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Applications of Process Control in Energy Systems

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A special issue of Processes (ISSN 2227-9717). This special issue belongs to the section "Energy Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (5 October 2022) | Viewed by 30811

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Jong-Chan Kim

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Guest Editor

Department of Computer Engineering, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Korea
Interests: Artificial Intelligent control; image process; big data; fuzzy control; HCI

Dr. Jae-Sub Ko

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Guest Editor

Department of Electrical Engineering, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Korea
Interests: artificial intelligent control; motor control; PV system; MPPT; smart grid

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Energy consumption is increasing globally, and energy demand is expected to increase by 30% by 2040. A climate change agreement was signed in Paris in 2015 to cope with the rapidly changing climate. The energy consumed by buildings is about 80%–85% in high-temperature and high-humidity regions, and 39% and 40% in Europe and the USA, respectively. The CO₂ emissions from these buildings account for 30%–40% of all industries. In particular, air conditioning systems account for 10% of the total energy, and in Japan, the United States, and Korea, 91%, 90%, and 86% of residents have air conditioners. Such air conditioning systems are used for heating, ventilating, and cooling the room air, and represent a financial burden for consumers since they are continuously used even in the peak load time of the building. The load on these air conditioning systems accounts for about 25% of the building load according to the data released by the US Energy Information Administration in 2017.

Additionally, Industry 4.0 has been a widely discussed issue in the last few years and the subjects pertaining to current electric power supply systems are foundational to it. Process control in energy systems is essential for monitoring at nuclear stations, solar photovoltaic stations, thermal stations, and wind power stations, as well as monitoring in manufacturing factories.

Thus, this Special Issue (SI) focuses on its contributing factors to human society and provides an opportunity for discussions on the relevant convergence technologies. Manuscripts may discuss their technological aspects, usefulness, and contributing factors of their respective applications of process control in energy systems after choosing a suitable subject from the list below or select other ones if needed.

The scope of the invited research is not limited to the list below, as long as it is socially meaningful:

Applications of process control in energy systems;
Process control;
Fuzzy control;
Motor control;
PV systems;
MPPT;
Big data of process control;
Computer vision and image processing of process control
Optimization theory;
Smart grids/micro grids;
Digital excitation control system;
Monitoring applications;
CO₂ emissions;
Manufacturing factories in energy systems;
Artificial intelligence applications.

Dr. Jong-Chan Kim
Dr. Jae-Sub Ko
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Processes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

applications
process control
energy systems
artificial intelligent
fuzzy control
motor control
PV systems
MPPT
intelligent process control

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 19857 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Compound Control on Constant Synchronous Output of Double Pump-Double Valve-Controlled Motor System

by Chenhui Zhu, Hongmei Zhang, Wanzhang Wang, Kang Li, Zheng Zhou and Hao He

Processes 2022, 10(3), 528; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10030528 - 7 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1987

Abstract

In this paper, a control method featuring double closed-loop compound robust is proposed to deal with the underperformances of double pump-double valve-controlled motors under external interference, such as poor stability of output speed, low controllability, and difficulties in managing synchronous output. By using this method, with the output speed of the hydraulic motor kept constant as the control objective, the sliding-mode controller of the single-channel motor is designed for the inner loop, while the double-channel cross-coupled enclosed-loop control is applied to the outer loop. Adjustments then are made to the speeds of the two motors, thus finally managing to realize the constant control on synchronous output of the two motors. Both simulation and test results indicate that this control method has produced higher control accuracy and robustness, with the system output speed difference lowered by 57.6%, the stability adjustment time shortened by 25% on average, and the synchronization error of the system output speed averaged only 1.25%, all of which have met the requirements of the stability and synchronous control on the output speed. Under the compound control method proposed in this paper, the output stability of the hydraulic servo valve-controlled motor system could be increased in complex circumstances featuring nonlinear input, and this method provides a reference for the control studies of the double-channel hydraulic servo valve-controlled motor system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Process Control in Energy Systems)

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16 pages, 3796 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electronic Expansion Valve Experimental System Debugging Solution Based on PI Control Algorithm on Single-Tube Heat Exchange Experimental Platform

by Jinfeng Wang, Wanying Chang and Jing Xie

Processes 2022, 10(1), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10010139 - 10 Jan 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3823

Abstract

In this paper, the electronic expansion valve (EXV) on the single-tube heat exchange experimental platform was used as a research object. Firstly, the EXVs were selected according to the experimental requirements, and the functional parameters were set. Subsequently, the effective opening ranges of the EXVs were determined by manual control, and the control effects of the EXVs installed at the front and back ends of the test section were compared. Finally, by self-tuning and optimizing the best response curves, the proportional and integral coefficients suitable for the experimental platform were obtained; thus, the automatic intelligent control of EXV based on the proportional integral (PI) control algorithm was realized. From setting EXV functional parameters to realizing PI control, an appropriate experimental system-debugging solution for the whole process could be obtained. Based on the solution, the system stability could be improved, and the transition process time could be shortened. Furthermore, the solution also provided a method to guarantee the accuracy of experimental data and could be applied to the debugging of similar experimental systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Process Control in Energy Systems)

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19 pages, 4606 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Inverter Efficiency Analysis Model Based on Solar Power Estimation Using Solar Radiation

by Chul-Young Park, Seok-Hoon Hong, Su-Chang Lim, Beob-Seong Song, Sung-Wook Park, Jun-Ho Huh and Jong-Chan Kim

Processes 2020, 8(10), 1225; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8101225 - 1 Oct 2020

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 10515

Abstract

The photovoltaic (PV) industry is an important part of the renewable energy industry. With the growing use of PV systems, interest in their operation and maintenance (O&M) is increasing. In this regard, analyses of power generation efficiency and inverter efficiency are very important. The first step in efficiency analysis is solar power estimation based on environment sensor data. In this study, solar power was estimated using a univariate linear regression model. The estimated solar power data were cross-validated with the actual solar power data obtained from the inverter. The results provide information on the power generation efficiency of the inverter. The linear estimation model developed in this study was validated using a single PV system. It is possible to apply the coefficients presented in this study to other PV systems, even though the nature and error rates of the collected data may vary depending on the inverter manufacturer. To apply the proposed model to PV systems with different power generation capacities, reconstructing the model according to the power generation capacity is necessary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Process Control in Energy Systems)

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28 pages, 14604 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Autonomous Indoor Scanning System Collecting Spatial and Environmental Data for Efficient Indoor Monitoring and Control

by Dongwoo Park and Soyoung Hwang

Processes 2020, 8(9), 1133; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8091133 - 11 Sep 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2616

Abstract

As various activities related to entertainment, business, shopping, and conventions are done increasingly indoors, the demand for indoor spatial information and indoor environmental data is growing. Unlike the case of outdoor environments, obtaining spatial information in indoor environments is difficult. Given the absence of GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) signals, various technologies for indoor positioning, mapping and modeling have been proposed. Related business models for indoor space services, safety, convenience, facility management, and disaster response, moreover, have been suggested. An autonomous scanning system for collection of indoor spatial and environmental data is proposed in this paper. The proposed system can be utilized to collect spatial dimensions suitable for extraction of a two-dimensional indoor drawing and obtainment of spatial imaging as well as indoor environmental data on temperature, humidity and particulate matter. For these operations, the system has two modes, manual and autonomous. The main function of the systems is autonomous mode, and the manual mode is implemented additionally. It can be applied in facilities without infrastructure for indoor data collection, such as for routine indoor data collection purposes, and it can also be used for immediate indoor data collection in cases of emergency (e.g., accidents, disasters). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Process Control in Energy Systems)

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17 pages, 5947 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spray Structure and Characteristics of a Pressure-Swirl Dust Suppression Nozzle Using a Phase Doppler Particle Analyze

by Junpeng Wang, Cuicui Xu, Gang Zhou and Yansong Zhang

Processes 2020, 8(9), 1127; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8091127 - 10 Sep 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3474

Abstract

In order to understand the characteristics of the spray field of a dust suppression nozzle and provide a reference for dust nozzle selection according to dust characteristics, a three-dimensional phase Doppler particle analyzer (PDPA) spray measurement system is used to analyze the droplet size and velocity characteristics in a spray field, particularly the joint particle size–velocity distribution. According to the results, after the ejection of the jet from the nozzle, the droplets initially maintained some velocity; however, the distribution of particles with different sizes was not uniform. As the spray distance increased, the droplet velocity decreased significantly, and the particle size distribution changed very little. As the distance increased further, the large droplets separated into smaller droplets, and their velocity decreased rapidly. The distributions of the particle size and velocity of the droplets then became stable. Based on the particle size-velocity distribution characteristics, the spray structure of pressure-swirl nozzles can be divided into five regions, i.e., the mixing, expansion, stabilization, decay, and rarefied regions. The expansion, stabilization, and decay regions are the effective dust fall areas. In addition, the droplet size in the stabilization region is the most uniform, indicating that this region is the best dust fall region. The conclusions can provide abundant calibration data for spray dust fall nozzles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Process Control in Energy Systems)

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21 pages, 7396 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Implementation of Common Rail Direct Injection System and Optimization of Fuel Injector Parameters in an Experimental Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine

by Yew Heng Teoh, Heoy Geok How, Ching Guan Peh, Thanh Danh Le and Huu Tho Nguyen

Processes 2020, 8(9), 1122; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8091122 - 9 Sep 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5321

Abstract

The diesel engine is one of the solutions to slow down fossil fuel depletion due to its high efficiency. However, its high pollutant emission limits its usage in many fields. To improve its efficiency and emissions, a conventional mechanical fuel injection system (MFI) was be replaced with common rail direct injection (CRDI) system for the purpose of this study. In this way, injection parameters such as injection timing, injection pressure and multiple injection schemes can be tuned to enhance the engine performance. The rail pressure and engine speed response of the modified diesel engine was tested. It was found that by advancing the start of injection timing (SOI) timing or increasing the rail pressure, the brake torque generated can be increased. Multiple injection schemes can be implemented to reduce the peak heat release rate (HRR). Post injection was observed to increase the late combustion HRR. The maximum pressure rise rate (PRR) can be reduced by applying pilot injection. Further research was conducted on optimizing fuel injector parameters to improve the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) consistency and reduce injector power consumption. The consistency of IMEP was indicated by coefficient of variation (CoV) of IMEP. The injector parameters included open time, low time and duty cycle of injector signals. These parameters were optimized by carrying out response surface methodology. The optimized parameters were observed to be 230 µs for open time, 53µs for low time and 27.5% for duty cycle. The percentage of error of CoV of IMEP and injector power were found to be lower than 5% when the predicted results are compared with experimental results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Process Control in Energy Systems)

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8 pages, 2288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Studies on a New Controller Design and Implementation in Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

by Ramasamy Govindarasu and Solaiappan Somasundaram

Processes 2020, 8(7), 796; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8070796 - 8 Jul 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2211

Abstract

A dynamic model of a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell is developed in the MATLAB platform. A newly proposed Coefficient Diagram based Proportional Integral Controller (CD-PIC) is designed and its parameters are calculated. The newly designed CD-PIC is implemented in a real time Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) experimental setup. Performances in real time operation of the Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) are evaluated. The performance of CD-PIC is obtained under tracking of set point changes. In order to evaluate the CD-PIC performances, most popular tuning rules based Conventional PI Controllers (C-PIC) are also designed and analyzed. Set point tracking is carried out for the step changes of ±10% and ±15% at two different operational points. The controller performances are analyzed in terms of Controller Performance Measuring (CPM) indices. The said performance measures indicate that the proposed CD-PIC gives the superior performances for set point changes and found very much robust in controlling DMFC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Process Control in Energy Systems)

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