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Spaceborne SAR Calibration Technology
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Spaceborne SAR Calibration Technology

A special issue of Remote Sensing (ISSN 2072-4292). This special issue belongs to the section "Satellite Missions for Earth and Planetary Exploration".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 19 September 2024 | Viewed by 4457

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Liang Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Key Laboratory of Microwave Imaging Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Interests: SAR calibration technology; SAR transponder
Prof. Dr. Feng Ming

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Key Laboratory of Microwave Imaging Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Interests: novel calibration concept; SAR calibration alogrithms; polarimetric SAR calibration mode
Prof. Dr. Yu Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Key Laboratory of Microwave Imaging Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Interests: SAR calibration technology; interferimetric SAR calibration model; big data and AI for calibration
Prof. Dr. Robert Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
Interests: bistatic spaceborne SAR imaging technology; high-resolution spaceborne SAR systems and data processing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Many modern spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) missions have been launched or planned to be launched by many space agencies and commercial entities in recent years, with various imaging modes (HRWS mode) and various frequency configurations, such as L-band (Alos-2, LT-1, and SAOCOM missions), C-band (GF-3 and Radarsat-2) and X-band (TerraSAR-X) configurations. With the development of SAR imaging technology and the promotion of its applications, spaceborne SAR systems have gradually been developed from LEO, single-platform, and Earth observation systems to MEO and GEO, multistatic (MirroSAR and MIMO), large constellation (Capella and ICEYE missions), and moon and other planet observation (CHANGE and Chandrayaan missions) systems. SAR calibration techniques for these spaceborne sensors are required to guarantee and provide tremendous high-quality multidimensional SAR images with high geometric, radiometric, polarimetric, and interferometric accuracy for the inversion of geophysical parameters and quantitative remote sensing applications. However, it is still challenging to meet the above requirements of modern SAR systems.

This Special Issue aims to collect high-level contributions related to advances in “Spaceborne SAR Calibration Technology”. Both original research articles with innovative ideas and review articles discussing state-of-the-art research are welcome.

We would like to invite research papers presenting deviations of calibration requirements and specifications, systematic error analyses and modeling,  calibration targets and sites (cooperate passive or active targets; PS;  target of opportunity; and degradation of rainforest, moon, and other planet mission calibrations), calibration methods and techniques (cross-inter, automatic calibration for large constellations; and long-term calibration and health monitoring), novel calibration concepts, big data and AI techniques for SAR calibration, and ongoing and future mission calibration. Well-prepared, unpublished submissions that address one or more of the following topics are welcome.

Prof. Dr. Liang Li
Prof. Dr. Feng Ming
Prof. Dr. Yu Wang
Prof. Dr. Robert Wang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Remote Sensing is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • novel calibration concept
  • polarimetric and interferometric radar calibration model
  • LT-1, TerraSAR-X GF-3, HJ-1-E, and ALOS-2 calibration for SAR data
  • calibration algorithms
  • big data and AI for calibration
  • ongoing and future missions’ calibration

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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24 pages, 24233 KiB  
Article
First Assessment of Bistatic Geometric Calibration and Geolocation Accuracy of Innovative Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar LuTan-1
by Jingwen Mou, Yu Wang, Jun Hong, Yachao Wang, Aichun Wang, Shiyu Sun and Guikun Liu
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(22), 5280; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15225280 - 07 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 785
Abstract
LuTan-1 (LT-1) is a bistatic synthetic aperture radar (BiSAR) system consisting of two identical L-band SAR satellites. The bistatic mode of LT-1 plays a critical role in generating high-precision digital elevation models (DEMs), which requires precise geometric calibration of initial range and azimuth [...] Read more.
LuTan-1 (LT-1) is a bistatic synthetic aperture radar (BiSAR) system consisting of two identical L-band SAR satellites. The bistatic mode of LT-1 plays a critical role in generating high-precision digital elevation models (DEMs), which requires precise geometric calibration of initial range and azimuth times for both SARs to ensure the reliability and quality of geolocation. However, existing geometric calibration methods predominantly focus on monostatic SAR systems, with limited literature on slave SAR calibration in bistatic systems. This research addresses this gap by establishing geometric calibration models for both SARs based on signal echo history and the range–Doppler model. The geometric errors are effectively resolved using corner reflector data from Xinjiang, China. Through statistical analysis of LT-1 SAR images acquired between July and November in bistatic mode, this paper has demonstrated range delay accuracy of better than 5 ns and azimuth time accuracy of better than 0.1 ms. This level of precision translates into a positional accuracy better than 0.8 m. The proposed models have been successfully applied to geometric calibration, providing precise geolocation for LT-1, thus enhancing its utility for a wide range of Earth observation applications. This paper is the first endeavor to present the assessment of the geometric calibration and geolocation accuracy of LT-1 and discuss the results of the bistatic geometric calibration of the master and slave SARs in a BiSAR formation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spaceborne SAR Calibration Technology)
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19 pages, 25926 KiB  
Article
Interferometric Calibration Based on a Constrained Evolutionary Algorithm without Ground Control Points for a Tiangong-2 Interferometric Imaging Radar Altimeter
by Lanyu Li, Hong Tan, Bingnan Wang, Maosheng Xiang, Ke Wang and Yachao Wang
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(19), 4789; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15194789 - 30 Sep 2023
Viewed by 768
Abstract
The interferometric imaging radar altimeter (InIRA), mounted on the Tiangong-2 space laboratory, utilizes a small incidence and a short interferometric baseline to achieve altimetry for wide swathes of ocean surface topography and inland water surface elevation. To obtain a high-precision digital elevation model [...] Read more.
The interferometric imaging radar altimeter (InIRA), mounted on the Tiangong-2 space laboratory, utilizes a small incidence and a short interferometric baseline to achieve altimetry for wide swathes of ocean surface topography and inland water surface elevation. To obtain a high-precision digital elevation model (DEM), calibration of the interferometric system parameters is necessary. Because InIRA utilizes the small-incidence interference system design, serious coupling occurs between the interferometric parameters. Commonly used interferometric calibration methods tend to fall into the local optimal solution for InIRA. Because evolutionary algorithms have a stronger robustness and global search ability, they are better suited to handling the solution space structure under the coupling of complex interferometric parameters. This article establishes an interferometric calibration optimization model for InIRA by utilizing the relative flatness of the lake surface as an inequality constraint. Furthermore, an adaptive penalty coefficient constraint evolutionary algorithm is designed to solve the model. The proposed method was tested on actual InIRA data, and the results indicate that it efficiently adjusts interferometric parameters, enhancing the precision of measurements for Qinghai Lake elevation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spaceborne SAR Calibration Technology)
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Other

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11 pages, 3687 KiB  
Technical Note
Improvement and Assessment of Gaofen-3 Spotlight Mode 3-D Localization Accuracy
by Nuo Chen, Mingjun Deng, Di Wang, Zhengpeng Zhang and Yin Yang
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(10), 2512; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102512 - 10 May 2023
Viewed by 1083
Abstract
The spotlight image acquired by the Gaofen-3 satellite has a resolution of 1 m, which has great potential for 3-D localization. However, there have been no public reports on the 3-D localization accuracy evaluation of Gaofen-3 spotlight synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. Here, [...] Read more.
The spotlight image acquired by the Gaofen-3 satellite has a resolution of 1 m, which has great potential for 3-D localization. However, there have been no public reports on the 3-D localization accuracy evaluation of Gaofen-3 spotlight synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. Here, three study areas were selected from this perspective, and the SAR spotlight stereo images of the study area were acquired using Gaofen-3. In the case of no ground control points (GCPs), based on the Rational Polynomial Coefficient (RPC) model, these images were used for initial 3-D localization; the plane accuracy was better than 10 m in general, and the elevation accuracy was worse than 37 m in general. Subsequently, the RPC model was optimized using geometric calibration technology, and the 3-D localization accuracy was assessed again. The elevation accuracy was significantly improved, which was generally better than 5 m. The plan accuracy was also improved, and it was generally better than 6 m. It can be seen that Gaofen-3 spotlight stereo images are of good quality, and high plane accuracy can be obtained even without GCPs. Geometric calibration technology improves the 3-D localization accuracy, and the elevation accuracy optimization effect is remarkable. Moreover, the optimization effect of plane accuracy is affected by the properties of stereo-image pairs. The optimization effect of plane accuracy is obvious for asymmetric stereo-image pairs, and the optimization effect of plane accuracy is general for symmetric stereo-image pairs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spaceborne SAR Calibration Technology)
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13 pages, 3136 KiB  
Technical Note
A Novel Point Target Attitude Compensation Method Using Electromagnetic Reflectance Theory
by Yonghui Han, Pingping Lu, Wentao Hou, Yao Gao and Robert Wang
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(9), 2345; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092345 - 28 Apr 2023
Viewed by 829
Abstract
During the process of the airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system platform in space, platform attitude deflection is inevitable. However, large attitude deflection angles are unacceptable for polarimetric calibration using point targets, especially the dihedral, which is very sensitive to the pointing angle [...] Read more.
During the process of the airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system platform in space, platform attitude deflection is inevitable. However, large attitude deflection angles are unacceptable for polarimetric calibration using point targets, especially the dihedral, which is very sensitive to the pointing angle of the radar. To mitigate the impact of attitude angles on calibration accuracy, attitude compensation of the corner reflector is necessary during the calibration process. The conventional approach to attitude compensation typically maps the three-dimensional attitude angle information to the one-dimensional polarimetric orientation angle (POA) information. However, the reduction of dimension inevitably results in information loss, leading to errors that affect calibration performance when the attitude angle is large. In order to ensure the accuracy of point target calibration, this paper proposes a novel point target compensation method based on the reflection theory of electromagnetic waves. This method is based on three-dimensional attitude angle information and has higher reliability than the POA method. Finally, this paper calculates the distance between the scattering matrices obtained after compensation based on the proposed method and the POA method to obtain the difference in the performance of the two methods. Through a simulation, this paper finds that when the attitude angle is small, the results of the two schemes are approximately the same, but as the attitude angle increases, the error between the two gradually increases. This suggests that the proposed method has greater advantages in the case of attitude deflection. Furthermore, the proposed method does not require additional information supplementation compared with the equivalent POA method, making it highly practical. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spaceborne SAR Calibration Technology)
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