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Salinity Stress in Plants and Molecular Responses 2.0
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Salinity Stress in Plants and Molecular Responses 2.0

A special issue of Plants (ISSN 2223-7747). This special issue belongs to the section "Plant Physiology and Metabolism".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2023) | Viewed by 24763

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Pasqualina Woodrow

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Guest Editor
Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies. University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Antonio Vivaldi, 43-81100 Caserta, Italy
Interests: genetics and plant molecular physiology; plant molecular characterization by mitochondrial and nuclear genes; effect of abiotic stresses on retrotransposon mobilization; gene stress activation; plant–fungi interactions and gene resistance
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Loredana Filomena Ciarmiello

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Guest Editor
Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Antonio Vivaldi, 43-81100 Caserta, Italy
Interests: genetics and plant molecular physiology; application of molecular markersfor genotipic characterization and plant improvement; effect of abiotic stresses on retrotransposon mobilization; gene stress activation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Salinity is a major environmental stressor for plants and results in significant economic losses worldwide. Salinity influences different plant developmental stages, including germination, shoot and root lengths, leaf area, plant height, and flower development. Plants, being sessile organisms, are unable to escape unfavorable environmental conditions and have therefore evolved with a wide range of response mechanisms that allow plants to adapt to adverse environmental conditions, including the expression of stress protective proteins. Adaptive transcriptional and translation changes ensure that a strong defense response occurs under high salinity conditions. To develop the resistance of cultivated plants to salt stress, it is therefore important to isolate, identify, and study the functions of new genes related to tolerance.

Dr. Pasqualina Woodrow
Dr. Loredana Filomena Ciarmiello
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • gene activation
  • salt stress adaptive responses
  • salt tolerance QTLs
  • retrotransposon activation

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

23 pages, 2628 KiB  
Article
Salt Priming as a Smart Approach to Mitigate Salt Stress in Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.)
by Amira K. Nasrallah, Mohamed A. M. Atia, Reem M. Abd El-Maksoud, Maimona A. Kord and Ahmed S. Fouad
Plants 2022, 11(12), 1610; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11121610 - 20 Jun 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2183
Abstract
The present investigation aims to highlight the role of salt priming in mitigating salt stress on faba bean. In the absence of priming, the results reflected an increase in H2O2 generation and lipid peroxidation in plants subjected to 200 mM salt shock for [...] Read more.
The present investigation aims to highlight the role of salt priming in mitigating salt stress on faba bean. In the absence of priming, the results reflected an increase in H2O2 generation and lipid peroxidation in plants subjected to 200 mM salt shock for one week, accompanied by a decline in growth, photosynthetic pigments, and yield. As a defense, the shocked plants showed enhancements in ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), peroxidase (POX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. Additionally, the salt shock plants revealed a significant increase in phenolics and proline content, as well as an increase in the expression levels of glutathione (GSH) metabolism-related genes (the L-ascorbate peroxidase (L-APX) gene, the spermidine synthase (SPS) gene, the leucyl aminopeptidase (LAP) gene, the aminopeptidase N (AP-N) gene, and the ribonucleo-side-diphosphate reductase subunit M1 (RDS-M) gene). On the other hand, priming with increasing concentrations of NaCl (50–150 mM) exhibited little significant reduction in some growth- and yield-related traits. However, it maintained a permanent alert of plant defense that enhanced the expression of GSH-related genes, proline accumulation, and antioxidant enzymes, establishing a solid defensive front line ameliorating osmotic and oxidative consequences of salt shock and its injurious effect on growth and yield. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Salinity Stress in Plants and Molecular Responses 2.0)
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22 pages, 428 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Biochar and/or Melatonin Improve Salinity Tolerance in Borage Plants by Modulating Osmotic Adjustment, Antioxidants, and Ion Homeostasis
by Saad Farouk and Arwa Abdulkreem AL-Huqail
Plants 2022, 11(6), 765; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11060765 - 13 Mar 2022
Cited by 53 | Viewed by 3142
Abstract
Salinity is persistently a decisive feature confining agricultural sustainability and food security in arid and semi-arid regions. Biochar (Bi) has been advocated as a means of lessening climate changes by sequestering carbon, concurrently supplying energy and rising crop productivity under normal or stressful [...] Read more.
Salinity is persistently a decisive feature confining agricultural sustainability and food security in arid and semi-arid regions. Biochar (Bi) has been advocated as a means of lessening climate changes by sequestering carbon, concurrently supplying energy and rising crop productivity under normal or stressful conditions. Melatonin (Mt) has been shown to mediate numerous biochemical pathways and play important roles in mitigating multi-stress factors. However, their integrated roles in mitigating salt toxicity remain largely inexpressible. A completely randomized design was conducted to realize the remediation potential of Bi and/or Mt in attenuation salinity injury on borage plants by evaluating its effects on growth, water status, osmotic adjustment, antioxidant capacity, ions, and finally the yield. Salinity stress significantly decreased the plant growth and attributed yield when compared with non-salinized control plants. The depression effect of salinity on borage productivity was associated with the reduction in photosynthetic pigment and ascorbic acid (AsA) concentrations, potassium (K+) percentage, K+-translocation, and potassium/sodium ratio as well as catalase (CAT) activity. Additionally, borage plants’ water status was disrupted by salinity through decreasing water content (WC), relative water content (RWC), and water retention capacity (WTC), as well as water potential (Ψw), osmotic potential (Ψs), and turgor potential (Ψp). Moreover, salinity stress evoked oxidative bursts via hyper-accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as protein carbonyl, which is associated with membrane dysfunction. The oxidative burst was connected with the hyper-accumulation of sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−) in plant tissues, coupled with osmolytes’ accumulation and accelerating plants’ osmotic adjustment (OA) capacity. The addition of Bi and/or Mt had a positive effect in mitigating salinity on borage plants by reducing Cl−, Na+, and Na+-translocation, and oxidative biomarkers as well as Ψw, Ψs, and Ψp. Moreover, Bi and/or Mt addition to salt-affected plants increased plant growth and yield by improving plant water status and OA capacity associated with the activation of antioxidant capacity and osmolytes accumulation as well as increased photosynthetic pigments, K+, and K+/Na+ ratio. Considering these observations, Bi and/or Mt can be used as a promising approach for enhancing the productivity of salt-affected borage plants due to their roles in sustaining water relations, rising solutes synthesis, progressing OA, improving redox homeostasis, and antioxidant aptitude. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Salinity Stress in Plants and Molecular Responses 2.0)
32 pages, 39429 KiB  
Article
Salt Stress Induced Changes in Photosynthesis and Metabolic Profiles of One Tolerant (‘Bonica’) and One Sensitive (‘Black Beauty’) Eggplant Cultivars (Solanum melongena L.)
by Sami Hannachi, Kathy Steppe, Mabrouka Eloudi, Lassaad Mechi, Insaf Bahrini and Marie-Christine Van Labeke
Plants 2022, 11(5), 590; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11050590 - 22 Feb 2022
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4402
Abstract
The impact of salinity on the physiological and biochemical parameters of tolerant (‘Bonica’) and susceptible (‘Black Beauty’) eggplant varieties (Solanum melongena L.) was determined. The results revealed that the increase in salinity contributes to a significant decline in net photosynthesis (An [...] Read more.
The impact of salinity on the physiological and biochemical parameters of tolerant (‘Bonica’) and susceptible (‘Black Beauty’) eggplant varieties (Solanum melongena L.) was determined. The results revealed that the increase in salinity contributes to a significant decline in net photosynthesis (An) in both varieties; however, at the highest salt concentration (160 mM NaCl), the decrease in photorespiration (Rl) was less pronounced in the tolerant cultivar ‘Bonica’. Stomatal conductance (gs) was significantly reduced in ‘Black Beauty’ following exposure to 40 mM NaCl. However, gs of ‘Bonica’ was only substantially reduced at the highest level of NaCl (160 mM). In addition, a significant decrease in Chla, Chlb, total Chl, Chla/b and carotenoids (p > 0.05) was found in ‘Black Beauty’, and soluble carbohydrates accumulation and electrolyte leakage (EL) were more pronounced in ‘Black Beauty’ than in ‘Bonica’. The total phenols increase in ‘Bonica’ was 65% higher than in ‘Black Beauty’. In ‘Bonica’, the roots displayed the highest enzyme scavenging activity compared to the leaves. Salt stress contributes to a significant augmentation of root catalase and guaiacol peroxidase activities. In ‘Bonica’, the Na concentration was higher in roots than in leaves, whereas in ‘Black Beauty‘, the leaves accumulated more Na. Salt stress significantly boosted the Na/K ratio in ‘Black Beauty’, while no significant change occurred in ‘Bonica’. ACC deaminase activity was significantly higher in ‘Bonica’ than in ‘Black Beauty’. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Salinity Stress in Plants and Molecular Responses 2.0)
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14 pages, 1923 KiB  
Article
Vicia–Micronucleus Test Application for Saline Irrigation Water Risk Assessment
by Dalila Souguir, Ronny Berndtsson, Sourour Mzahma, Hanen Filali and Mohamed Hachicha
Plants 2022, 11(3), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11030462 - 08 Feb 2022
Viewed by 1656
Abstract
In view of climate change, increasing soil salinity is expected worldwide. It is therefore important to improve prediction ability of plant salinity effects. For this purpose, brackish/saline irrigation water from two areas in central and coastal Tunisia was sampled. The water samples were [...] Read more.
In view of climate change, increasing soil salinity is expected worldwide. It is therefore important to improve prediction ability of plant salinity effects. For this purpose, brackish/saline irrigation water from two areas in central and coastal Tunisia was sampled. The water samples were classified as C3 (EC: 2.01–2.24 dS m−1) and C4 (EC: 3.46–7.00 dS m−1), indicating that the water was questionable and not suitable for irrigation, respectively. The water samples were tested for their genotoxic potential and growth effects on Vicia faba seedlings. Results showed a decrease in mitotic index (MI) and, consequently, growth parameters concomitant to the appearance of micronucleus (MCN) and chromosome aberrations when the water salinity increased. Salt ion concentration had striking influence on genome stability and growth parameters. Pearson correlation underlined the negative connection between most ions in the water inappropriate for irrigation (C4) and MI as well as growth parameters. MI was strongly influenced by Mg2+, Na+, Cl−, and to a less degree Ca2+, K+, and SO42−. Growth parameters were moderately to weakly affected by K+ and Ca2+, respectively. Re-garding MCN, a very strong positive correlation was found for MCN and K+. Despite its short-term application, the Vicia-MCN Test showed a real ability to predict toxicity induced by salt ions confirming that is has a relevant role in hazard identification and risk assessment of salinity effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Salinity Stress in Plants and Molecular Responses 2.0)
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22 pages, 1613 KiB  
Article
Combining Hyperspectral Reflectance Indices and Multivariate Analysis to Estimate Different Units of Chlorophyll Content of Spring Wheat under Salinity Conditions
by Salah El-Hendawy, Yaser Hassan Dewir, Salah Elsayed, Urs Schmidhalter, Khalid Al-Gaadi, ElKamil Tola, Yahya Refay, Muhammad Usman Tahir and Wael M. Hassan
Plants 2022, 11(3), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11030456 - 07 Feb 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2235
Abstract
Although plant chlorophyll (Chl) is one of the important elements in monitoring plant stress and reflects the photosynthetic capacity of plants, their measurement in the lab is generally time- and cost-inefficient and based on a small part of the leaf. This study examines [...] Read more.
Although plant chlorophyll (Chl) is one of the important elements in monitoring plant stress and reflects the photosynthetic capacity of plants, their measurement in the lab is generally time- and cost-inefficient and based on a small part of the leaf. This study examines the ability of canopy spectral reflectance data for the accurate estimation of the Chl content of two wheat genotypes grown under three salinity levels. The Chl content was quantified as content per area (Chl area, μg cm−2), concentration per plant (Chl plant, mg plant−1), and SPAD value (Chl SPAD). The performance of spectral reflectance indices (SRIs) with different algorithm forms, partial least square regression (PLSR), and stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) in estimating the three units of Chl content was compared. Results show that most indices within each SRI form performed better with Chl area and Chl plant and performed poorly with Chl SPAD. The PLSR models, based on the four forms of SRIs individually or combined, still performed poorly in estimating Chl SPAD, while they exhibited a strong relationship with Chl plant followed by Chl area in both the calibration (Cal.) and validation (Val.) datasets. The SMLR models extracted three to four indices from each SRI form as the most effective indices and explained 73–79%, 80–84%, and 39–43% of the total variability in Chl area, Chl plant, and Chl SPAD, respectively. The performance of the various predictive models of SMLR for predicting Chl content depended on salinity level, genotype, season, and the units of Chl content. In summary, this study indicates that the Chl content measured in the lab and expressed on content (μg cm−2) or concentration (mg plant−1) can be accurately estimated at canopy level using spectral reflectance data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Salinity Stress in Plants and Molecular Responses 2.0)
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17 pages, 2105 KiB  
Article
Effect of Organic Amendments in Soil on Physiological and Biochemical Attributes of Vachellia nilotica and Dalbergia sissoo under Saline Stress
by Muhammad Talha Bin Yousaf, Muhammad Farrakh Nawaz, Ghulam Yasin, Irfan Ahmad, Sadaf Gul, Muhammad Ijaz, Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman, Xuebin Qi and Shafeeq Ur Rahman
Plants 2022, 11(2), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11020228 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2287
Abstract
Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurther & Mabb. and Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. are two of the most important multipurpose agroforestry tree species of the Indian sub-continent, but their growth in saline soils is greatly reduced. Recently, organic amendments have showed the potential to increase [...] Read more.
Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurther & Mabb. and Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. are two of the most important multipurpose agroforestry tree species of the Indian sub-continent, but their growth in saline soils is greatly reduced. Recently, organic amendments have showed the potential to increase plant growth in salt-affected soils; however, the influence of using these amendments for growing the above-mentioned tree species under saline conditions is not yet quantified. Therefore, an experiment was devised to analyze the interactive effects of organic amendments in saline soils on the growth of V. nilotica and D. sissoo. Under controlled conditions, a pot experiment was conducted in sandy loam saline soils (EC = 20.5 dSm−1). Organic amendments from four diverse sources: farmyard manure (FYM), poultry manure (PM), slurry (SL), and farmyard manure biochar (FYMB) were employed in this study. At the harvesting time, data regarding morphological, physiological, ionic, and biochemical parameters were obtained. The current study results indicated that both tree species reacted differently, but positively, to diverse applied amendments. The maximum increment in total above-ground biomass, total below-ground biomass, and shoot length for V. nilotica (163.8%, 116.3%, and 68.2%, respectively) was observed in FYM amended soils, while the maximum increment for D. sissoo (128%, 86%, and 107%, respectively) was observed in FYMB amended soils, as compared to control. Minimum plant growth of both species was observed in untreated soils (saline soils). Likewise, the maximum potassium ion and minimum sodium ion concentrations were present in the root and shoots of plants (both species) treated with FYMB. The use of organic amendments resulted in decreased concentrations of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide, and increased concentrations of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, POD, and CAT. Moreover, higher photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance were observed in the plants grown in amended soils. The findings of this study can be used to include the above-mentioned high-value tree species for future afforestation programs under saline conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Salinity Stress in Plants and Molecular Responses 2.0)
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22 pages, 7322 KiB  
Article
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): Genetic Diversity According to ISSR and SCoT Markers, Relative Gene Expression, and Morpho-Physiological Variation under Salinity Stress
by Diaa Abd El-Moneim, Eman I. S. ELsarag, Salman Aloufi, Asmaa M. El-Azraq, Salha Mesfer ALshamrani, Fatmah Ahmed Ahmed Safhi and Amira A. Ibrahim
Plants 2021, 10(12), 2802; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122802 - 17 Dec 2021
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3492
Abstract
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a halophytic crop that can withstand a variety of abiotic stresses, including salt. The present research examined the mechanisms of salt tolerance in five different quinoa genotypes at four different salinity levels (control (60), 80, 120, and [...] Read more.
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a halophytic crop that can withstand a variety of abiotic stresses, including salt. The present research examined the mechanisms of salt tolerance in five different quinoa genotypes at four different salinity levels (control (60), 80, 120, and 160 mM NaCl). ISSR and SCoT analysis revealed high polymorphism percentages of 90.91% and 85.26%, respectively. Furthermore, ISSR 1 and SCoT 7 attained the greatest number of polymorphic amplicons (27 and 26), respectively. Notably, LINE-6 and M-28 genotypes demonstrated the greatest number of unique positive and negative amplicons (50 and 42) generated from ISSR and SCoT, respectively. Protein pattern analysis detected 11 bands with a polymorphism percentage 27.27% among the quinoa genotypes, with three unique bands distinguishable for the M-28 genotype. Similarity correlation indicated that the highest similarity was between S-10 and Regeolone-3 (0.657), while the lowest similarity was between M-28 and LINE-6 (0.44). Significant variations existed among the studied salinity treatments, genotypes, and the interactions between them. The highest and lowest values for all the studied morpho-physiological and biochemical traits were recorded at 60 and 160 mM NaCl concentrations, respectively, except for the Na and proline contents, which exhibited the opposite relationship. The M-28 genotype demonstrated the highest values for all studied characteristics, while the LINE-6 genotype represented the lowest in both seasons. On the other hand, mRNA transcript levels for CqSOS1 did not exhibit differential expression in roots and leaf tissues, while the expression of CqNHX1 was upregulated more in both tissues for the M-28 genotype than for the LINE-6 genotype, and its maximum induction was seen in the leaves. Overall, the genotypes M-28 and LINE-6 were identified as the most and least salinity-tolerant, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Salinity Stress in Plants and Molecular Responses 2.0)
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6 pages, 849 KiB  
Communication
Nuclear Translocation of Soybean MPK6, GmMPK6, Is Mediated by Hydrogen Peroxide in Salt Stress
by Jong Hee Im, Seungmin Son, Jae-Heung Ko, Kyung-Hwan Kim, Chung Sun An and Kyung-Hwan Han
Plants 2021, 10(12), 2611; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122611 - 28 Nov 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1954
Abstract
The plant mitogen-activated protein kinase (MPK) cascade, a highly conserved signal transduction system in eukaryotes, plays a crucial role in the plant’s response to environmental stimuli and phytohormones. It is well-known that nuclear translocation of MPKs is necessary for their activities in mammalian [...] Read more.
The plant mitogen-activated protein kinase (MPK) cascade, a highly conserved signal transduction system in eukaryotes, plays a crucial role in the plant’s response to environmental stimuli and phytohormones. It is well-known that nuclear translocation of MPKs is necessary for their activities in mammalian cells. However, the mechanism underlying nuclear translocation of plant MPKs is not well elucidated. In the previous study, it has been shown that soybean MPK6 (GmMPK6) is activated by phosphatidic acid (PA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which are two signaling molecules generated during salt stress. Using the two signaling molecules, we investigated how salt stress triggers its translocation to the nucleus. Our results show that the translocation of GmMPK6 to the nucleus is mediated by H2O2, but not by PA. Furthermore, the translocation was interrupted by diphenylene iodonium (DPI) (an inhibitor of RBOH), confirming that H2O2 is the signaling molecule for the nuclear translocation of GmMPK6 during salt stress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Salinity Stress in Plants and Molecular Responses 2.0)
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26 pages, 3721 KiB  
Article
Potential Use of Hyperspectral Reflectance as a High-Throughput Nondestructive Phenotyping Tool for Assessing Salt Tolerance in Advanced Spring Wheat Lines under Field Conditions
by Salah El-Hendawy, Nasser Al-Suhaibani, Muhammad Mubushar, Muhammad Usman Tahir, Yahya Refay and ElKamil Tola
Plants 2021, 10(11), 2512; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112512 - 19 Nov 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1776
Abstract
The incorporation of stress tolerance indices (STIs) with the early estimation of grain yield (GY) in an expeditious and nondestructive manner can enable breeders for ensuring the success of genotype development for a wide range of environmental conditions. In this study, the relative [...] Read more.
The incorporation of stress tolerance indices (STIs) with the early estimation of grain yield (GY) in an expeditious and nondestructive manner can enable breeders for ensuring the success of genotype development for a wide range of environmental conditions. In this study, the relative performance of GY for sixty-four spring wheat germplasm under the control and 15.0 dS m−1 NaCl were compared through different STIs, and the ability of a hyperspectral reflectance tool for the early estimation of GY and STIs was assessed using twenty spectral reflectance indices (SRIs; 10 vegetation SRIs and 10 water SRIs). The results showed that salinity treatments, genotypes, and their interactions had significant effects on the GY and nearly all SRIs. Significant genotypic variations were also observed for all STIs. Based on the GY under the control (GYc) and salinity (GYs) conditions and all STIs, the tested genotypes were classified into three salinity tolerance groups (salt-tolerant, salt-sensitive, and moderately salt-tolerant groups). Most vegetation and water SRIs showed strong relationships with the GYc, stress tolerance index (STI), and geometric mean productivity (GMP); moderate relationships with GYs and sometimes with the tolerance index (TOL); and weak relationships with the yield stability index (YSI) and stress susceptibility index (SSI). Obvious differences in the spectral reflectance curves were found among the three salinity tolerance groups under the control and salinity conditions. Stepwise multiple linear regressions identified three SRIs from each vegetation and water SRI as the most influential indices that contributed the most variation in the GY. These SRIs were much more effective in estimating the GYc (R2 = 0.64 − 0.79) than GYs (R2 = 0.38 − 0.47). They also provided a much accurate estimation of the GYc and GYs for the moderately salt-tolerant genotype group; YSI, SSI, and TOL for the salt-sensitive genotypes group; and STI and GMP for all the three salinity tolerance groups. Overall, the results of this study highlight the potential of using a hyperspectral reflectance tool in breeding programs for phenotyping a sufficient number of genotypes under a wide range of environmental conditions in a cost-effective, noninvasive, and expeditious manner. This will aid in accelerating the development of genotypes for salinity conditions in breeding programs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Salinity Stress in Plants and Molecular Responses 2.0)
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