...] Read more.
Energy storage systems (ESSs) are critically important for the future of electric vehicles. Due to the shifting global environment for electrical distribution and consumption, energy storage systems (ESS) are amongst the electrical power system solutions with the fastest growing market share. Any ESS must have the capacity to regulate the modules from the system in the case of abnormal situations as well as the ability to monitor, control, and maximize the performance of one or more battery modules. Such a system is known as a battery management system (BMS). One parameter that is included in the BMS is the state-of-charge (SOC) of the battery. The BMS is used to enhance battery performance while including the necessary safety measures in the system. SOC estimation is a key BMS feature, and precise modelling and state estimation will improve stable operation. This review discusses the current methods used in BEV LIB SOC modelling and estimation. It also efficiently monitors all of the electrical characteristics of a battery-pack system, including the voltage, current, and temperature. The main function of a BMS is to safeguard a battery system for machine electrification and electric propulsion. The major responsibility of the BMS is to guarantee the trustworthiness and safety of the battery cells coupled to create high currents at high voltage levels. This article examines the advancements and difficulties in (i) cutting-edge battery technology and (ii) cutting-edge BMS for electric vehicles (EVs). This article’s main goal is to outline the key characteristics, benefits and drawbacks, and recent technological developments in SOC estimation methods for a battery. The study follows the pertinent industry standards and addresses the functional safety component that concerns BMS. This information and knowledge will be valuable for vehicle manufacturers in the future development of new SOC methods or an improvement in existing ones. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamics, Control and Simulation of Electrified Vehicles)
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