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Pathogens
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Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus
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Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Viral Pathogens".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2021) | Viewed by 19935

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Fabrizio Cillo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, G. Via Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
Interests: plant viruses; RNA silencing-mediated defense mechanisms; virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS); role of microRNAs in plant defense responses; plant–virus interactions
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), a member of the plant-infecting genus Tospovirus in the family Bunyaviridae, was discovered by scientists’ exactly 100 years ago, when the ‘spotted wilt’ disease of tomato first occurred in Australia. A century later, TSWV is still a major agricultural threat, with a severe impact on many food and ornamental crops (>1000 species), causing crop disease epidemics of worldwide economic significance. TSWV is efficiently vectored by several species of thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in a persistent and propagative manner. Notably, TSWV replicates not only within the plant but also within the thrips vectors. Furthermore, the peculiarity of its genome, consisting of negative and ambisense single-stranded RNAs, makes TSWV a most-studied virus for its intriguing biology as well as for its economic importance.

For the forthcoming Special Issue of Pathogens, we invite you to submit research articles, review articles, short notes, as well as communications related to this virus. This Special Issue will provide an overview of recent research, including fundamental as well as applied studies, aiming to increase our current knowledge of the molecular biology of TSWV, its epidemiology, and its interactions with insect vectors and host plants. Contents will also comprise efforts for efficient disease management, in laboratory and in the open field, by improving crops for tolerance or resistance, and using biotechnological and genomic approaches. We look forward to your contribution.

Dr. Fabrizio Cillo
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pathogens is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Tomato spotted wilt virus
  • Tospovirus
  • Bunyaviridae
  • Plant virus
  • Epidemiology
  • Virus vectors
  • Plant–virus interactions
  • Plant–pathogen interactions
  • Resistance
  • Integrated disease management
  • RNA silencing
  • Genetics
  • Genomics.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 756 KiB  
Article
Discrepancies in Serology-Based and Nucleic Acid-Based Detection and Quantitation of Tomato Spotted Wilt Orthotospovirus in Leaf and Root Tissues from Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Peanut Plants
by Pin-Chu Lai, Mark R. Abney, Yi-Ju Chen, Sudeep Bag and Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan
Pathogens 2021, 10(11), 1476; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10111476 - 12 Nov 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2190
Abstract
Thrips-transmitted tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) causes spotted wilt disease in peanuts. A serological test (DAS-ELISA) is often used to detect TSWV in peanut leaf samples. However, in a few studies, DAS-ELISA detected more TSWV infection in root than leaf samples. It was [...] Read more.
Thrips-transmitted tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) causes spotted wilt disease in peanuts. A serological test (DAS-ELISA) is often used to detect TSWV in peanut leaf samples. However, in a few studies, DAS-ELISA detected more TSWV infection in root than leaf samples. It was not clear if the increased detection was due to increased TSWV accumulation in root tissue or merely an overestimation. Additionally, it was unclear if TSWV detection in asymptomatic plants would be affected by the detection technique. TSWV infection in leaf and root tissue from symptomatic and asymptomatic plants was compared via DAS-ELISA, RT-PCR, and RT-qPCR. TSWV incidence did not vary by DAS-ELISA, RT-PCR, and RT-qPCR in leaf and root samples of symptomatic plants or in leaf samples of asymptomatic plants. In contrast, significantly more TSWV infection and virus load were detected in root samples of asymptomatic plants via DAS-ELISA than other techniques suggesting that DAS-ELISA overestimated TSWV incidence and load. TSWV loads from symptomatic plants via RT-qPCR were higher in leaf than root samples, while TSWV loads in leaf and root samples from asymptomatic plants were not different but were lower than those in symptomatic plants. These findings suggested that peanut tissue type and detection technique could affect accurate TSWV detection and/or quantitation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus)
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28 pages, 3147 KiB  
Article
Impact of Host Resistance to Tomato Spotted Wilt Orthotospovirus in Peanut Cultivars on Virus Population Genetics and Thrips Fitness
by Pin-Chu Lai, Mark R. Abney, Sudeep Bag, Albert K. Culbreath and Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan
Pathogens 2021, 10(11), 1418; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10111418 - 1 Nov 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2644
Abstract
Thrips-transmitted tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) is a major constraint to peanut production in the southeastern United States. Peanut cultivars with resistance to TSWV have been widely used for over twenty years. Intensive usage of resistant cultivars has raised concerns about possible selection [...] Read more.
Thrips-transmitted tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) is a major constraint to peanut production in the southeastern United States. Peanut cultivars with resistance to TSWV have been widely used for over twenty years. Intensive usage of resistant cultivars has raised concerns about possible selection pressure against TSWV and a likelihood of resistance breakdown. Population genetics of TSWV isolates collected from cultivars with varying levels of TSWV resistance was investigated using five TSWV genes. Phylogenetic trees of genes did not indicate host resistance-based clustering of TSWV isolates. Genetic variation in TSWV isolates and neutrality tests suggested recent population expansion. Mutation and purifying selection seem to be the major forces driving TSWV evolution. Positive selection was found in N and RdRp genes but was not influenced by TSWV resistance. Population differentiation occurred between isolates collected from 1998 and 2010 and from 2016 to 2019 but not between isolates from susceptible and resistant cultivars. Evaluated TSWV-resistant cultivars differed, albeit not substantially, in their susceptibility to thrips. Thrips oviposition was reduced, and development was delayed in some cultivars. Overall, no evidence was found to support exertion of selection pressure on TSWV by host resistance in peanut cultivars, and some cultivars differentially affected thrips fitness than others. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus)
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14 pages, 2095 KiB  
Article
Identification and Characterization of Plant-Interacting Targets of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Silencing Suppressor
by Ying Zhai, Prabu Gnanasekaran and Hanu R. Pappu
Pathogens 2021, 10(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10010027 - 1 Jan 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3667
Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV; species Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus) is an economically important plant virus that infects multiple horticultural crops on a global scale. TSWV encodes a non-structural protein NSs that acts as a suppressor of host RNA silencing machinery during [...] Read more.
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV; species Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus) is an economically important plant virus that infects multiple horticultural crops on a global scale. TSWV encodes a non-structural protein NSs that acts as a suppressor of host RNA silencing machinery during infection. Despite extensive structural and functional analyses having been carried out on TSWV NSs, its protein-interacting targets in host plants are still largely unknown. Here, we systemically investigated NSs-interacting proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana via affinity purification and mass spectrometry (AP-MS) analysis. Forty-three TSWV NSs-interacting candidates were identified in N. benthamiana. Gene Ontology (GO) and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analyses were carried out on their closest homologs in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The results showed that NSs preferentially interacts with plant defense-related proteins such as calmodulin (CaM), importin, carbonic anhydrase and two heat shock proteins (HSPs): HSP70 and HSP90. As two major nodes in the PPI network, CaM and importin subunit α were selected for the further verification of their interactions with NSs via yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening. Our work suggests that the downstream signaling, transportation and/or metabolic pathways of host-NSs-interacting proteins may play critical roles in NSs-facilitated TSWV infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus)
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33 pages, 5692 KiB  
Article
Development of an IPM Strategy for Thrips and Tomato spotted wilt virus in Processing Tomatoes in the Central Valley of California
by Ozgur Batuman, Thomas A. Turini, Michelle LeStrange, Scott Stoddard, Gene Miyao, Brenna J. Aegerter, Li-Fang Chen, Neil McRoberts, Diane E. Ullman and Robert L. Gilbertson
Pathogens 2020, 9(8), 636; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9080636 - 5 Aug 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5607
Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV; species Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus; genus Orthotospovirus; family Tospoviridae) is a thrips-transmitted virus that can cause substantial economic losses to many crops, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Since 2005, TSWV emerged as an economically [...] Read more.
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV; species Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus; genus Orthotospovirus; family Tospoviridae) is a thrips-transmitted virus that can cause substantial economic losses to many crops, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Since 2005, TSWV emerged as an economically important virus of processing tomatoes in the Central Valley of California, in part due to increased populations of the primary thrips vector, western flower thrips (WFT; Frankliniella occidentalis). To develop an understanding of the epidemiology of TSWV in this region, population densities of WFT and incidence of TSWV were monitored in California’s processing tomato transplant-producing greenhouses and associated open fields from 2007 to 2013. Thrips were monitored with yellow sticky cards and in tomato flowers, whereas TSWV incidence was assessed with indicator plants and field surveys for virus symptoms. All thrips identified from processing tomato fields were WFT, and females were three-fold more abundant on sticky cards than males. Symptoms of TSWV infection were observed in all monitored processing tomato fields. Incidences of TSWV ranged from 1 to 20%, with highest incidence found in late-planted fields. There was no single primary inoculum source, and inoculum sources for thrips/TSWV varied depending on the production region. These results allowed us to develop a model for TSWV infection of processing tomatoes in the Central Valley of California. The model predicts that low levels of primary TSWV inoculum are amplified in early-planted tomatoes and other susceptible crops leading to highest levels of infection in later-planted fields, especially those with high thrips populations. Based upon these findings, an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy for TSWV in processing tomatoes in California was devised. This IPM strategy focuses on strategic field placement (identification of high-risk situations), planting TSWV- and thrips-free transplants, planting resistant varieties, monitoring for TSWV symptoms and thrips, roguing infected plants, thrips management targeting early generations, extensive sanitation after harvest, and strategic cropping to avoid overlap with winter bridge crops. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus)
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Review

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15 pages, 1035 KiB  
Review
Current Status and Potential of RNA Interference for the Management of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus and Thrips Vectors
by Alexander Nilon, Karl Robinson, Hanu R. Pappu and Neena Mitter
Pathogens 2021, 10(3), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030320 - 9 Mar 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4280
Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is the type member of the genus Orthotospovirus in the family Tospoviridae and order Bunyavirales. TSWV, transmitted by several species of thrips, causes significant disease losses to agronomic and horticultural crops worldwide, impacting both the yield and quality [...] Read more.
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is the type member of the genus Orthotospovirus in the family Tospoviridae and order Bunyavirales. TSWV, transmitted by several species of thrips, causes significant disease losses to agronomic and horticultural crops worldwide, impacting both the yield and quality of the produce. Management strategies include growing virus-resistant cultivars, cultural practices, and managing thrips vectors through pesticide application. However, numerous studies have reported that TSWV isolates can overcome host-plant resistance, while thrips are developing resistance to pesticides that were once effective. RNA interference (RNAi) offers a means of host defence by using double-stranded (ds) RNA to initiate gene silencing against invading viruses. However, adoption of this approach requires production and use of transgenic plants and thus limits the practical application of RNAi against TSWV and other viruses. To fully utilize the potential of RNAi for virus management at the field level, new and novel approaches are needed. In this review, we summarize RNAi and highlight the potential of topical or exogenous application of RNAi triggers for managing TSWV and thrips vectors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus)
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