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14 pages, 2944 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Femtosecond Laser Processing Method in the Sustainable Conservation of Stone Cultural Relics: An Example of Green Schist in Wudang Mountain, China

by Mu Chen, Chengaonan Wang, Kai Li, Xianshi Jia, Cong Wang and Yansong Wang

Sustainability 2024, 16(8), 3169; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16083169 - 10 Apr 2024

Viewed by 454

Abstract

The ancient building complex in Wudang Mountain, China, is known as the “Museum of Ancient Chinese Architectural Accomplishments”. However, the valuable stone components are preserved in open or semi-open environments and environmental factors such as rain seriously threaten its sustainable conservation. In this [...] Read more.

The ancient building complex in Wudang Mountain, China, is known as the “Museum of Ancient Chinese Architectural Accomplishments”. However, the valuable stone components are preserved in open or semi-open environments and environmental factors such as rain seriously threaten its sustainable conservation. In this context, a femtosecond laser processing method has been demonstrated to be able to prepare hierarchical micro-nano structures on the stone surface to regulate its wettability, achieving the purpose of sustainable conservation. In this paper, the processing mechanism and performance of the femtosecond laser on green schist, a local stone material in the Wudang Mountain, are systematically investigated. It is found that green schist, as a typical non-homogeneous material, exhibits significant differences in its absorption of femtosecond laser with different compositions. Among them, quartz, chlorite, and muscovite are the three main compositions, and they are mainly characterized by cold ablation, thermal melting, and expansion under the irradiation of the femtosecond laser (238 fs, 100 kHz, 40 μJ, 33 μm, 500–40,000 pulses), respectively, and it is difficult to achieve a uniform and stable surface structure. Based on this, we prepared grooves with a spacing of 100–400 μm by scanning the femtosecond laser. Through the characterization of surface morphology, elemental composition, and three-dimensional structure, the processing mechanism of the hierarchical micro-nano structures of green schist under the irradiation of the femtosecond laser is comprehensively revealed. Finally, the wettability modulation result of water contact angle up to 147° is achieved by processing the grooves with an optimal spacing of 400 μm. The results of this research are of guiding significance for the sustainable conservation of ancient buildings and cultural relics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Sustainable Advances in Cultural Heritage Conservation and Archaeometry)

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13 pages, 13188 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Archaeological Science and Experimental Archaeology Can Inform Sustainable Innovative Craft

by Veronica Testolini, Lenore Thompson and Cristina Lemorini

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 14685; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152014685 - 10 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1420

Abstract

This paper provides an example of how combining archaeological analysis of ancient materials with current technological needs can lead to new and innovative products designed to promote sustainability within the heritage craft sector. The project behind this paper, RecRAAFT, promoted activities where potters [...] Read more.

This paper provides an example of how combining archaeological analysis of ancient materials with current technological needs can lead to new and innovative products designed to promote sustainability within the heritage craft sector. The project behind this paper, RecRAAFT, promoted activities where potters collaborated with archaeologists to create prototypes of sustainable ceramic objects. Potters applied ancient manufacturing techniques and work practices, following interpreted steps of past production methods. Artisans aimed to produce pieces that appeal to the public while reducing their reliance on the global supply chain, promoting a more sustainable consumer culture. Once these processes were understood, experimentation that incorporated public engagement activities allowed artisans to utilise their experimental craft practice to educate people about sustainable production and consumption. RecRAAFT worked to create synergistic relationships between artisans, researchers, and local communities to inspire sustainable design and to connect the public with their local heritage and each other. The aim is to inspire craft practitioners and the public to make responsible choices about their personal consumption, subsequently supporting a fairer economy and healthy craft working environment while also addressing issues related to the climate crisis and long-term purchasing sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Sustainable Advances in Cultural Heritage Conservation and Archaeometry)

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24 pages, 8130 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards a More Sustainable and Less Invasive Approach for the Investigation of Modern and Contemporary Paintings

by Teodora Raicu, Fabiana Zollo, Laura Falchi, Elisabetta Barisoni, Matteo Piccolo and Francesca Caterina Izzo

Sustainability 2023, 15(16), 12197; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151612197 - 09 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 962

Abstract

In Heritage Science, sampling is frequently performed for the subsequent diagnostics of modern and contemporary paintings using invasive analytical techniques. However, it endangers the integrity of artworks, and thus, it should be carefully planned and carried out only as a last resort by [...] Read more.

In Heritage Science, sampling is frequently performed for the subsequent diagnostics of modern and contemporary paintings using invasive analytical techniques. However, it endangers the integrity of artworks, and thus, it should be carefully planned and carried out only as a last resort by specialists. Pigment mixtures have commonly been employed by modern and contemporary artists due to the ease of combining paints on the color palette. Hence, a painting might include both primary/secondary paints and mixtures of those. Therefore, obtaining a sample from a mixture might be sufficient for the identification of the individual primary-colored paints. This study focused on the creation of a user-friendly computational workflow for the analysis of images of paintings for the identification of mixtures using cluster analysis (K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering). Sixteen modern and contemporary paintings that belong to the International Gallery of Modern Art Ca’ Pesaro in Venice have been selected: seven of them by Guido Cadorin (1892–1976), six by Andreina Rosa (1924–2019), and three by Boris Brollo (b. 1944), and the artworks of the latter being examined for the first time in this study (using Raman and ER–FTIR spectroscopies). It was found that mixtures can be identified in unvarnished paintings that consist of both non-overlapping and vibrant-colored paint layers, like those of Boris Brollo, and overlapping paint layers, like those of Andreina Rosa. Moreover, K-means clustering performs better in the case of non-overlapping colors, whereas Fuzzy C-means in the case of overlapping colors. In contrast, paintings that have been rendered with dark colors and that present a varnish layer, like those of Guido Cadorin, cannot be preliminary investigated in the proposed manner. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Sustainable Advances in Cultural Heritage Conservation and Archaeometry)

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17 pages, 6537 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nanostructured Emulsions as Smart Cleaning Materials for Removing Aged Polymer Coatings from Stone Substrates

by Maduka L. Weththimuni, Alessandro Girella, Matteo Ferretti, Donatella Sacchi and Maurizio Licchelli

Sustainability 2023, 15(10), 8117; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108117 - 16 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1147

Abstract

Cleaning is one of the most important, essential, and delicate operation which has to be handled by conservators before applying new materials to any substrates. In past decades, nanotechnology introduced new concepts and materials in the conservation field, which have been providing many [...] Read more.

Cleaning is one of the most important, essential, and delicate operation which has to be handled by conservators before applying new materials to any substrates. In past decades, nanotechnology introduced new concepts and materials in the conservation field, which have been providing many advantageous performances, especially higher than older materials. As a result, the conservators have already started to use nanomaterials in the cleaning processes of artifacts. Taking into consideration this new approach, our study has focused on using nano-structured emulsions (NSE) as smart cleaning materials for removing polymer coatings (e.g., acrylic polymers). For this purpose, Paraloid B-72 was applied on three different substrates (glass, Lecce stone, and Arenaria stone) and cleaning was performed by a specific nano-structured emulsion (NSE) based on an eco-friendly surfactant (EcoSurf) and two organic solvents in different proportions. In order to better understand the interaction of surfactant and organic solvents with polymer coating, plain EcoSurf in water was also used for comparison. In this study, the decay process of the considered polymer was also deeply studied, because it directly affects the cleaning effectiveness. Coated specimens of the different substrates were artificially aged and examined by different techniques: chromatic variations and contact angle measurements, optical microscopy, FTIR, and SEM-EDS. This material characterization process is important to understand the colour, morphology, and micro-structural difference, and the changes of hydrophobic behaviour as well as chemical composition of Paraloid B-72 polymer due to different ageing processes. After that, substrates coated with both unaged and aged polymer were cleaned by NSE according to the direct-contact procedure and cellulose pulp method. Preliminary analyses suggested that the direct-contact cleaning performed by nano-emulsion (i.e., NSE) induced a complete removal of the acrylic polymer, despite that this method is not recommended for the artifacts and can be hardly applicable in real cases. On the other hand, experimental results showed that satisfactory cleaning of stone substrates can be obtained by using NSE/the cellulose pulp system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Sustainable Advances in Cultural Heritage Conservation and Archaeometry)

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18 pages, 5875 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Scale Monitoring Approach for the Assessment of Rising Damp Effects in Venice

by Laura Falchi, Martina Corradini, Eleonora Balliana and Elisabetta Zendri

Sustainability 2023, 15(7), 6274; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076274 - 06 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1680

Abstract

In coastal areas, the rising damp of salty water is a well-known degradation factor of historical masonries, leading to visible features such as crusts, masonry erosion, and plaster loss. Venetian masonries are strongly affected by decay caused by rising damp exacerbated by direct [...] Read more.

In coastal areas, the rising damp of salty water is a well-known degradation factor of historical masonries, leading to visible features such as crusts, masonry erosion, and plaster loss. Venetian masonries are strongly affected by decay caused by rising damp exacerbated by direct contact with salty water. Recurrent flooding due to high tides and an increase in the frequency of flooding events, also related to climate change, raises concern about the impacts. Although several studies have been carried out on probable future scenarios, a valuation of the decay risk due to rising damp at the urban level still needs to be implemented. This paper proposes a non-invasive and economically sustainable approach for evaluating rising damp effects at an urban scale. The approach includes a collection of archive images of masonries affected by rising damp dating back to the 1990s; a visual survey of the actual conservation state of masonries; a classification based on significant descriptors; and a discussion on exposure conditions and conservation states. The descriptors chosen are rising damp levels, biological growth, plaster loss, efflorescence, and brick erosion. The evaluation was implemented in a georeferenced system suitable for future comparisons, thus providing a management tool for the city’s preservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Sustainable Advances in Cultural Heritage Conservation and Archaeometry)

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38 pages, 25849 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Recycling and Reuse of Building Materials in a Historical Landscape—Viminacium Natural Brick (Serbia)

by Emilija Nikolić, Ivana Delić-Nikolić, Mladen Jovičić, Ljiljana Miličić and Nevenka Mijatović

Sustainability 2023, 15(3), 2824; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032824 - 03 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3006

Abstract

During the MoDeCo2000 scientific and research project on mortars used in the territory of the Roman Danube Limes in Serbia, the biggest challenge was the quest for the provenance of raw materials. The area where Viminacium, the largest city in the province of [...] Read more.

During the MoDeCo2000 scientific and research project on mortars used in the territory of the Roman Danube Limes in Serbia, the biggest challenge was the quest for the provenance of raw materials. The area where Viminacium, the largest city in the province of Moesia Superior developed, with millennial continuity of land use and settlement, was selected as research case study and is presented in this research. People throughout history have always used what they had at hand, and the building remains were not only reused but also recycled for new constructions. Thus, the building material of Roman Viminacium has survived in the landscape through the in situ preserved remains of Roman buildings, as well as in the structures from the later periods, up to today. To the best of our knowledge, the use of natural sediments baked during the self-combustion or combustion of underneath layers (coal in our case) for the purpose of construction was extremely rare in the Roman Empire. In this study, we follow the presence of this type of material precisely in Viminacium construction, naming it natural brick, while focusing on its potential use in lime mortars whose production was perfected in the Roman period and has never been surpassed afterward. Archaeological contexts in which this material was found have been studied, along with simultaneous work in the laboratory and in the field during the research and experimental use of the natural brick in lime mortars. We sought to determine whether this material could have been recognised by Romans in Viminacium as a potential valuable pozzolanic component of mortar, along with or instead of fired brick, being locally available and recyclable. The final confirmation of its pozzolanic features and later discussion open completely new directions for the future research of Viminacium lime mortars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Sustainable Advances in Cultural Heritage Conservation and Archaeometry)

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1 pages, 3213 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Analytical Approach for the Characterisation of Pigments from an Egyptian Sarcophagus Cover of the Late Dynastic Period: A Case Study

by Chiara Andrea Lombardi, Valeria Comite, Paola Fermo, Andrea Bergomi, Luca Trombino and Vittoria Guglielmi

Sustainability 2023, 15(3), 2002; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032002 - 20 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1572

Abstract

This work is concerned with a multi-analytical identification of the colour palette utilised in the decoration of the cover of an Egyptian sarcophagus dated to the Late Dynastic Period and belonging to a private collection. In this study, six different points were analysed [...] Read more.

This work is concerned with a multi-analytical identification of the colour palette utilised in the decoration of the cover of an Egyptian sarcophagus dated to the Late Dynastic Period and belonging to a private collection. In this study, six different points were analysed with a portable Raman spectrometer; then, in these same points, six micro-fragments were taken from the sarcophagus for laboratory analysis performed by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDXS), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and visible induced luminescence imaging (VIL). Raman spectra collected in situ showed the characteristic bands of calcite, red ochre and black carbon. SEM-EDXS analyses highlighted the presence of a copper-based pigment in the light blue, blue and black fragments; then, the ATR-FTIR spectrum of the light blue sample only displayed the peculiar bands of Egyptian blue. The latter result was confirmed by VIL analysis, which successfully identified the same pigment in blue-black fragments as well, leading to the possible authentication of the finding. Moreover, the presence of calcite, red ochre, green earth and some organic material was assessed by FTIR spectroscopy, confirming some of the results of in situ Raman analyses. Regarding organic materials, whose investigation is still ongoing, some hypotheses were made on the basis of their FTIR spectra. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Sustainable Advances in Cultural Heritage Conservation and Archaeometry)

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15 pages, 5333 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Polarization as a Sustainable Method for the Formation of Bronze Patina Layers on a Quaternary Copper Alloy: Insight into Patina Morphology and Corrosion Behaviour

by Rafael González-Parra, Alba Covelo, Arturo Barba and Miguel Hernández

Sustainability 2023, 15(3), 1899; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15031899 - 19 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1775

Abstract

The bronze patina is aesthetically pleasing and enhances the corrosion resistance of the metallic object. This corrosion product layer can develop naturally, through aging or artificially. However, artificial methods require substances that are hazardous to human health and the environment. In this study, [...] Read more.

The bronze patina is aesthetically pleasing and enhances the corrosion resistance of the metallic object. This corrosion product layer can develop naturally, through aging or artificially. However, artificial methods require substances that are hazardous to human health and the environment. In this study, a sustainable approach to patina development, based on the anodic polarization of a 85.5Cu-4.2Pb-4.5Sn-5.7Zn copper alloy immersed in 0.1 M NaCl + 0.01 M NaHCO₃ were characterized using polarization curves, chronoamperometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, electrochemical noise measurements, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that the anodic potential modifies the current density as well as the diffusion coefficient of oxygen associated with a thicker corrosion product layer. Electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy and electrochemical noise show that the porous behaviour and corrosion resistance increases as the potential becomes more anodic due to the formation of a protective layer. This behaviour corresponded with the results acquired by chronoamperometry. The surface characterization shows that the potential applied changes the surface morphology and composition of the corrosion products, being identified the crystalline phases of nantokite and atacamite although Cu, Cl, O, Zn, and Pb elements were also detected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Sustainable Advances in Cultural Heritage Conservation and Archaeometry)

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22 pages, 9226 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Search for Sustainable Architecture in Asia in the Oeuvre of Antonin Raymond: A New Attunement with Nature

by Joseph Cabeza-Lainez, Jose-Manuel Almodovar-Melendo and Inmaculada Rodríguez-Cunill

Sustainability 2022, 14(16), 10273; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610273 - 18 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1985

Abstract

The American architect Antonin Raymond carried out intense work in Japan from 1920 to 1970. Firstly, coming to Japan to collaborate with Frank Lloyd Wright in the Imperial Hotel almost as an apprentice; unexpectedly, he was to change the game for Nipponese design [...] Read more.

The American architect Antonin Raymond carried out intense work in Japan from 1920 to 1970. Firstly, coming to Japan to collaborate with Frank Lloyd Wright in the Imperial Hotel almost as an apprentice; unexpectedly, he was to change the game for Nipponese design and construction arts, creating at the same time the path to what currently stands out as a key example of modern environmentally conscious architecture. Due in part to his advanced stance in the profession, architects who now seem pivotal to the rising of a progressive movement in the island-nation were related to Raymond’s wake and influence, including Junzô Yoshimura, Kunio Maekawa, and Kenzô Tange. For these reasons, and given the fact that most of the building typologies he designed were previously nonexistent, his oeuvre caused a great impact and consideration, straddled as it is between nature and culture. Such prominent and visionary work, ahead of stylistic Western postulates, often related to mere abstraction, has not been sufficiently recognized in the history of building design. Consequently, the authors propose to settle in this article some of the most significant developments of Raymond’s work through his projects and ideas that intended to preserve the environment, such as integrated landscape and orientation to benefit from the sun and breezes, favoring ventilation through adroit design and extensive use of local material left untreated. These hard to assimilate notions would show that Raymond embodied in his work a profound respect for nature and traditions, rooted by its part in Daoism and Shintoism, which paved the way for subsequent innovations of early sustainability in the architectural domain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Sustainable Advances in Cultural Heritage Conservation and Archaeometry)

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Review

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37 pages, 4626 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sustainability in Hybrid Technologies for Heritage Preservation: A Scientometric Study

by Paola Patricia Ariza-Colpas, Marlon Alberto Piñeres-Melo, Roberto-Cesar Morales-Ortega, Andrés Felipe Rodríguez-Bonilla, Shariq Butt-Aziz, Sumera Naz, Leidys del Carmen Contreras-Chinchilla, Maribel Romero-Mestre and Ronald Alexander Vacca Ascanio

Sustainability 2024, 16(5), 1991; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16051991 - 28 Feb 2024

Viewed by 950

Abstract

The use of augmented reality applied to museums to preserve and communicate cultural heritage sustainably is a topic of increasing relevance today. Museums play an essential role in preserving and disseminating culture and history, and augmented reality has emerged as a powerful technological [...] Read more.

The use of augmented reality applied to museums to preserve and communicate cultural heritage sustainably is a topic of increasing relevance today. Museums play an essential role in preserving and disseminating culture and history, and augmented reality has emerged as a powerful technological tool to enrich the visitor experience and ensure the sustainable preservation of cultural heritage. The fundamental objective of this literature review is to explore and understand the key contributions that are being made in the field of augmented reality applied to museums, with a focus on sustainability. The literature related to this topic is dispersed in various sources of information, which motivates the need to carry out a detailed and systematic analysis incorporating sustainability aspects. To carry out this analysis, the metaphor of the “tree of science” is used. This metaphor provides a structured approach that is applied in two complementary ways. Firstly, it focuses on collecting and analyzing scientometric statistics that cover data on countries, authors, academic institutions, and research centers involved in developing augmented reality applications for museums with sustainable methodologies. This quantitative perspective offers a global view of the contributions and their geographical scope including their sustainability impact. Secondly, an evolutionary analysis based on the “tree of science” is carried out. This historical approach examines the origin and evolution of contributions in the field of augmented reality applied to museums, from its first manifestations to the most recent innovations, with an emphasis on sustainable practices. This historical approach is essential to understanding the trajectory and development of augmented reality applications in the museum context and their role in promoting sustainable cultural heritage preservation. This review aims to provide a complete and contextualized view of the use of augmented reality in museums for the sustainable preservation and communication of cultural heritage. Through a multidimensional approach encompassing scientometric statistics and historical analysis, we seek to shed light on this technology’s most significant contributions and evolution in the museum sector, with a particular focus on sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Sustainable Advances in Cultural Heritage Conservation and Archaeometry)

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19 pages, 3254 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Use of Plant Extracts as Sustainable Corrosion Inhibitors for Cultural Heritage Alloys: A Mini-Review

by Jesús Rafael González-Parra and Francesca Di Turo

Sustainability 2024, 16(5), 1868; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16051868 - 24 Feb 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1097

Abstract

Corrosion inhibitors have traditionally been utilised to protect copper alloy sculptures from corrosion despite the recognised environmental and human health risks. Knowing the associated toxicity, ongoing extensive research seeks alternative substances for corrosion reduction, giving rise to the emergence of green inhibitors. In [...] Read more.

Corrosion inhibitors have traditionally been utilised to protect copper alloy sculptures from corrosion despite the recognised environmental and human health risks. Knowing the associated toxicity, ongoing extensive research seeks alternative substances for corrosion reduction, giving rise to the emergence of green inhibitors. In this pursuit, plant extract inhibitors have gained attention, particularly in the heritage field. This review discusses recent advancements in synthesising sustainable and eco-friendly products designed to preserve metallic heritage from corrosion. We discuss the key findings on plant extracts used for corrosion control in metal alloys, taking into account the extraction methods to ensure the comprehensive coverage of relevant details. The use of plant extracts as corrosion inhibitors for metallic materials in cultural heritage (CH) is a highly promising and valuable research area. This review highlights recent advancements in the field, providing utility for conservators, conservation scientists, and restorers in identifying the most effective, eco-friendly, and safe compounds for material application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Sustainable Advances in Cultural Heritage Conservation and Archaeometry)

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20 pages, 1243 KiB

Open AccessReview

Prokaryotic Communities from Pristine Cave Environments: Biotechnological Potential with Sustainable Production

by Patrícia Gatinho, Cátia Salvador, Amélia M. Silva and Ana Teresa Caldeira

Sustainability 2023, 15(9), 7471; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097471 - 02 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2254

Abstract

Pristine environments, such as caves, are unique habitats that are isolated from human activity and are exposed to extreme environmental conditions. These environments are rich sources of microbial diversity, and the microorganisms that thrive in these conditions have developed unique survival skills. One [...] Read more.

Pristine environments, such as caves, are unique habitats that are isolated from human activity and are exposed to extreme environmental conditions. These environments are rich sources of microbial diversity, and the microorganisms that thrive in these conditions have developed unique survival skills. One such skill is the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites with potential bioactivities, which provide the organisms with a competitive advantage in these extreme environments. The isolation and characterization of microbial strains from the surfaces of pristine cave environments are important for exploring the biotechnological potential of these organisms. These studies can reveal new products with antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities, among others. In addition, the identification of specific compounds responsible for these biological activities can contribute to the development of new drugs and products for sustainable biotechnological applications. Recent developments in genomics, bioinformatics, chemoinformatics, metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology have opened new possibilities for drug discovery, making the exploration of bacterial secondary metabolites more promising. In recent years, several bacteria with bioactive potential have been described, and several compounds with bioactivity have been identified. These findings are essential for the development of new drugs and products for the benefit of society. This paper discusses the potential of microorganisms found in pristine cave surfaces as a source of new metabolites with bioactivity that could have sustainable biotechnological applications. The authors suggest that more research should be conducted in these environments to better understand the microorganisms and the biosynthesis of these metabolites and to identify new compounds and metabolic pathways that could be of interest for the development of new drugs and products. The aim is to highlight the importance of these habitats as a potential source of new bioactive compounds that could be used for sustainable biotechnological applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Sustainable Advances in Cultural Heritage Conservation and Archaeometry)

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