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Recent Advancements in Remote Sensing for Ocean Current

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A special issue of Remote Sensing (ISSN 2072-4292). This special issue belongs to the section "Ocean Remote Sensing".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2023) | Viewed by 8905

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Dr. Yukiharu Hisaki

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Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Aza-Senbaru, Nishihara-cho, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
Interests: ocean remote sensing; physical oceanography; surface waves; HF radar remote sensing; radio wave scattering from the sea surface
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Dear Colleagues,

The observation of the ocean current is necessary for the research of oceanography. However, in field observation, restrictions such as spatial resolution and observation frequency are very large.

Ocean current observation by remote sensing technology using radio waves is mainly limited to the sea surface. However, it has overcome the problems of field observation and made a great contribution to oceanography. For example, it has become possible to accurately measure the sea surface height using altimeters and to estimate geostrophic currents.

In the coastal area, it became possible to observe the ocean current with high spatial resolution through high-frequency ocean radars. In addition, there are techniques to estimate the current from sea surface temperature by radiometers and techniques to measure the current from microwave Doppler radars.

In this Special Issue, we invite a wide range of research on ocean current observation by remote sensing, from theory, engineering, and validation to application to oceanography.

Dr. Yukiharu Hisaki
Guest Editor

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Keywords

altimeter
HF radar
assimilation
mesoscale eddy

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 6089 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Ocean Surface Current in the East China Sea Computed by the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager Satellite

by Youzhi Ma, Wenbin Yin, Zheng Guo and Jiliang Xuan

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(8), 2210; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082210 - 21 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1874

Abstract

High-frequency observations of surface current field data over large areas and long time series are imperative for comprehending sea-air interaction and ocean dynamics. Nonetheless, neither in situ observations nor polar-orbiting satellites can fulfill the requirements necessary for such observations. In recent years, geostationary satellite data with ultra-high temporal resolution have been increasingly utilized for the computation of surface flow fields. In this paper, the surface flow field in the East China Sea is estimated using maximum cross-correlation, which is the most widely used flow field computation algorithm, based on the total suspended solids (TSS) data acquired from the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager satellite. The inversion results were compared with the modeled tidal current data and the measured tidal elevation data for verification. The results of the verification demonstrated that the mean deviation of the long semiaxis of the tidal ellipse of the inverted M₂ tide is 0.0335 m/s, the mean deviation of the short semiaxis is 0.0276 m/s, and the mean deviation of the tilt angle is 6.89°. Moreover, the spatially averaged flow velocity corresponds with the observed pattern of tidal elevation changes, thus showcasing the field’s significant reliability. Afterward, we calculated the sea surface current fields in the East China Sea for the years 2013 to 2019 and created distribution maps for both climatology and seasonality. The resulting current charts provide an intuitive display of the spatial structure and seasonal variations in the East China Sea circulation. Lastly, we performed a diagnostic analysis on the surface TSS variation mechanism in the frontal zone along the Zhejiang coast, utilizing inverted flow data collected on 3 August 2013, which had a high spatial coverage and complete time series. Our analysis revealed that the intraday variation in TSS in the local surface layer was primarily influenced by tide-induced vertical mixing. The research findings of this article not only provide valuable data support for the study of local ocean dynamics but also verify the reliability of short-period surface flow inversion of high-turbidity waters near the coast using geostationary satellites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancements in Remote Sensing for Ocean Current)

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18 pages, 6377 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On Doppler Shifts of Breaking Waves

by Yury Yu. Yurovsky, Vladimir N. Kudryavtsev, Semyon A. Grodsky and Bertrand Chapron

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(7), 1824; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071824 - 29 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1320

Abstract

Field-tower-based observations were used to estimate the Doppler velocity of deep water plunging breaking waves. About 1000 breaking wave events observed by a synchronized video camera and dual-polarization Doppler continuous-wave Ka-band radar at incidence angles varying from 25 to 55 degrees and various azimuths were analyzed using computer vision methods. Doppler velocities (DVs) associated with breaking waves were, for the first time, directly compared to whitecap optical velocities measured as the line-of-sight projection of the whitecap velocity vector (LOV). The DV and LOV were found correlated; however, the DV was systematically less than the LOV with the ratio dependent on the incidence angle and azimuth. The largest DVs observed at up-wave and down-wave directions were accompanied by an increase of the cross-section polarization ratio, HH/VV, up to 1, indicating a non-polarized backscattering mechanism. The observed DV was qualitatively reproduced in terms of a combination of fast specular (coherent) and slow non-specular (incoherent) returns from two planar sides of an asymmetric wedge-shaped breaker. The difference in roughness and tilt between breaker sides (the front face was rougher than the rear face) explained the observed DV asymmetry and was consistent with previously reported mean sea surface Doppler centroid data and normalized radar cross-section measurements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancements in Remote Sensing for Ocean Current)

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20 pages, 6682 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physics-Guided Reduced-Order Representation of Three-Dimensional Sound Speed Fields with Ocean Mesoscale Eddies

by Xingyu Ji, Lei Cheng and Hangfang Zhao

Remote Sens. 2022, 14(22), 5860; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14225860 - 19 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1290

Abstract

Ocean mesoscale eddies have an important role in the ocean and affect the underwater sound speed field (SSF). Many physical models have been proposed for mesoscale eddy three-dimensional (3D) structure analysis and construction. Here, we propose a model for the reduced-order representation of 3D SSF with ocean mesoscale eddies. Particularly, the radial basis functions (RBFs), which are guided by the universal physics model of mesoscale eddy in horizontal dimensions, are employed. RBF and empirical orthogonal function (EOF) are used as basis functions for 3D representation. The proposed method is an approximation of the classical Gaussian eddy model in the first-order form. Simulation results confirm the reduced-order representation performance and effectiveness in reconstruction using 136 days of HYCOM data in the northwestward of the South China Sea with a warm eddy and a cold eddy. The proposed RBF + EOF method roughly halves the number of coefficients for mesoscale eddy representation, compared with classical methods. The reduced-order representation method can be utilized in ocean acoustic tomography and acoustic remote sensing in a mesoscale area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancements in Remote Sensing for Ocean Current)

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17 pages, 9602 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterizing Residual Current Circulation and Its Response Mechanism to Wind at a Seasonal Scale Based on High-Frequency Radar Data

by Lei Ren, Lingna Yang, Guangwei Pan, Gang Zheng, Qin Zhu, Yaqi Wang, Zhenchang Zhu and Michael Hartnett

Remote Sens. 2022, 14(18), 4510; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184510 - 09 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1871

Abstract

Residual current characteristics are indicators for the net transports of sediments, nutrients, and pollutants, and for the dilution and diffusion of soluble substances in coastal areas, yet their driving mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we studied the characteristics of surface residual currents along the west coast of the island of Ireland, as well as the response mechanisms to wind at a seasonal scale based on the continuous observation data of high-frequency radar (HFR) for one year. Our analyses indicate that wind has a significant effect on generating surface residual currents, with correlation coefficients of 0.6–0.8 between wind speeds and residual current speeds at both annual and seasonal scales. However, the correlation between the directions of residual currents and the wind was not as significant as speed, likely because the directions of residual currents were not only affected by sea surface wind, but also by land boundary conditions in the research area. Moreover, the residual currents had a significant eastward flow trend identical to the wind direction at the maximum wind speed time, during which the effect of the tide on residual currents was relatively weak. Additionally, when compared with wind fields, HFR surface flow fields and surface residual current fields show that wind is the dominant driver of the variations of surface and residual flow fields. These findings shed light on coastal ecological and environmental management and can assist in the prevention and mitigation of marine disasters, by providing helpful information for improving the ability and accuracy of forecasting coastal currents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancements in Remote Sensing for Ocean Current)

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29 pages, 4230 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mesoscale Eddies in the Black Sea and Their Impact on River Plumes: Numerical Modeling and Satellite Observations

by Konstantin Korotenko, Alexander Osadchiev and Vasiliy Melnikov

Remote Sens. 2022, 14(17), 4149; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174149 - 24 Aug 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1751

Abstract

The Northeast Caucasian Current (NCC) is the northeastern part of the cyclonic Rim Current (RC) in the Black Sea. As it sometimes approaches the narrow shelf very closely, topographically generated cyclonic eddies (TGEs) can be triggered. These eddies contribute to intense, along- and cross-shelf transport of trapped water with enhanced self-cleaning effects of the coastal zone. Despite intense studies of eddy dynamics in the Black Sea, the mechanisms of the generation of such coastal eddies, their unpredictability, and their capacity to capture and transport impurities are still poorly understood. We applied a 3-D low-dissipation model DieCAST/Die2BS coupled with a Lagrangian particle transport model supported by analysis of optical satellite images to study generation and evolution of TGEs and their effect on river plumes unevenly distributed along the northeastern Caucasian coast. Using the Furrier and wavelet analyses of kinetic energy time series, it was revealed that the occurrence of mesoscale TGEs ranges from 10 up to 50 days. We focused on one particular isolated anticyclonic TGE that emerged in late fall as a result of instability of the RC impinging on the abrupt submarine area adjoining the Pitsunda and Iskuria capes. Being shed, the eddy with a 30-km radius traveled along the coast as a coherent structure during ~1.5 months at a velocity of ~3 km/day and vertical vorticity normalized by the Coriolis parameter ~(0.1 ÷ 1.2). This eddy captured water from river plumes localized along the coast and then ejected it to the open sea, providing an intense cross-shelf transport of riverine matter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancements in Remote Sensing for Ocean Current)

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