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Pharmaceutics
Special Issues
Emerging Trends and Translational Challenges in Drug and Vaccine Delivery
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Emerging Trends and Translational Challenges in Drug and Vaccine Delivery

A special issue of Pharmaceutics (ISSN 1999-4923). This special issue belongs to the section "Drug Delivery and Controlled Release".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2023) | Viewed by 21767

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Vibhuti Agrahari

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Guest Editor
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Avenue, CPB 325, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
Interests: biomaterials; biologics; long-term drug delivery; nanomedicine; hydrogels; ocular; inner ear
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Prashant Kumar

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
Interests: vaccine; human vaccines; vaccine development; formulation development; attenuated vaccine; viral vaccines; bacterial vaccines; subunit vaccines; pediatric vaccines; COVID vaccines; measles and rubella vaccines; rotavirus vaccine; HPV vaccine; Shigella vaccine; Salmonella vaccine; combination vaccines; polio vaccine; stability study; potency assay; analytical assays; preclinical study; immunogenicity study; biophysical characterization; adjuvants; scale-up; technology transfer
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Drug and vaccine delivery are continuously progressing, and the developments in the past several decades have been enormous. Novel therapeutic modalities leverage advancements in long-term effects, controlled release, cocktail therapies, combinatorial methods, self-administration, and improved patient adherence by rationally designing innovative approaches for drug and vaccine delivery. Given the emerging trends and challenges, the comprehensive preclinical assessment of drug and vaccine delivery systems includes mechanistic chemistry, physicochemical characterizations, pre-formulation investigations, molecular pharmacology, and biological and toxicological evaluations. A better understanding of in vivo behavior, as well as the in vitro–in vivo characterization cascade of safety and efficacy testing, is needed to accelerate the translational challenges in developing a drug product from the proof-of-concept stage to scale-up issues, reproducibility, manufacturing, and commercialization processes. This Special Issue aims to provide the readers with the recent advancements in drug and vaccine delivery and associated challenges from bench to clinic and reflects on the pharma-/biotech- industrial applications. Research and review manuscripts focused on this theme are welcomed. 

Dr. Vibhuti Agrahari
Dr. Prashant Kumar
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pharmaceutics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • biomaterials and polymer chemistry 
  • novel drug delivery designs 
  • sustained/controlled release 
  • vaccine delivery systems 
  • DNA and gene vaccine delivery 
  • delivery of mRNA vaccines 
  • biomedical applications 
  • development of 3D/organoids models to study delivery system 
  • in vivo imaging techniques for drug delivery system 
  • application of microfluidics, QbD, and PAT approaches in manufacturing, as well as scale-up techniques

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 143 KiB  
Editorial
Emerging Trends and Translational Challenges in Drug and Vaccine Delivery
by Prashant Kumar and Vibhuti Agrahari
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(1), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16010098 - 11 Jan 2024
Viewed by 807
Abstract
Drug and vaccine delivery have received considerable attention in recent years [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends and Translational Challenges in Drug and Vaccine Delivery)

Research

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21 pages, 3563 KiB  
Article
Topical Sustained-Release Dexamethasone-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles: Assessment of Drug Delivery Efficiency in a Rabbit Model of Endotoxin-Induced Uveitis
by Musaed Alkholief, Mohd Abul Kalam, Mohammad Raish, Mushtaq Ahmad Ansari, Nasser B. Alsaleh, Aliyah Almomen, Raisuddin Ali and Aws Alshamsan
Pharmaceutics 2023, 15(9), 2273; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15092273 - 03 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1272
Abstract
Uveitis is an ocular illness that if not treated properly can lead to a total loss of vision. In this study, we evaluated the utility of HA-coated Dexamethasone-sodium-phosphate (DEX)-chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) coated with hyaluronic acid (HA) as a sustained ocular delivery vehicle for [...] Read more.
Uveitis is an ocular illness that if not treated properly can lead to a total loss of vision. In this study, we evaluated the utility of HA-coated Dexamethasone-sodium-phosphate (DEX)-chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) coated with hyaluronic acid (HA) as a sustained ocular delivery vehicle for the treatment of endotoxin-induced-uveitis (EIU) in rabbits. The CSNPs were characterized for particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity, surface morphology, and physicochemical properties. Drug encapsulation, in vitro drug release, and transcorneal permeation were also evaluated. Finally, eye irritation, ocular pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics were in vivo. The CSNPs ranged from 310.4 nm and 379.3 nm pre-(uncoated) and post-lyophilization (with HA-coated), respectively. The zeta potentials were +32 mV (uncoated) and −5 mV (HA-uncoated), while polydispersity was 0.178–0.427. Drug encapsulation and loading in the CSNPs were 73.56% and 6.94% (uncoated) and 71.07% and 5.54% (HA-coated), respectively. The in vitro DEX release over 12 h was 77.1% from the HA-coated and 74.2% from the uncoated NPs. The physicochemical properties of the CSNPs were stable over a 3-month period when stored at 25 °C. Around a 10-fold increased transcorneal-flux and permeability of DEX was found with HA-CSNPs compared to the DEX-aqueous solution (DEX-AqS), and the eye-irritation experiment indicated its ocular safety. After the ocular application of the CSNPs, DEX was detected in the aqueous humor (AH) till 24 h. The area under the concentrations curve (AUC0–24h) for DEX from the CSNPs was 1.87-fold (uncoated) and 2.36-fold (HA-coated) higher than DEX-AqS. The half-life (t1/2) of DEX from the uncoated and HA-coated NPs was 2.49-and 3.36-fold higher, and the ocular MRT0-inf was 2.47- and 3.15-fold greater, than that of DEX-AqS, respectively. The EIU rabbit model showed increased levels of MPO, TNF-α, and IL-6 in AH. Topical DEX-loaded CSNPs reduced MPO, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels as well as inhibited NF-κB expression. Our findings demonstrate that the DEX-CSNPs platform has improved the delivery properties and, hence, the promising anti-inflammatory effects on EIU in rabbits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends and Translational Challenges in Drug and Vaccine Delivery)
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25 pages, 8773 KiB  
Article
Development of Blueberry-Derived Extracellular Nanovesicles for Immunomodulatory Therapy
by Tuong Ngoc-Gia Nguyen, Cuong Viet Pham, Rocky Chowdhury, Shweta Patel, Satendra Kumar Jaysawal, Yingchun Hou, Huo Xu, Lee Jia, Andrew Duan, Phuong Ha-Lien Tran and Wei Duan
Pharmaceutics 2023, 15(8), 2115; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15082115 - 10 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1332
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been a significant expansion in the development of plant-derived extracellular nanovesicles (EVs) as an effective drug delivery system for precision therapy. However, the lack of effective methods for the isolation and characterization of plant EVs hampers progress [...] Read more.
Over the past decade, there has been a significant expansion in the development of plant-derived extracellular nanovesicles (EVs) as an effective drug delivery system for precision therapy. However, the lack of effective methods for the isolation and characterization of plant EVs hampers progress in the field. To solve a challenge related to systemic separation and characterization in the plant-derived EV field, herein, we report the development of a simple 3D inner filter-based method that allows the extraction of apoplastic fluid (AF) from blueberry, facilitating EV isolation as well as effective downstream applications. Class I chitinase (PR-3) was found in blueberry-derived EVs (BENVs). As Class I chitinase is expressed in a wide range of plants, it could serve as a universal marker for plant-derived EVs. Significantly, the BENVs exhibit not only higher drug loading capacity than that reported for other EVs but also possess the ability to modulate the release of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-8 and total glutathione in response to oxidative stress. Therefore, the BENV is a promising edible multifunctional nano-bio-platform for future immunomodulatory therapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends and Translational Challenges in Drug and Vaccine Delivery)
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23 pages, 3616 KiB  
Article
A Single Injection with Sustained-Release Microspheres and a Prime-Boost Injection of Bovine Serum Albumin Elicit the Same IgG Antibody Response in Mice
by Renée S. van der Kooij, Martin Beukema, Anke L. W. Huckriede, Johan Zuidema, Rob Steendam, Henderik W. Frijlink and Wouter L. J. Hinrichs
Pharmaceutics 2023, 15(2), 676; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15020676 - 16 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1640
Abstract
Although vaccination is still considered to be the cornerstone of public health care, the increase in vaccination coverage has stagnated for many diseases. Most of these vaccines require two or three doses to be administered across several months or years. Single-injection vaccine formulations [...] Read more.
Although vaccination is still considered to be the cornerstone of public health care, the increase in vaccination coverage has stagnated for many diseases. Most of these vaccines require two or three doses to be administered across several months or years. Single-injection vaccine formulations are an effective method to overcome the logistical barrier to immunization that is posed by these multiple-injection schedules. Here, we developed subcutaneously (s.c.) injectable microspheres with a sustained release of the model antigen bovine serum albumin (BSA). The microspheres were composed of blends of two novel biodegradable multi-block copolymers consisting of amorphous, hydrophilic poly(ε-caprolactone)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL-PEG-PCL) blocks and semi-crystalline poly(dioxanone) (PDO) blocks of different block sizes. In vitro studies demonstrated that the release of BSA could be tailored over a period of approximately four to nine weeks by changing the blend ratio of both polymers. Moreover, it was found that BSA remained structurally intact during release. Microspheres exhibiting sustained release of BSA for six weeks were selected for the in vivo study in mice. The induced BSA-specific IgG antibody titers increased up to four weeks after administration and were of the same magnitude as found in mice that received a priming and a booster dose of BSA in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Determination of the BSA concentration in plasma showed that in vivo release probably took place up to at least four weeks, although plasma concentrations peaked already one week after administration. The sustained-release microspheres might be a viable alternative to the conventional prime-boost immunization schedule, but a clinically relevant antigen should be incorporated to assess the full potential of these microspheres in practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends and Translational Challenges in Drug and Vaccine Delivery)
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18 pages, 4424 KiB  
Article
Deferasirox Nanosuspension Loaded Dissolving Microneedles for Intradermal Delivery
by Hafsa Shahid Faizi, Lalitkumar K. Vora, Muhammad Iqbal Nasiri, Yu Wu, Deepakkumar Mishra, Qonita Kurnia Anjani, Alejandro J. Paredes, Raghu Raj Singh Thakur, Muhammad Usman Minhas and Ryan F. Donnelly
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(12), 2817; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14122817 - 15 Dec 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2306
Abstract
Microneedles are minimally invasive systems that can deliver drugs intradermally without pain and bleeding and can advantageously replace the hypodermal needles and oral routes of delivery. Deferasirox (DFS) is an iron chelator employed in several ailments where iron overload plays an important role [...] Read more.
Microneedles are minimally invasive systems that can deliver drugs intradermally without pain and bleeding and can advantageously replace the hypodermal needles and oral routes of delivery. Deferasirox (DFS) is an iron chelator employed in several ailments where iron overload plays an important role in disease manifestation. In this study, DFS was formulated into a nanosuspension (NSs) through wet media milling employing PVA as a stabilizer and successfully loaded in polymeric dissolving microneedles (DMNs). The release studies for DFS-NS clearly showed a threefold increased dissolution rate compared to pure DFS. The mechanical characterization of DFS-NS-DMNs revealed that the system was sufficiently strong for efficacious skin penetration. Optical coherence tomography images confirmed an insertion of up to 378 µm into full-thickness porcine skin layers. The skin deposition studies showed 60% drug deposition from NS-DMN, which was much higher than from the DFS-NS transdermal patch (DFS-NS-TP) (without needles) or pure DFS-DMNs. Moreover, DFS-NS without DMNs did not deposit well inside the skin, indicating that DMNs played an important role in effectively delivering drugs inside the skin. Therefore, it is evident from the findings that loading DFS-NS into novel DMN devices can effectively deliver DFS transdermally. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends and Translational Challenges in Drug and Vaccine Delivery)
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16 pages, 1901 KiB  
Article
Formulated Phospholipids as Non-Canonical TLR4 Agonists
by Hong Liang, William R. Lykins, Emilie Seydoux, Jeffrey A. Guderian, Tony Phan, Christopher B. Fox and Mark T. Orr
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(12), 2557; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14122557 - 22 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1606
Abstract
Immunogenic agents known as adjuvants play a critical role in many vaccine formulations. Adjuvants often signal through Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways, including formulations in licensed vaccines that target TLR4. While TLR4 is predominantly known for responding to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of Gram-negative [...] Read more.
Immunogenic agents known as adjuvants play a critical role in many vaccine formulations. Adjuvants often signal through Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways, including formulations in licensed vaccines that target TLR4. While TLR4 is predominantly known for responding to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of Gram-negative bacterial membranes, it has been shown to be a receptor for a number of molecular structures, including phospholipids. Therefore, phospholipid-based pharmaceutical formulations might have off-target effects by signaling through TLR4, confounding interpretation of pharmaceutical bioactivity. In this study we examined the individual components of a clinical stage oil-in-water vaccine adjuvant emulsion (referred to as a stable emulsion or SE) and their ability to signal through murine and human TLR4s. We found that the phospholipid 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) activated TLR4 and elicited many of the same immune phenotypes as canonical TLR4 agonists. This pathway was dependent on the saturation, size, and headgroup of the phospholipid. Interestingly, DMPC effects on human cells were evident but overall appeared less impactful than emulsion oil composition. Considering the prevalence of DMPC and other phospholipids used across the pharmaceutical space, these findings may contextualize off-target innate immune responses that could impact preclinical and clinical development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends and Translational Challenges in Drug and Vaccine Delivery)
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16 pages, 3897 KiB  
Article
Amphotericin B- and Levofloxacin-Loaded Chitosan Films for Potential Use in Antimicrobial Wound Dressings: Analytical Method Development and Its Application
by Ke Peng, Mingshan Li, Achmad Himawan, Juan Domínguez-Robles, Lalitkumar K. Vora, Ross Duncan, Xianbing Dai, Chunyang Zhang, Li Zhao, Luchi Li, Eneko Larrañeta and Ryan F. Donnelly
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(11), 2497; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112497 - 17 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2252
Abstract
Levofloxacin (LVX) and amphotericin B (AMB) have been widely used to treat bacterial and fungal infections in the clinic. Herein, we report, for the first time, chitosan films loaded with AMB and LVX as wound dressings to combat antimicrobial infections. Additionally, we developed [...] Read more.
Levofloxacin (LVX) and amphotericin B (AMB) have been widely used to treat bacterial and fungal infections in the clinic. Herein, we report, for the first time, chitosan films loaded with AMB and LVX as wound dressings to combat antimicrobial infections. Additionally, we developed and validated a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method coupled with a UV detector to simultaneously quantify both AMB and LVX. The method is easy, precise, accurate and linear for both drugs at a concentration range of 0.7–5 µg/mL. The validated method was used to analyse the drug release, ex vivo deposition and permeation from the chitosan films. LVX was released completely from the chitosan film after a week, while approximately 60% of the AMB was released. Ex vivo deposition study revealed that, after 24-hour application, 20.96 ± 13.54 µg of LVX and approximately 0.35 ± 0.04 µg of AMB was deposited in porcine skin. Approximately 0.58 ± 0.16 µg of LVX permeated through the skin. AMB was undetectable in the receptor compartment due to its poor solubility and permeability. Furthermore, chitosan films loaded with AMB and LVX were found to be able to inhibit the growth of both Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, indicating their potential for antimicrobial applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends and Translational Challenges in Drug and Vaccine Delivery)
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Review

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33 pages, 1908 KiB  
Review
Translational Challenges and Prospective Solutions in the Implementation of Biomimetic Delivery Systems
by Zhe Wang, Xinpei Wang, Wanting Xu, Yongxiao Li, Ruizhi Lai, Xiaohui Qiu, Xu Chen, Zhidong Chen, Bobin Mi, Meiying Wu and Junqing Wang
Pharmaceutics 2023, 15(11), 2623; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15112623 - 14 Nov 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1192
Abstract
Biomimetic delivery systems (BDSs), inspired by the intricate designs of biological systems, have emerged as a groundbreaking paradigm in nanomedicine, offering unparalleled advantages in therapeutic delivery. These systems, encompassing platforms such as liposomes, protein-based nanoparticles, extracellular vesicles, and polysaccharides, are lauded for their [...] Read more.
Biomimetic delivery systems (BDSs), inspired by the intricate designs of biological systems, have emerged as a groundbreaking paradigm in nanomedicine, offering unparalleled advantages in therapeutic delivery. These systems, encompassing platforms such as liposomes, protein-based nanoparticles, extracellular vesicles, and polysaccharides, are lauded for their targeted delivery, minimized side effects, and enhanced therapeutic outcomes. However, the translation of BDSs from research settings to clinical applications is fraught with challenges, including reproducibility concerns, physiological stability, and rigorous efficacy and safety evaluations. Furthermore, the innovative nature of BDSs demands the reevaluation and evolution of existing regulatory and ethical frameworks. This review provides an overview of BDSs and delves into the multifaceted translational challenges and present emerging solutions, underscored by real-world case studies. Emphasizing the potential of BDSs to redefine healthcare, we advocate for sustained interdisciplinary collaboration and research. As our understanding of biological systems deepens, the future of BDSs in clinical translation appears promising, with a focus on personalized medicine and refined patient-specific delivery systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends and Translational Challenges in Drug and Vaccine Delivery)
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28 pages, 3592 KiB  
Review
Development of Organs-on-Chips and Their Impact on Precision Medicine and Advanced System Simulation
by Ying Luo, Xiaoxiao Li, Yawei Zhao, Wen Zhong, Malcolm Xing and Guozhong Lyu
Pharmaceutics 2023, 15(8), 2094; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15082094 - 07 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1525
Abstract
Drugs may undergo costly preclinical studies but still fail to demonstrate their efficacy in clinical trials, which makes it challenging to discover new drugs. Both in vitro and in vivo models are essential for disease research and therapeutic development. However, these models cannot [...] Read more.
Drugs may undergo costly preclinical studies but still fail to demonstrate their efficacy in clinical trials, which makes it challenging to discover new drugs. Both in vitro and in vivo models are essential for disease research and therapeutic development. However, these models cannot simulate the physiological and pathological environment in the human body, resulting in limited drug detection and inaccurate disease modelling, failing to provide valid guidance for clinical application. Organs-on-chips (OCs) are devices that serve as a micro-physiological system or a tissue-on-a-chip; they provide accurate insights into certain functions and the pathophysiology of organs to precisely predict the safety and efficiency of drugs in the body. OCs are faster, more economical, and more precise. Thus, they are projected to become a crucial addition to, and a long-term replacement for, traditional preclinical cell cultures, animal studies, and even human clinical trials. This paper first outlines the nature of OCs and their significance, and then details their manufacturing-related materials and methodology. It also discusses applications of OCs in drug screening and disease modelling and treatment, and presents the future perspective of OCs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends and Translational Challenges in Drug and Vaccine Delivery)
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20 pages, 936 KiB  
Review
An Overview of the Stability and Delivery Challenges of Commercial Nucleic Acid Therapeutics
by Rahul G. Ingle and Wei-Jie Fang
Pharmaceutics 2023, 15(4), 1158; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15041158 - 06 Apr 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3281
Abstract
Nucleic acid (NA)-based biopharmaceuticals have emerged as promising therapeutic modalities. NA therapeutics are a diverse class of RNA and DNA and include antisense oligonucleotides, siRNA, miRNA, mRNA, small activating RNA, and gene therapies. Meanwhile, NA therapeutics have posed significant stability and delivery challenges [...] Read more.
Nucleic acid (NA)-based biopharmaceuticals have emerged as promising therapeutic modalities. NA therapeutics are a diverse class of RNA and DNA and include antisense oligonucleotides, siRNA, miRNA, mRNA, small activating RNA, and gene therapies. Meanwhile, NA therapeutics have posed significant stability and delivery challenges and are expensive. This article discusses the challenges and opportunities for achieving stable formulations of NAs with novel drug delivery systems (DDSs). Here we review the current progress in the stability issues and the significance of novel DDSs associated with NA-based biopharmaceuticals, as well as mRNA vaccines. We also highlight the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved NA-based therapeutics with their formulation profiles. NA therapeutics could impact future markets if the remaining challenges and requirements are addressed. Regardless of the limited information available for NA therapeutics, reviewing and collating the relevant facts and figures generates a precious resource for formulation experts familiar with the NA therapeutics’ stability profile, their delivery challenges, and regulatory acceptance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends and Translational Challenges in Drug and Vaccine Delivery)
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Graphical abstract

25 pages, 363 KiB  
Review
Novel Developments to Enable Treatment of CNS Diseases with Targeted Drug Delivery
by Axel H. Meyer, Thomas M. Feldsien, Mario Mezler, Christopher Untucht, Ramakrishna Venugopalan and Didier R. Lefebvre
Pharmaceutics 2023, 15(4), 1100; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15041100 - 29 Mar 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2611
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a major hurdle for the development of systemically delivered drugs against diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Because of this barrier there is still a huge unmet need for the treatment of these diseases, despite years of [...] Read more.
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a major hurdle for the development of systemically delivered drugs against diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Because of this barrier there is still a huge unmet need for the treatment of these diseases, despite years of research efforts across the pharmaceutical industry. Novel therapeutic entities, such as gene therapy and degradomers, have become increasingly popular in recent years, but have not been the focus for CNS indications so far. To unfold their full potential for the treatment of CNS diseases, these therapeutic entities will most likely have to rely on innovative delivery technologies. Here we will describe and assess approaches, both invasive and non-invasive, that can enable, or at least increase, the probability of a successful drug development of such novel therapeutics for CNS indications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends and Translational Challenges in Drug and Vaccine Delivery)
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