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Viruses
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Immunopathogenesis of Paramyxoviridae and Pneumoviridae
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Immunopathogenesis of Paramyxoviridae and Pneumoviridae

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Human Virology and Viral Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2022) | Viewed by 21305

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Bernadette G. Van den Hoogen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Interests: pneumoviruses and interaction with innate immune responses; human metapneumovirus; respiratory syncytial virus

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The virus families Paramyxoviridae and Pneumoviridae include viruses that cause a variety of well-known major diseases in humans and animals. Well-known members of the Pneumoviridae family are the Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV) and Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV), responsible for respiratory infections with significant morbidity and mortality. Human viruses of the Paramyxoviridae family include the parainfluenza viruses, the measles virus, the mumps virus, and the zoonotic viruses Nipah and Hendra, which are among the deadliest viruses known to infect humans.

While natural infection with measles and mumps viruses results in lifelong protection, infections with parainfluenza viruses, RSV and HMPV result in incomplete immunity, resulting in recurrent infections throughout life. Vaccines are only available for the measles and mumps viruses, while no therapeutics or vaccines are available to combat other paramyxo- and pneumoviruses to date.

For the development of intervention strategies it is key to understand the interaction between viruses and the host in order to identify correlates of disease or protection, and understand the viral mechanisms of immune evasion.

In this Special Issue, we would like to include research articles detailing the most current findings on the interaction between paramyxo- and pneumoviruses from humans and animals and the host’s immune system.

Dr. Bernadette G. van den Hoogen
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • paramyxoviruses
  • pneumoviruses
  • virus–host interaction
  • immune response
  • immune evasion
  • correlates of protection
  • immunopathogenesis

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 939 KiB  
Communication
Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) Infection and MPV467 Treatment in Immunocompromised Cotton Rats Sigmodon hispidus
by Kevin C. Yim, Jarrod J. Mousa, Jorge C. G. Blanco, Sonnie Kim and Marina S. Boukhvalova
Viruses 2023, 15(2), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020476 - 09 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1946
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is an important cause of respiratory disease in immunocompromised individuals, yet hMPV infection has not been modeled before in immunocompromised animals. In this work, cotton rats S. hispidus immunosuppressed by cyclophosphamide were infected with hMPV, and viral replication and pulmonary [...] Read more.
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is an important cause of respiratory disease in immunocompromised individuals, yet hMPV infection has not been modeled before in immunocompromised animals. In this work, cotton rats S. hispidus immunosuppressed by cyclophosphamide were infected with hMPV, and viral replication and pulmonary inflammation in these animals were compared to those in normal hMPV-infected S. hispidus. The efficacy of prophylactic and therapeutic administration of the anti-hMPV antibody MPV467 was also evaluated. Immunosuppressed animals had higher pulmonary and nasal titers of hMPV on day 5 post-infection compared to normal animals, and large amounts of hMPV were still present in the respiratory tract of immunosuppressed animals on days 7 and 9 post-infection, indicating prolonged viral replication. Immunosuppression was accompanied by reduced pulmonary histopathology in hMPV-infected cotton rats compared to normal animals; however, a delayed increase in pathology and pulmonary chemokine expression was seen in immunosuppressed cotton rats. Prophylactic and therapeutic MPV467 treatments protected both upper and lower respiratory tracts against hMPV infection. The lung pathology and pulmonary expression of IP-10 and MIP-1α mRNA were reduced by therapeutic MPV467 administration. These results indicate that immunosuppressed cotton rats represent a useful model for studying hMPV pathogenesis and for evaluating therapeutics that could alleviate hMPV-induced disease in immunocompromised subjects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunopathogenesis of Paramyxoviridae and Pneumoviridae)
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13 pages, 2521 KiB  
Article
Comparable Infection Level and Tropism of Measles Virus and Canine Distemper Virus in Organotypic Brain Slice Cultures Obtained from Natural Host Species
by Brigitta M. Laksono, Diana N. Tran, Ivanela Kondova, Harry G. H. van Engelen, Samira Michels, Sham Nambulli, Rory D. de Vries, W. Paul Duprex, Georges M. G. M. Verjans and Rik L. de Swart
Viruses 2021, 13(8), 1582; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13081582 - 10 Aug 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3173
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) and canine distemper virus (CDV) are closely related members of the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Morbillivirus. MV infection of humans and non-human primates (NHPs) results in a self-limiting disease, which rarely involves central nervous system (CNS) complications. In contrast, [...] Read more.
Measles virus (MV) and canine distemper virus (CDV) are closely related members of the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Morbillivirus. MV infection of humans and non-human primates (NHPs) results in a self-limiting disease, which rarely involves central nervous system (CNS) complications. In contrast, infection of carnivores with CDV usually results in severe disease, in which CNS complications are common and the case-fatality rate is high. To compare the neurovirulence and neurotropism of MV and CDV, we established a short-term organotypic brain slice culture system of the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, or cortex obtained from NHPs, dogs, and ferrets. Slices were inoculated ex vivo with wild-type-based recombinant CDV or MV expressing a fluorescent reporter protein. The infection level of both morbilliviruses was determined at different times post-infection. We observed equivalent infection levels and identified microglia as main target cells in CDV-inoculated carnivore and MV-inoculated NHP brain tissue slices. Neurons were also susceptible to MV infection in NHP brain slice cultures. Our findings suggest that MV and CDV have comparable neurotropism and intrinsic capacity to infect CNS-resident cells of their natural host species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunopathogenesis of Paramyxoviridae and Pneumoviridae)
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Review

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25 pages, 2164 KiB  
Review
Type I and Type II Interferon Antagonism Strategies Used by Paramyxoviridae: Previous and New Discoveries, in Comparison
by Giuseppe Pisanelli, Ugo Pagnini, Giuseppe Iovane and Adolfo García-Sastre
Viruses 2022, 14(5), 1107; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14051107 - 21 May 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2499
Abstract
Paramyxoviridae is a viral family within the order of Mononegavirales; they are negative single-strand RNA viruses that can cause significant diseases in both humans and animals. In order to replicate, paramyxoviruses–as any other viruses–have to bypass an important protective mechanism developed by [...] Read more.
Paramyxoviridae is a viral family within the order of Mononegavirales; they are negative single-strand RNA viruses that can cause significant diseases in both humans and animals. In order to replicate, paramyxoviruses–as any other viruses–have to bypass an important protective mechanism developed by the host’s cells: the defensive line driven by interferon. Once the viruses are recognized, the cells start the production of type I and type III interferons, which leads to the activation of hundreds of genes, many of which encode proteins with the specific function to reduce viral replication. Type II interferon is produced by active immune cells through a different signaling pathway, and activates a diverse range of genes with the same objective to block viral replication. As a result of this selective pressure, viruses have evolved different strategies to avoid the defensive function of interferons. The strategies employed by the different viral species to fight the interferon system include a number of sophisticated mechanisms. Here we analyzed the current status of the various strategies used by paramyxoviruses to subvert type I, II, and III interferon responses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunopathogenesis of Paramyxoviridae and Pneumoviridae)
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19 pages, 775 KiB  
Review
Zoonotic Origins of Human Metapneumovirus: A Journey from Birds to Humans
by Sonja T. Jesse, Martin Ludlow and Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus
Viruses 2022, 14(4), 677; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14040677 - 25 Mar 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5039
Abstract
Metapneumoviruses, members of the family Pneumoviridae, have been identified in birds (avian metapneumoviruses; AMPV’s) and humans (human metapneumoviruses; HMPV’s). AMPV and HMPV are closely related viruses with a similar genomic organization and cause respiratory tract illnesses in birds and humans, respectively. AMPV can [...] Read more.
Metapneumoviruses, members of the family Pneumoviridae, have been identified in birds (avian metapneumoviruses; AMPV’s) and humans (human metapneumoviruses; HMPV’s). AMPV and HMPV are closely related viruses with a similar genomic organization and cause respiratory tract illnesses in birds and humans, respectively. AMPV can be classified into four subgroups, A–D, and is the etiological agent of turkey rhinotracheitis and swollen head syndrome in chickens. Epidemiological studies have indicated that AMPV also circulates in wild bird species which may act as reservoir hosts for novel subtypes. HMPV was first discovered in 2001, but retrospective studies have shown that HMPV has been circulating in humans for at least 50 years. AMPV subgroup C is more closely related to HMPV than to any other AMPV subgroup, suggesting that HMPV has evolved from AMPV-C following zoonotic transfer. In this review, we present a historical perspective on the discovery of metapneumoviruses and discuss the host tropism, pathogenicity, and molecular characteristics of the different AMPV and HMPV subgroups to provide increased focus on the necessity to better understand the evolutionary pathways through which HMPV emerged as a seasonal endemic human respiratory virus. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunopathogenesis of Paramyxoviridae and Pneumoviridae)
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30 pages, 545 KiB  
Review
Immunopathology of RSV: An Updated Review
by Harrison C. Bergeron and Ralph A. Tripp
Viruses 2021, 13(12), 2478; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13122478 - 10 Dec 2021
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 7041
Abstract
RSV is a leading cause of respiratory tract disease in infants and the elderly. RSV has limited therapeutic interventions and no FDA-approved vaccine. Gaps in our understanding of virus–host interactions and immunity contribute to the lack of biological countermeasures. This review updates the [...] Read more.
RSV is a leading cause of respiratory tract disease in infants and the elderly. RSV has limited therapeutic interventions and no FDA-approved vaccine. Gaps in our understanding of virus–host interactions and immunity contribute to the lack of biological countermeasures. This review updates the current understanding of RSV immunity and immunopathology with a focus on interferon responses, animal modeling, and correlates of protection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunopathogenesis of Paramyxoviridae and Pneumoviridae)
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