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17 pages, 3141 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Brincidofovir Effectively Inhibits Proliferation of Pseudorabies Virus by Disrupting Viral Replication

by Huihui Guo, Qingyun Liu, Dan Yang, Hao Zhang, Yan Kuang, Yafei Li, Huanchun Chen and Xiangru Wang

Viruses 2024, 16(3), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16030464 - 18 Mar 2024

Viewed by 819

Abstract

Pseudorabies is an acute and febrile infectious disease caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV), a member of the family Herpesviridae. Currently, PRV is predominantly endemoepidemic and has caused significant economic losses among domestic pigs. Other animals have been proven to be susceptible to PRV, [...] Read more.

Pseudorabies is an acute and febrile infectious disease caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV), a member of the family Herpesviridae. Currently, PRV is predominantly endemoepidemic and has caused significant economic losses among domestic pigs. Other animals have been proven to be susceptible to PRV, with a mortality rate of 100%. In addition, 30 human cases of PRV infection have been reported in China since 2017, and all patients have shown severe neurological symptoms and eventually died or developed various neurological sequelae. In these cases, broad-spectrum anti-herpesvirus drugs and integrated treatments were mostly applied. However, the inhibitory effect of the commonly used anti-herpesvirus drugs (e.g., acyclovir, etc.) against PRV were evaluated and found to be limited in this study. It is therefore urgent and important to develop drugs that are clinically effective against PRV infection. Here, we constructed a high-throughput method for screening antiviral drugs based on fluorescence-tagged PRV strains and multi-modal microplate readers that detect fluorescence intensity to account for virus proliferation. A total of 2104 small molecule drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) were studied and validated by applying this screening model, and 104 drugs providing more than 75% inhibition of fluorescence intensity were selected. Furthermore, 10 drugs that could significantly inhibit PRV proliferation in vitro were strictly identified based on their cytopathic effects, virus titer, and viral gene expression, etc. Based on the determined 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC₅₀) and 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀), the selectivity index (SI) was calculated to be 26.3–3937.2 for these 10 drugs, indicating excellent drugability. The antiviral effects of the 10 drugs were then assessed in a mouse model. It was found that 10 mg/kg brincidofovir administered continuously for 5 days provided 100% protection in mice challenged with lethal doses of the human-origin PRV strain hSD-1/2019. Brincidofovir significantly attenuated symptoms and pathological changes in infected mice. Additionally, time-of-addition experiments confirmed that brincidofovir inhibited the proliferation of PRV mainly by interfering with the viral replication stage. Therefore, this study confirms that brincidofovir can significantly inhibit PRV both in vitro and in vivo and is expected to be an effective drug candidate for the clinical treatment of PRV infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pseudorabies Virus, Volume II)

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14 pages, 2969 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Recombinant Classical Pseudorabies Virus in the Context of the Variant Strains Pandemic in China

by Zhengmin Lian, Panrao Liu, Zhenbang Zhu, Zhe Sun, Xiuling Yu, Junhua Deng, Ruichao Li, Xiangdong Li and Kegong Tian

Viruses 2023, 15(9), 1966; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15091966 - 20 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1133

Abstract

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) variants were discovered in immunized pigs in Northern China and have become the dominant strains since 2011, which caused huge economic losses. In this study, a classical PRV strain was successfully isolated in a PRV gE positive swine farm. The [...] Read more.

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) variants were discovered in immunized pigs in Northern China and have become the dominant strains since 2011, which caused huge economic losses. In this study, a classical PRV strain was successfully isolated in a PRV gE positive swine farm. The complete genome sequence was obtained using a high-throughput sequencing method and the virus was named JS-2020. The nucleotide homology analysis and phylogenetic tree based on complete genome sequences or gC gene showed that the JS-2020 strain was relatively close to the classical Ea strain in genotype II clade. However, a large number of amino acid variations occurred in the JS-2020 strain compared with the Ea strain, including multiple immunogenic and virulence-related genes. In particular, the gE protein of JS-2020 was similar to earlier Chinese PRV strains without Aspartate insertion. However, the amino acid variations analysis based on major immunogenic and virulence-related genes showed that the JS-2020 strain was not only homologous with earlier PRV strains, but also with strains isolated in recent years. Moreover, the JS-2020 strain was identified as a recombinant between the GXGG-2016 and HLJ-2013 strains. The pathogenicity analysis proved that the PRV JS-2020 strain has typical neurogenic infections and a strong pathogenicity in mice. Together, a novel recombinant classical strain was isolated and characterized in the context of the PRV variant pandemic in China. This study provided some valuable information for the study of the evolution of PRV in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pseudorabies Virus, Volume II)

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13 pages, 3080 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Attempt of a New Strategy in PRV Prevention: Co-Injection with Inactivated Enterococcus faecium and Inactivated Pseudorabies Virus Intravenously

by Yuan Cui, Libo Huang, Jinlian Li, Gang Wang and Youfei Shi

Viruses 2023, 15(8), 1755; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081755 - 17 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1044

Abstract

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is one of the causative agents of common infectious diseases in swine herds. Enterococcus faecium is a probiotic belonging to the group of lactic acid bacteria and has excellent immunomodulatory effects. Vaccine immunization is an important approach to prevent animal [...] Read more.

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is one of the causative agents of common infectious diseases in swine herds. Enterococcus faecium is a probiotic belonging to the group of lactic acid bacteria and has excellent immunomodulatory effects. Vaccine immunization is an important approach to prevent animal diseases in the modern farming industry, and good immunization outcomes can substantially reduce the damage caused by pathogens to animals, improve the quality of animals’ lives, and reduce economic losses. In the present study, we showed that inactivated E. faecium and inactivated PRV when co-injected intravenously significantly reduced the mortality of mice after inoculation with PRV. The inactivated E. faecium + inactivated PRV intravenous injection group induced more production of Th cells and Tc cells. Additionally, the inactivated E. faecium + inactivated PRV intravenous injection group showed higher concentrations of cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-10) and induced higher antibody production. Thus, the co-injection of inactivated E. faecium and inactivated PRV could remarkably prevent and control the lethality of PRV infection in mice, which is a critical finding for vaccination and clinical development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pseudorabies Virus, Volume II)

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13 pages, 3191 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Establishment and Application of a Triplex Real-Time RT-PCR Assay for Differentiation of PEDV, PoRV, and PDCoV

by Wenwen Hou, Maodi Fan, Zhenbang Zhu and Xiangdong Li

Viruses 2023, 15(6), 1238; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15061238 - 25 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1479

Abstract

Porcine viral diarrhea is very common in clinical practice and has caused huge losses to the pig industry. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine rotavirus (PoRV), and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) are important pathogens of porcine viral diarrhea. Co-infection situations among these three viruses [...] Read more.

Porcine viral diarrhea is very common in clinical practice and has caused huge losses to the pig industry. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine rotavirus (PoRV), and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) are important pathogens of porcine viral diarrhea. Co-infection situations among these three viruses in clinics are common, which increases the difficulty of differential diagnosis. Currently, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is commonly used to detect pathogens. TaqMan real-time PCR is more sensitive than conventional PCR and has better specificity and accuracy. In this study, a triplex real-time RT-PCR assay based on TaqMan probes was developed for differential detection of PEDV, PoRV, and PDCoV. The triplex real-time RT-PCR assay developed in this study could not detect unrelated pathogens and showed satisfactory specificity, sensitivity, repeatability, and reproducibility with a limit of detection (LOD) of 6.0 × 10¹ copies/μL. Sixteen clinical samples were used to compare the results of the commercial RT-PCR kit and the triplex RT-PCR for PEDV, PoRV, and PDCoV detection, and the results were completely consistent. A total of 112 piglet diarrhea samples collected from Jiangsu province were next used to study the local prevalence of PEDV, PoRV, and PDCoV. The positive rates of PEDV, PoRV, and PDCoV detected by the triplex real-time RT-PCR were 51.79% (58/112), 59.82% (67/112), and 2.68% (3/112), respectively. The co-infections of PEDV and PoRV were frequent (26/112, 23.21%), followed by the co-infections of PDCoV and PoRV (2/112, 1.79%). This study established a useful tool for simultaneous differentiation of PEDV, PoRV, and PDCoV in practice and provided valuable information on the prevalence of these diarrhea viral pathogens in Jiangsu province. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pseudorabies Virus, Volume II)

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18 pages, 6681 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genomic Characterization and gE/gI-Deleted Strain Construction of Novel PRV Variants Isolated in Central China

by Jianle Ren, Shanshan Tan, Xinxin Chen, Jiying Yao, Zhihong Niu, Ying Wang, Lei Ma, Xiaolong Gao, Sheng Niu, Libin Liang, Junping Li, Yujun Zhao and Wen-xia Tian

Viruses 2023, 15(6), 1237; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15061237 - 25 May 2023

Viewed by 1350

Abstract

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) variants have caused substantial economic losses in the swine industry in China since 2011. To surveil the genetic variation in PRV field strains, here, two novel variant strains of PRV were isolated from Shanxi Province in central China and were [...] Read more.

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) variants have caused substantial economic losses in the swine industry in China since 2011. To surveil the genetic variation in PRV field strains, here, two novel variant strains of PRV were isolated from Shanxi Province in central China and were designated SX1910 and SX1911. To identify the genetic characteristics of the two isolates, their complete genomes were sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis and sequence alignment revealed that field PRV variants have undergone genetic variations; notably, the protein-coding sequences UL5, UL36, US1 and IE180 exhibited extensive variation and contained one or more hypervariable regions. Furthermore, we also found that the glycoproteins gB and gD of the two isolates had some novel amino acid (aa) mutations. Importantly, most of these mutations were located on the surface of the protein molecule, according to protein structure model analysis. We constructed a mutant virus of SX1911 with deletion of the gE and gI genes via CRISPR/Cas9. When tested in mice, SX1911-ΔgE/gI-vaccinated mice were protected within a comparable range to Bartha-K61-vaccinated mice. Additionally, a higher dose of inactivated Bartha-K61 protected the mice from lethal SX1911 challenge, while a lower neutralization titer, higher viral load and more severe microscopic lesions were displayed in Bartha-K61-vaccinated mice. These findings highlight the need for continuous monitoring of PRV and novel vaccine development or vaccination program design for PRV control in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pseudorabies Virus, Volume II)

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13 pages, 3870 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Establishment of an In Vitro Model of Pseudorabies Virus Latency and Reactivation and Identification of Key Viral Latency-Associated Genes

by Li Pan, Mingzhi Li, Xinyu Zhang, Yu Xia, Assad Moon Mian, Hongxia Wu, Yuan Sun and Hua-Ji Qiu

Viruses 2023, 15(3), 808; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15030808 - 22 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1629

Abstract

Alphaherpesviruses infect humans and most animals. They can cause severe morbidity and mortality. The pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a neurotropic alphaherpesvirus that can infect most mammals. The PRV persists in the host by establishing a latent infection, and stressful stimuli can induce the [...] Read more.

Alphaherpesviruses infect humans and most animals. They can cause severe morbidity and mortality. The pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a neurotropic alphaherpesvirus that can infect most mammals. The PRV persists in the host by establishing a latent infection, and stressful stimuli can induce the latent viruses to reactivate and cause recurrent diseases. The current strategies of antiviral drug therapy and vaccine immunization are ineffective in eliminating these viruses from the infected host. Moreover, overspecialized and complex models are also a major obstacle to the elucidation of the mechanisms involved in the latency and reactivation of the PRV. Here, we present a streamlined model of the latent infection and reactivation of the PRV. A latent infection established in N2a cells infected with the PRV at a low multiplicity of infection (MOI) and maintained at 42 °C. The latent PRV was reactivated when the infected cells were transferred to 37 °C for 12 to 72 h. When the above process was repeated with a UL54-deleted PRV mutant, it was observed that the UL54 deletion did not affect viral latency. However, viral reactivation was limited and delayed. This study establishes a powerful and streamlined model to simulate PRV latency and reveals the potential role of temperature in PRV reactivation and disease. Meanwhile, the key role of the early gene UL54 in the latency and reactivation of PRV was initially elucidated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pseudorabies Virus, Volume II)

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15 pages, 4179 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cytopathic and Genomic Characteristics of a Human-Originated Pseudorabies Virus

by Zhong Peng, Qingyun Liu, Yibo Zhang, Bin Wu, Huanchun Chen and Xiangru Wang

Viruses 2023, 15(1), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15010170 - 05 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1564

Abstract

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) generally infects pigs and threatens the pig industry. However, recently we have isolated a PRV strain designated hSD-1/2019 from infected humans. In this study, we compared the complete genome sequence of hSD-1/2019 with those of pig-originated PRV strains. Sequence alignments [...] Read more.

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) generally infects pigs and threatens the pig industry. However, recently we have isolated a PRV strain designated hSD-1/2019 from infected humans. In this study, we compared the complete genome sequence of hSD-1/2019 with those of pig-originated PRV strains. Sequence alignments revealed that the genome sequence of hSD-1/2019 was highly homologous to those of the porcine PRV strains. Phylogenetic analyses found that hSD-1/2019 was the closest related to porcine PRV endemic strains in China, particularly the variant strains circulating recently. We also showed that the glycoproteins important for the multiplication and pathogenesis of hSD-1/2019 were highly similar to those of the pig endemic strains. Diversifying selection analyses revealed that hSD-1/2019 and pig variant strains are under diversifying selection. Recombination analysis indicated that hSD-1/2019 was a recombinant of several PRV variant strains and an earlier PRV classic strain. Finally, we found that both human and pig-originated PRV strains could induce cytopathic effects in cells from humans, pigs, and mice, but only the human PRV and pig-variant PRV formed large syncytia in human cell lines. The data presented in this study contribute to our understanding of the molecular basis for the pathogenesis of human PRV from a genomic aspect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pseudorabies Virus, Volume II)

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12 pages, 2825 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interferon-Stimulated Gene 15 Knockout in Mice Impairs IFNα-Mediated Antiviral Activity

by Chen Li, Wen-Feng He, Long-Xi Li, Jing Chen, Guo-Qing Yang, Hong-Tao Chang and Hui-Min Liu

Viruses 2022, 14(9), 1862; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14091862 - 24 Aug 2022

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Abstract

Type I interferon (IFN) plays an important role in the host defense against viral infection by inducing expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). In a previous study, we found that porcine interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) exhibited antiviral activity against PRV in vitro. To further [...] Read more.

Type I interferon (IFN) plays an important role in the host defense against viral infection by inducing expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). In a previous study, we found that porcine interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) exhibited antiviral activity against PRV in vitro. To further investigate the antiviral function of ISG15 in vivo, we utilized ISG15 knockout (ISG15^-/-) mice in this study. Here, we demonstrate that ISG15^-/- mice were highly susceptible to PRV infection in vivo, as evidenced by a considerably reduced survival rate, enhanced viral replication and severe pathological lesions. However, we observed no significant difference between female and male infected WT and ISG15^-/- mice. Moreover, ISG15^-/- mice displayed attenuated antiviral protection as a result of considerably reduced expression of IFNβ and relevant ISGs during PRV replication. Furthermore, excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines may be closely related to encephalitis and pneumonia. In further studies, we found that the enhanced sensitivity to PRV infection in ISG15^-/- mice might be caused by reduced phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT2, thereby inhibiting type I IFN-mediated antiviral activity. Based on these findings, we conclude that ISG15 is essential for host type I IFN-mediated antiviral response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pseudorabies Virus, Volume II)

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16 pages, 3220 KiB

Open AccessArticle

HSP27 Attenuates cGAS-Mediated IFN-β Signaling through Ubiquitination of cGAS and Promotes PRV Infection

by Xiangrong Li, Jingying Xie, Dianyu Li, Hongshan Li, Yuhui Niu, Bei Wu, Yanmei Yang, Zhenfang Yan, Xiangbo Zhang, Lei Chen and Ruofei Feng

Viruses 2022, 14(9), 1851; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14091851 - 23 Aug 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2183

Abstract

Pseudorabies (PR) is a domestic and wild animal infectious disease caused by the pseudorabies virus (PRV) and is one of the major infectious diseases that endanger the global swine industry. Studies have reported that PRV may achieve cross-species transmission from pigs to humans [...] Read more.

Pseudorabies (PR) is a domestic and wild animal infectious disease caused by the pseudorabies virus (PRV) and is one of the major infectious diseases that endanger the global swine industry. Studies have reported that PRV may achieve cross-species transmission from pigs to humans in recent years. Therefore, in-depth exploration of the relationship between PRV and host proteins is of great significance for elucidating the pathogenic mechanism of PRV and anti-PRV infection. Here, we report that heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) ubiquitinates and degrades cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and attenuates cGAS-mediated antiviral responses, thereby promoting PRV infection. Overexpression of HSP27 promoted PRV proliferation in vitro, while knockdown of HSP27 inhibited PRV infection. Importantly, we found that HSP27 inhibited PRV infection or poly(dA:dT)-activated IFN-β expression. Further studies found that HSP27 may inhibit cGAS-STING-mediated IFN-β expression through targeting cGAS. In addition, we found that HSP27 can suppress the expression of endogenous cGAS in different cells at both gene transcription and protein expression levels, and that HSP27 interacts with and ubiquitinates cGAS. In conclusion, we reveal for the first time that HSP27 is a novel negative regulator of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway induced by PRV infection or poly(dA:dT) activation and demonstrate that HSP27 plays a crucial role in PRV infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pseudorabies Virus, Volume II)

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13 pages, 3035 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Glycyrrhiza Polysaccharide Inhibits Pseudorabies Virus Infection by Interfering with Virus Attachment and Internalization

by Changchao Huan, Yao Xu, Wei Zhang, Bo Ni and Song Gao

Viruses 2022, 14(8), 1772; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14081772 - 14 Aug 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1751

Abstract

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is one of the most important pathogens causing serious diseases and leads to huge economic losses in the global swine industry. With the continuous emergence of PRV variants and the increasing number of cases of human infection, there is an [...] Read more.

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is one of the most important pathogens causing serious diseases and leads to huge economic losses in the global swine industry. With the continuous emergence of PRV variants and the increasing number of cases of human infection, there is an urgent need to develop antiviral drugs. In this study, we discover that Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide (GCP) has anti-PRV infection activity in vitro, and 600 μg/mL GCP can completely block viral infection. The addition of GCP simultaneously with or after PRV infection had a significant inhibitory effect on PRV. Addition of GCP at different times of the virus life cycle mainly led to the inhibition of the attachment and internalization of PRV but does not affect viral replication and release. Our findings suggest that GCP has potential as a drug against PRV infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pseudorabies Virus, Volume II)

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Review

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12 pages, 289 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recombinant Pseudorabies Virus Usage in Vaccine Development against Swine Infectious Disease

by Mo Zhou, Muhammad Abid, Shinuo Cao and Shanyuan Zhu

Viruses 2023, 15(2), 370; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020370 - 28 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2006

Abstract

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is the pathogen of pseudorabies (PR), which belongs to the alpha herpesvirus subfamily with a double stranded DNA genome encoding approximately 70 proteins. PRV has many non-essential regions for replication, has a strong capacity to accommodate foreign genes, and more [...] Read more.

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is the pathogen of pseudorabies (PR), which belongs to the alpha herpesvirus subfamily with a double stranded DNA genome encoding approximately 70 proteins. PRV has many non-essential regions for replication, has a strong capacity to accommodate foreign genes, and more areas for genetic modification. PRV is an ideal vaccine vector, and multivalent live virus-vectored vaccines can be developed using the gene-deleted PRV. The immune system continues to be stimulated by the gene-deleted PRVs and maintain a long immunity lasting more than 4 months. Here, we provide a brief overview of the biology of PRV, recombinant PRV construction methodology, the technology platform for efficiently constructing recombinant PRV, and the applications of recombinant PRV in vaccine development. This review summarizes the latest information on PRV usage in vaccine development against swine infectious diseases, and it offers novel perspectives for advancing preventive medicine through vaccinology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pseudorabies Virus, Volume II)

12 pages, 740 KiB

Open AccessReview

Pseudorabies Virus Associations in Wild Animals: Review of Potential Reservoirs for Cross-Host Transmission

by Aijing Liu, Tong Xue, Xiang Zhao, Jie Zou, Hongli Pu, Xiaoliang Hu and Zhige Tian

Viruses 2022, 14(10), 2254; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14102254 - 14 Oct 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2842

Abstract

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) has received widespread attention for its potential health effects on humans, wildlife, domestic animals, and livestock. In this review, we focus on PRV dynamics in wildlife, given the importance of wild-origin PRV transmission to domestic and farm animals. Wild boars, [...] Read more.

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) has received widespread attention for its potential health effects on humans, wildlife, domestic animals, and livestock. In this review, we focus on PRV dynamics in wildlife, given the importance of wild-origin PRV transmission to domestic and farm animals. Wild boars, pigs, and raccoons can serve as reservoirs of PRV, with viral transmission to domestic livestock occurring via several routes, such as wild herd exposure, contaminated meat consumption, and insect vector transmission. Many endangered feline and canine species can be infected with PRV, with acute disease and death within 48 h. The first confirmed human case of PRV infection in mainland China was reported in 2017. Thus, PRV exhibits potentially dangerous cross-host transmission, which is likely associated with inappropriate vaccination, poor awareness, and insufficient biosecurity. Currently, no vaccine provides full protection against PRV in all animals. Here, we summarize the epidemiology and pathogenesis of PRV infection in wild, domestic, and farmed animals, which may facilitate the design of novel therapeutics and strategies for controlling PRV infection and improving wildlife protection in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pseudorabies Virus, Volume II)

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17 pages, 364 KiB

Open AccessReview

Progress of Research into Novel Drugs and Potential Drug Targets against Porcine Pseudorabies Virus

by Mo Zhou, Muhammad Abid, Shinuo Cao and Shanyuan Zhu

Viruses 2022, 14(8), 1753; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14081753 - 11 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2451

Abstract

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is the causative agent of pseudorabies (PR), infecting most mammals and some birds. It has been prevalent around the world and caused huge economic losses to the swine industry since its discovery. At present, the prevention of PRV is mainly [...] Read more.

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is the causative agent of pseudorabies (PR), infecting most mammals and some birds. It has been prevalent around the world and caused huge economic losses to the swine industry since its discovery. At present, the prevention of PRV is mainly through vaccination; there are few specific antivirals against PRV, but it is possible to treat PRV infection effectively with drugs. In recent years, some drugs have been reported to treat PR; however, the variety of anti-pseudorabies drugs is limited, and the underlying mechanism of the antiviral effect of some drugs is unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to explore new drug targets for PRV and develop economic and efficient drug resources for prevention and control of PRV. This review will focus on the research progress in drugs and drug targets against PRV in recent years, and discuss the future research prospects of anti-PRV drugs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pseudorabies Virus, Volume II)

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