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WEVJ
Special Issues
Design, Modelling and Control Strategies for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles
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Design, Modelling and Control Strategies for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles

A special issue of World Electric Vehicle Journal (ISSN 2032-6653).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2024 | Viewed by 14528

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Henrique De Carvalho Pinheiro

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
Interests: vehicle dynamics; multibody dynamics; control systems; chassis design; EV modelling and simulation; zero-emission solutions; braking systems
Dr. Massimiliana Carello

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
Interests: electric and hybrid vehicles; aerodynamics; lightweight design; fuel cell vehicles; vehicle dynamics; chassis design

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Electric Vehicles (EVs), Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) are potential layouts to achieve the consolidated trend of electrification in the automotive sector. The design, modelling, and control strategies play a crucial role in optimizing the performance, efficiency, and reliability of these vehicles. This Special Issue of the World Journal of Electric Vehicles aims to explore the latest advancements in the field of EV, HEV, and FCEV design, modelling, and control, providing a platform for researchers to share their innovative ideas and findings.

This Special Issue welcomes original research papers, review articles, and case studies related to various aspects of EV, HEV, and FCEV design, modelling, and control strategies. Potential topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

  • Advanced powertrain architectures and configurations for EVs, HEVs, and FCEVs;
  • Optimal battery sizing, placement, and management strategies;
  • Modeling and simulation techniques for EV, HEV, and FCEV components and systems;
  • Control algorithms for improving energy efficiency and range of EVs and HEVs;
  • Control algorithms related to other vehicle objectives (handling, safety, thermal management);
  • Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) integration and smart charging strategies;
  • Thermal management and cooling strategies for e-powertrain and battery systems;
  • Lightweight and structural solutions for battery, e-powertrain, and vehicle design;
  • Safety and reliability aspects of EV systems;
  • Economic and environmental considerations of EV, HEV, and FCEV technologies;
  • Other innovative technologies on mobility related to electrification.

Authors are encouraged to present their research findings, innovative methodologies, and practical applications in the field of hybrid and electric vehicles. Submissions should adhere to the guidelines provided by the World Journal of Electric Vehicles.

We look forward to receiving high-quality contributions that will advance the understanding and development of design, modelling, and control strategies for hybrid and electric vehicles.

Dr. Henrique De Carvalho Pinheiro
Dr. Massimiliana Carello
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. World Electric Vehicle Journal is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • electric vehicles
  • hybrid vehicles
  • fuel cells
  • control strategies
  • design and modelling
  • vehicle dynamics
  • batteries
  • E-powertrain
  • thermal management

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

35 pages, 7364 KiB  
Article
Fractional-Order PIλDμ Control to Enhance the Driving Smoothness of Active Vehicle Suspension in Electric Vehicles
by Zongjun Yin, Ru Wang, Xuegang Ma and Rong Su
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(5), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050184 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2024
Viewed by 193
Abstract
The suspension system is a crucial part of an electric vehicle, which directly affects its handling performance, driving comfort, and driving safety. The dynamics of the 8-DoF full-vehicle suspension with seat active control are established based on rigid-body dynamics, and the time-domain stochastic [...] Read more.
The suspension system is a crucial part of an electric vehicle, which directly affects its handling performance, driving comfort, and driving safety. The dynamics of the 8-DoF full-vehicle suspension with seat active control are established based on rigid-body dynamics, and the time-domain stochastic excitation model of four tires is constructed by the filtered white noise method. The suspension dynamics model and road surface model are constructed on the Matlab/Simulink simulation software platform, and the simulation study of the dynamic characteristics of active suspension based on the fractional-order PIλDμ control strategy is carried out. The three performance indicators of acceleration, suspension dynamic deflection, and tire dynamic displacement are selected to construct the fitness function of the genetic algorithm, and the structural parameters of the fractional-order PIλDμ controller are optimized using the genetic algorithm. The control effect of the optimized fractional-order PIλDμ controller based on the genetic algorithm is analyzed by comparing the integer-order PID control suspension and passive suspension. The simulation results show that for optimized fractional-order PID control suspension, compared with passive suspension, the average optimization of the root mean square (RMS) of acceleration under random road conditions reaches over 25%, the average optimization of suspension dynamic deflection exceeds 30%, and the average optimization of tire dynamic displacement is 5%. However, compared to the integer-order PID control suspension, the average optimization of the root mean square (RMS) of acceleration under random road conditions decreased by 5%, the average optimization of suspension dynamic deflection increased by 3%, and the average optimization of tire dynamic displacement increased by 2%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Modelling and Control Strategies for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles)
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17 pages, 3597 KiB  
Article
Research on Yaw Stability Control of Front-Wheel Dual-Motor-Driven Driverless Formula Racing Car
by Boju Liu, Gang Li, Hongfei Bai, Shuang Wang and Xing Zhang
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(5), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050178 - 24 Apr 2024
Viewed by 298
Abstract
In order to improve the yaw stability of a front-wheel dual-motor-driven driverless vehicle, a yaw stability control strategy is proposed for a front-wheel dual-motor-driven formula student driverless racing car. A hierarchical control structure is adopted to design the upper torque distributor based on [...] Read more.
In order to improve the yaw stability of a front-wheel dual-motor-driven driverless vehicle, a yaw stability control strategy is proposed for a front-wheel dual-motor-driven formula student driverless racing car. A hierarchical control structure is adopted to design the upper torque distributor based on the integral sliding mode theory, which establishes a linear two-degree-of-freedom model of the racing car to calculate the expected yaw angular velocity and the expected side slip angle and calculates the additional yaw moments of the two front wheels. The lower layer is the torque distributor, which optimally distributes the additional moments to the motors of the two front wheels based on torque optimization objectives and torque distribution rules. Two typical test conditions were selected to carry out simulation experiments. The results show that the driverless formula racing car can track the expected yaw angular velocity and the expected side slip angle better after adding the yaw stability controller designed in this paper, effectively improving driving stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Modelling and Control Strategies for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles)
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20 pages, 4833 KiB  
Article
MLD Modeling and MPC-Based Energy Management Strategy for Hydrogen Fuel Cell/Supercapacitor Hybrid Electric Vehicles
by Wenguang Luo, Guangyin Zhang, Ke Zou and Cuixia Lin
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(4), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15040151 - 05 Apr 2024
Viewed by 595
Abstract
Energy management strategies for hydrogen fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEVs) are a key factor in achieving real-time vehicle energy optimization control, vehicle driving economy, and fuel cell durability. In this paper, for an FCHEV equipped with a fuel cell and supercapacitor, the [...] Read more.
Energy management strategies for hydrogen fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEVs) are a key factor in achieving real-time vehicle energy optimization control, vehicle driving economy, and fuel cell durability. In this paper, for an FCHEV equipped with a fuel cell and supercapacitor, the quantitative information, logic rules, and operational constraints are transformed into linear integer inequalities according to its different operating modes, and the Hysdel language is used to establish its mixed logic dynamic model (MLD). Then, the energy management strategy based on model predictive control (MPC) is developed using the MLD model as the prediction model and the equivalent hydrogen consumption and the performance degradation of the fuel cell as the optimization performance indexes. Finally, under the World Light Vehicle Test Cycle, a joint simulation was carried out with Advisor and Simulink to verify the proposed strategy’s superiority by comparing it with the power following control strategy (PFCS) and the compound fuzzy control strategy (CFCS). The results show that the strategy not only ensures real-time FCHEV energy control, but also reduces hydrogen consumption by 10.98% and 1.98% and the number of start/stop times of a fuel cell by six and four, compared to PFCS and CFCS, respectively, which improves the economy of the whole vehicle as well as the durability of the fuel cell. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Modelling and Control Strategies for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles)
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23 pages, 19465 KiB  
Article
A Study on the Performance of the Electrification of Hydraulic Implements in a Compact Non-Road Mobile Machine: A Case Applied to a Backhoe Loader
by Mariana de F. Ramos, Dener A. de L. Brandao, Diogo P. V. Galo, Braz de J. Cardoso Filho, Igor A. Pires and Thales A. C. Maia
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(4), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15040127 - 22 Mar 2024
Viewed by 927
Abstract
This work presents a study of the performance of prime mover and hydraulic implement electrification in a backhoe loader. The results are validated through simulation and experimental tests. The construction and agriculture sector has grown in recent years with the aid of compact [...] Read more.
This work presents a study of the performance of prime mover and hydraulic implement electrification in a backhoe loader. The results are validated through simulation and experimental tests. The construction and agriculture sector has grown in recent years with the aid of compact non-road mobile machines. However, as is common in fossil fuel-powered vehicles, they significantly contribute to increasing emissions. Previous research has primarily relied on powertrain electrification to address the low-efficiency drawbacks. Notably, compact off-road vehicles comprise implements less discussed in the literature. A hybrid series topology is employed, where the rear implement is driven by an electrical drive and the Diesel engine is coupled to a generator. A rule-based energy management strategy is applied. The operation of the Diesel engine and electrical machines in optimal points of the efficiency maps are the basis of the analysis. The design is validated using simulations and experimental tests in a commercial backhoe loader as a benchmark. Experimental and simulation results obtained from the hybrid series backhoe loader applied to the hydraulic implement show a 33% reduction in fuel consumption, demonstrating the effectiveness of electrification in reducing emissions and fuel consumption of compact non-road mobile machines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Modelling and Control Strategies for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles)
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13 pages, 6479 KiB  
Article
Predicting the Torque Demand of a Battery Electric Vehicle for Real-World Driving Maneuvers Using the NARX Technique
by Muhammed Alhanouti and Frank Gauterin
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(3), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15030103 - 08 Mar 2024
Viewed by 912
Abstract
An identification technique is proposed to create a relation between the accelerator pedal position and the corresponding driving moment. This step is beneficial to replace the complex physical model of the vehicle control unit, especially when the sufficient information needed to model certain [...] Read more.
An identification technique is proposed to create a relation between the accelerator pedal position and the corresponding driving moment. This step is beneficial to replace the complex physical model of the vehicle control unit, especially when the sufficient information needed to model certain functionalities of the vehicle control unit are unavailable. We utilized the nonlinear autoregressive exogenous model to regenerate the electric motor torque demand, given the accelerator pedal position, the motor’s angular speed, and the vehicle’s speed. This model proved to be extremely efficient in representing this highly complex relationship. The data employed for the identification process were chosen from an actual three-dimensional route with sudden changes of a dynamic nature in the driving mode, different speed limits, and elevations, as an attempt to thoroughly cover the driving moment scope based on the alternation of the given inputs. Analyzing the selected route data points showed the widespread coverage of the motor’s operational scope compared to a standard driving cycle. The training outcome revealed that linear modeling is inadequate for identifying the targeted system, and has a substantial estimation error. Adding the nonlinearity feature to the model led to an exceptionally high accuracy for the estimation and validation datasets. The main finding of this work is that the combined model from the nonlinear autoregressive exogenous and the sigmoid network enables the accurate modeling of highly nonlinear dynamic systems. Accordingly, the maximum absolute estimation error for the motor’s moment was less than 10 Nm during the real-world driving maneuver. The highest errors are found around the maximum motor’s moment. Finally, the model is validated with measurements from an actual field test maneuver. The identified model predicted the driving moment with a correlation of 0.994. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Modelling and Control Strategies for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles)
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24 pages, 14514 KiB  
Article
Electric Trolley Prototype for Goods and People Transport on Ziplines
by Ettore Bianco, Claudio Giannuzzi, Andrés Felipe Corredor Pablos, Vicente Alfredo Peña Reyes and Davide Berti Polato
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(3), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15030100 - 06 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1303
Abstract
The increasing demand for efficient and cost-effective transportation solutions has led to the exploration of unconventional modes of transportation, such as ziplines. This paper presents the development of an electric prototype for a trolley that can be used for the simultaneous transport of [...] Read more.
The increasing demand for efficient and cost-effective transportation solutions has led to the exploration of unconventional modes of transportation, such as ziplines. This paper presents the development of an electric prototype for a trolley that can be used for the simultaneous transport of goods and people on ziplines. The prototype is designed with a modular system that allows for easy customization based on the cargo’s weight and size. Two lightweight Maxon motors have been integrated for traction purposes with two Maxon inverters and a low-voltage swappable battery pack. The trolley’s chassis is made of lightweight materials, such as aluminum, making it highly maneuverable and capable of traveling at high speeds. The lightweight permits the operators to detach the trolley from the zipline when needed. The prototype’s traction and braking systems are controlled through a user-friendly interface, making it easy to operate, and with the possibility of a robust and automatic routine for goods transport. In this article, we present the simulation for the design and testing of the prototype, as well as its potential applications in various industries, such as mining, agriculture, and emergency services. Our results show that the prototype is a viable solution for zipline-based transportation, with high efficiency and performance standards. Further research and development are being conducted to optimize the prototype’s performance and expand its applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Modelling and Control Strategies for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles)
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14 pages, 4522 KiB  
Article
Optimization of a Shift Control Strategy for Pure Electric Commercial Vehicles Based on Driving Intention
by Jianguo Xi, Haozhe Si and Jianping Gao
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(2), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15020044 - 31 Jan 2024
Viewed by 985
Abstract
In order to improve the shifting quality of pure electric commercial vehicles, a torque control strategy based on the driving intention during the shifting process is presented in this paper. Firstly, dynamic analysis is conducted on the lifting and twisting stage in the [...] Read more.
In order to improve the shifting quality of pure electric commercial vehicles, a torque control strategy based on the driving intention during the shifting process is presented in this paper. Firstly, dynamic analysis is conducted on the lifting and twisting stage in the two-speed Automated Mechanical Transmission (AMT) shift process without a synchronizer. Secondly, fuzzy identification is performed on the driver’s expected acceleration, incorporating the driver’s acceleration intention into the lifting and twisting process, and, further, the output time correction factor k is deblurred. Finally, the control time of the lifting and reducing torque is corrected to achieve dynamic adjustment of the control parameters during the shift process. The actual vehicle test results indicate that the proposed control strategy can enhance the shifting quality and adapt the performance of a vehicle to the driver’s expectations and requirements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Modelling and Control Strategies for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles)
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19 pages, 5776 KiB  
Article
An Advanced Mode Switching Control Strategy for Extended-Range Concrete Mixer Trucks
by Shilong Wang, Yufei Zeng, Ying Huang, Haiming Xie, Guoye Wang and Fachao Jiang
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15020040 - 27 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1179
Abstract
The multi-operation scenes of extended-range concrete mixer trucks are complex and variable, and the operation mode switching process remains a challenge that involves coordinating the torque of the clutch, engine, and integrated starter generator. An unsuitable strategy will undermine the stability of the [...] Read more.
The multi-operation scenes of extended-range concrete mixer trucks are complex and variable, and the operation mode switching process remains a challenge that involves coordinating the torque of the clutch, engine, and integrated starter generator. An unsuitable strategy will undermine the stability of the concrete mixing cylinder and shorten the service life of the clutch. This work studies the clutch control strategy based on fuzzy control theory and coordinates the torque during the mode-switching process. The improved engine control strategy is utilized to reduce friction work and energy consumption of the integrated starter generator used to compensate torque. This control strategy is verified by simulation and experiment. The results show that it can significantly decrease the torque fluctuation by 94.3%, and also reduce friction work by 20.7% compared with the conventional engine target speed ignition strategy, which substantially improves the mode switching process and prolongs the service life of the system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Modelling and Control Strategies for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles)
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28 pages, 4696 KiB  
Article
PerfECT Design Tool: Electric Vehicle Modelling and Experimental Validation
by Henrique de Carvalho Pinheiro
World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14(12), 337; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14120337 - 05 Dec 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1891
Abstract
This article addresses a common issue in the design of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) by introducing a comprehensive methodology for the modeling and simulation of BEVs, referred to as the “PerfECT Design Tool”. The primary objective of this study is to provide engineers [...] Read more.
This article addresses a common issue in the design of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) by introducing a comprehensive methodology for the modeling and simulation of BEVs, referred to as the “PerfECT Design Tool”. The primary objective of this study is to provide engineers and researchers with a robust and streamlined approach for the early stages of electric vehicle (EV) design, offering valuable insights into the performance, energy consumption, current flow, and thermal behavior of these advanced automotive systems. Recognizing the complex nature of contemporary EVs, the study highlights the need for efficient design tools that facilitate decision-making during the conceptual phases of development. The PerfECT Design Tool is presented as a multi-level framework, divided into four logically sequential modules: Performance, Energy, Currents, and Temperature. These modules are underpinned by sound theoretical foundations and are implemented using a combination of MATLAB/Simulink and the vehicle dynamics software VI-CRT. The research culminates in the validation of the model through a series of experimental maneuvers conducted with a Tesla Model 3, establishing its accuracy in representing the mechanical, electrical, and thermal behavior of BEVs. The study’s main findings underscore the viability of the design tool as an asset in the initial phases of BEV design. Beyond its primary application, the tool holds promise for broader utilization, including the development of active control systems, advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), and solutions for autonomous driving within the domain of electric vehicles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Modelling and Control Strategies for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles)
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24 pages, 6127 KiB  
Article
Multi-Mode Switching Control Strategy for IWM-EV Active Energy-Regenerative Suspension Based on Pavement Level Recognition
by Zhigang Zhou, Zhichong Shi and Xinqing Ding
World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14(11), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14110317 - 20 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1346
Abstract
Aiming at the problems of poor overall vibration reduction and high energy consumption of in-wheel motor-driven electric vehicle (IWM-EV) active suspension on mixed pavement, a multi-mode switching control strategy based on pavement identification and particle swarm optimization is proposed. First, the whole vehicle [...] Read more.
Aiming at the problems of poor overall vibration reduction and high energy consumption of in-wheel motor-driven electric vehicle (IWM-EV) active suspension on mixed pavement, a multi-mode switching control strategy based on pavement identification and particle swarm optimization is proposed. First, the whole vehicle dynamic model containing active energy-regenerative suspension and the reference model was established, and the sliding mode controller and PID controller designed, respectively, to suppress the vertical vibration of the vehicle and the in-wheel motor. Second, a road grade recognition model based on the dynamic travel signal of the suspension and the road grade coefficient was established to identify the road grade, and then the dynamic performance and energy-feedback characteristics of suspension were optimized by particle swarm optimization. According to the results of pavement identification, the optimal solution of the suspension controller parameters under each working mode was divided and selected to realize the switch of the suspension working mode. The simulation results show that the control strategy can accurately identify the grade of road surface under the condition of mixed road surface, and the ride index of the optimized active energy-regenerative suspension is obviously improved, while some energy is recovered. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Modelling and Control Strategies for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles)
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18 pages, 1663 KiB  
Article
Cultivating Sustainable Supply Chain Practises in Electric Vehicle Manufacturing: A MCDM Approach to Assessing GSCM Performance
by Torky Althaqafi
World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14(10), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14100290 - 12 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2503
Abstract
Sustainability emphasises the crucial need to incorporate environmentally conscious practises across the entire supply chain management process in the modern age. A great emphasis is placed on minimising environmental consequences, eliminating waste, conserving energy, and sourcing materials responsibly in the production, distribution, and [...] Read more.
Sustainability emphasises the crucial need to incorporate environmentally conscious practises across the entire supply chain management process in the modern age. A great emphasis is placed on minimising environmental consequences, eliminating waste, conserving energy, and sourcing materials responsibly in the production, distribution, and disposal of electric vehicles. Electric vehicle manufacturers must prioritise sustainability to ensure that their products contribute significantly to a brighter future while also meeting the ethical and environmental demands of consumers as well as regulatory bodies. Green supply chain management (GSCM) incorporates environmentally friendly practises to reduce environmental effects. This study incorporates fuzzy TOPSIS for analysing and rating GSCM practises, assisting decision-makers in prioritising sustainability in the supply chains of electric vehicle manufacturers. We develop a multi-criteria decision-making framework to evaluate GSCM criteria while accounting for inherent uncertainty. Fuzzy TOPSIS handles linguistic problems as well as ambiguity while providing a precise GSCM representation. Real-world case studies from various sectors demonstrate the applicability and benefits of our approach to finding improvement areas and expediting GSCM assessments. This research presents a systematic, quantitative way for evaluating GSCM practises, allowing supply chain alignment with sustainability goals. This promotes environmentally sustainable practises and increases the sustainability of supply chains for electric car manufacturing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Modelling and Control Strategies for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles)
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