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Processes
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Drug Delivery Systems: Theory, Methods and Applications
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Drug Delivery Systems: Theory, Methods and Applications

A special issue of Processes (ISSN 2227-9717). This special issue belongs to the section "Pharmaceutical Processes".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2022) | Viewed by 12239

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Ana Cristina Faria Ribeiro

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Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
Interests: transport properties; thermodynamic properties; electrolytes; polyelectrolytes; polymers; carbohydrates; drugs
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Pedro M.G. Nicolau

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Guest Editor
Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000 - 075 Coimbra, Portugal
Interests: clinical investigation; laboratory development of medical devices for prosthodontics and implantology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Sónia I.G. Fangaia

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000 - 075 Coimbra, Portugal
Interests: corrosion; dental alloys; diffusion; transport properties; biochemistry; prosthodontis; prosthetics; tribological properties of dental materials; wear
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The study of thermodynamic and transport processes of drug delivery systems in solutions is important both for fundamental reasons, helping to understand the nature of aqueous drug and carrier structures, and for practical application in fields such as pharmaceuticals, chemistry, and medicine. However, despite the many reasons that justify the importance of these complex systems, our understanding of them has not yet been well-established. Therefore, in this Special Issue entitled “Drug Delivery Systems: Theory, Methods, and Applications”, we encourage researchers to present the most recent studies regarding various developments in the chemical, pharmaceutical and medicinal fields, with a strong focus on the drugs, carriers, bioavailability, and delivery systems, and, also, on characterization of these drug delivery systems, supplying parameters of transport and thermodynamic processes, permitting to model them for future practical applications. The manuscripts may include research articles and reviews in order to advance the chemical and pharmaceutical development.

Prof. Dr. Ana Cristina Faria Ribeiro
Prof. Dr. Pedro M.G. Nicolau
Dr. Sónia I.G. Fangaia
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Processes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • carriers
  • cyclodextrins
  • drugs
  • delivery systems
  • hyaluronic acid
  • polyelectrolytes, resorcirarenes
  • thermodynamic and transport properties
  • salts

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Editorial

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2 pages, 183 KiB  
Editorial
Advanced Studies on Drug Delivery Systems: Characterization and Their Impact on Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Areas
by Ana C. F. Ribeiro, Pedro M. G. Nicolau and Sónia I. G. Fangaia
Processes 2022, 10(11), 2427; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10112427 - 17 Nov 2022
Viewed by 988
Abstract
This work shows some advanced studies in model pharmaceutical formulations that help to develop guidelines for the rational design of controlled release systems [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drug Delivery Systems: Theory, Methods and Applications)

Research

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11 pages, 1628 KiB  
Article
Diffusion of Ethanol in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide—Investigation of scCO2-Cosolvent Mixtures Used in Pharmaceutical Applications
by Cecília I. A. V. Santos, Marisa C. F. Barros and Ana C. F. Ribeiro
Processes 2022, 10(4), 660; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10040660 - 29 Mar 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2168
Abstract
Diffusion coefficients, D, for ethanol in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) were measured in the temperature range 306.15–331.15 K and along the 10.5 MPa isobar, using the Taylor dispersion technique. The obtained diffusivities ranged from 1.49 × 10−8 to 2.98 [...] Read more.
Diffusion coefficients, D, for ethanol in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) were measured in the temperature range 306.15–331.15 K and along the 10.5 MPa isobar, using the Taylor dispersion technique. The obtained diffusivities ranged from 1.49 × 10−8 to 2.98 × 10−8 m2 s−1, an order of magnitude higher than in usual liquids. The dependence of D on temperature and solvent density was examined. Various correlation models based in the hydrodynamic theory were assessed to estimate the diffusion coefficients, with reasonable results obtained for the Wilke–Chang and Lai–Tan models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drug Delivery Systems: Theory, Methods and Applications)
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13 pages, 1459 KiB  
Article
Product Development Studies of Cranberry Seed Oil Nanoemulsion
by Wael A. Mahdi, Prawez Alam, Abdullah Alshetaili, Sultan Alshehri, Mohammed M. Ghoneim and Faiyaz Shakeel
Processes 2022, 10(2), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10020393 - 18 Feb 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2753
Abstract
Cranberry seed oil (CSO) can be used in various skin diseases, perhaps due to the presence of ω-3, ω-6, and ω-9 fatty acids. In addition, tocotrienols (vitamin E) has demonstrated powerful antioxidant activity. The combined application of CSO nanoemulsions open a promising avenue [...] Read more.
Cranberry seed oil (CSO) can be used in various skin diseases, perhaps due to the presence of ω-3, ω-6, and ω-9 fatty acids. In addition, tocotrienols (vitamin E) has demonstrated powerful antioxidant activity. The combined application of CSO nanoemulsions open a promising avenue for skin conditions. The goal of this work was to create a nanoemulsion (NE) containing CSO and test its stability and in vitro release. To make NE formulations (CNE1-CNE6), the aqueous titration method was used. Following the creation of NE formulations, we selected the CNE4 formulation, which had a mean droplet size of around 110 nm, a narrow size distribution (PDI < 0.2), a steady zeta potential (−34.21 mV), and a high percentage transmittance (>99%). Furthermore, electron microscopy imaging revealed nanosized spherical droplets without any aggregation in the CNE4 formulation, which showed high entrapment efficiency (>80%). Densitometry analysis confirmed linoleic acid (RF 0.62) as a major component of CSO using toluene–acetone–glacial acetic acid (90:9:1 v/v/v) as a mobile phase. Nanogel had a three-fold greater cumulative drug permeation through the skin than neat CSO. This study shows that a unique CSO delivery technique can be used to treat skin diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drug Delivery Systems: Theory, Methods and Applications)
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13 pages, 2784 KiB  
Article
The Prediction of Essential Medicines Demand: A Machine Learning Approach Using Consumption Data in Rwanda
by Francois Mbonyinshuti, Joseph Nkurunziza, Japhet Niyobuhungiro and Egide Kayitare
Processes 2022, 10(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10010026 - 24 Dec 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5409
Abstract
Today’s global business trends are causing a significant and complex data revolution in the healthcare industry, culminating in the use of artificial intelligence and predictive modeling to improve health outcomes and performance. The dataset, which was referred to is based on consumption data [...] Read more.
Today’s global business trends are causing a significant and complex data revolution in the healthcare industry, culminating in the use of artificial intelligence and predictive modeling to improve health outcomes and performance. The dataset, which was referred to is based on consumption data from 2015 to 2019, included approximately 500 goods. Based on a series of data pre-processing activities, the top ten (10) essential medicines most used were chosen, namely cotrimoxazole 480 mg, amoxicillin 250 mg, paracetamol 500 mg, oral rehydration salts (O.R.S) sachet 20.5 g, chlorpheniramine 4 mg, nevirapine 200 mg, aminophylline 100 mg, artemether 20 mg + lumefantrine (AL) 120 mg, Cromoglycate ophthalmic. Our study concentrated on the application of machine learning (ML) to forecast future trends in the demand for essential drugs in Rwanda. The following models were created and applied: linear regression, artificial neural network, and random forest. The random forest was able to predict 10 selected medicines with an accuracy of 88 percent with the train set and 76 percent with the test set, and it can thus be used to forecast future demand based on past consumption data by inputting a month, year, district, and medicine name. According to our findings, the random Forest model performed well as a forecasting model for the demand for essential medicines. Finally, data-driven predictive modeling with machine learning (ML) could become the cornerstone of health supply chain planning and operational management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drug Delivery Systems: Theory, Methods and Applications)
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11 pages, 518 KiB  
Article
Dependence of Viscosity and Diffusion on β-Cyclodextrin and Chloroquine Diphosphate Interactions
by Lenka Musilová, Aleš Mráček, Eduarda F. G. Azevedo, M. Melia Rodrigo, Artur J. M. Valente, Miguel A. Esteso and Ana C. F. Ribeiro
Processes 2021, 9(8), 1433; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9081433 - 19 Aug 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1391
Abstract
Mutual diffusion coefficients of chloroquine diphosphate (CDP) in aqueous solutions both without and with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) were measured at concentrations from (0.0000 to 0.0100) mol dm−3 and 298.15 K, using the Taylor dispersion technique. Ternary mutual diffusion coefficients ( [...] Read more.
Mutual diffusion coefficients of chloroquine diphosphate (CDP) in aqueous solutions both without and with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) were measured at concentrations from (0.0000 to 0.0100) mol dm−3 and 298.15 K, using the Taylor dispersion technique. Ternary mutual diffusion coefficients (Dik) measured by the same technique are reported for aqueous CDP + β-CD solutions at 298.15 K. The presence of β CD led to relevant changes in the diffusion process, as showed by nonzero values of the cross-diffusion coefficients, D12 and D21. β-CD concentration gradients produced significant co-current coupled flows of CDP. In addition, the effects of β-CD on the transport of CDP are assessed by comparing the binary diffusion coefficient of aqueous CDP solutions with the main diffusion coefficient (D11) measured for ternary {CDP(1) + β-CD(2)} solutions. These observations are supported by viscosity analysis. All data allow to have a better interpretation on the effect of cyclodextrin on the transport behavior of CDP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drug Delivery Systems: Theory, Methods and Applications)
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Review

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14 pages, 1967 KiB  
Review
A Review of the Application of Resorcinarenes and SBA-15 in Drug Delivery
by Diana M. Galindres, Diego Cifuentes, Luz Elena Tinoco, Yesid Murillo-Acevedo, M. Melia Rodrigo, Ana C. F. Ribeiro and Miguel A. Esteso
Processes 2022, 10(4), 684; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10040684 - 31 Mar 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2621
Abstract
Due to the diseases that people face today, scientists dedicate a part of their research to the synthesis, characterization, and study of functional compounds for controlled drug delivery. On the one hand, resorcinarenes are macrocycles obtained by condensation reactions of resorcinol and aldehyde. [...] Read more.
Due to the diseases that people face today, scientists dedicate a part of their research to the synthesis, characterization, and study of functional compounds for controlled drug delivery. On the one hand, resorcinarenes are macrocycles obtained by condensation reactions of resorcinol and aldehyde. They include an upper and a lower rim functioning with different groups that confer solubility to the macrocycle and favor interactions with other compounds, therefore the hydroxyl groups on the upper rim improve the formation of hydrogen bonds. Additionally, resorcinarenes feature a cavity studied for forming host-guest complexes. SBA-15, on the other hand, is a mesoporous silica characterized by ordered pores in its structure and a large surface area. As a result of its properties, it has been used for several purposes, including absorbents, drug delivery, catalysis, and environmental processes. This review shows the recent advances in synthesis methods, characterization, micelle formation, interaction with other compounds, and host-guest procedures, as well as techniques for evaluating toxicity, drug retention, and their preliminary uses in pharmacology for macrocycles, such as resorcin[4]arenes and SBA-15. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drug Delivery Systems: Theory, Methods and Applications)
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