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15 pages, 20459 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Untargeted Lipidomics Method for the Discrimination of Five Crab Species by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Combined with Chemometrics

by Jiaxu Yao, Jinrui Zhu, Minjie Zhao, Li Zhou and Eric Marchioni

Molecules 2023, 28(9), 3653; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28093653 - 22 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1160

Abstract

In this study, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution accurate mass-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRAM/MS) was applied to characterize the lipid profiles of five crab species. A total of 203 lipid molecular species in muscle tissue and 176 in edible viscera were quantified. The results indicate that [...] Read more.

In this study, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution accurate mass-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRAM/MS) was applied to characterize the lipid profiles of five crab species. A total of 203 lipid molecular species in muscle tissue and 176 in edible viscera were quantified. The results indicate that Cancer pagurus contained high levels of lipids with a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapntemacnioc acid (EPA) structure in the muscle tissue and edible viscera. A partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) showed that PE 16:0/22:6, PE P-18:0/20:5, PA 16:0/22:6 and PC 16:0/16:1 could be used as potential biomarkers to discriminate the five kinds of crabs. In addition, some lipids, such as PE 18:0/20:5, PC 16:0/16:1, PE P-18:0/22:6 and SM 12:1;2O/20:0, could be used as characteristic molecules to distinguish between Cancer magister and Cancer pagurus, which are similar in appearance. This study provides a new perspective on discriminating crab species from MS-based lipidomics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Spectrometric and Spectroscopic Techniques in Food Quality and Safety)

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12 pages, 592 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Histamine and Tyramine in Chihuahua Cheeses during Shelf Life: Association with the Presence of tdc and hdc Genes

by Eduardo Campos-Góngora, María Teresa González-Martínez, Abad Arturo López-Hernández, Gerardo Ismael Arredondo-Mendoza, Ana Sofía Ortega-Villarreal and Blanca Edelia González-Martínez

Molecules 2023, 28(7), 3007; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28073007 - 28 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1459

Abstract

Cheese is a product of animal origin with a high nutritional value, and it is one of the most consumed dairy foods in Mexico. In addition, Chihuahua cheese is the most consumed matured cheese in Mexico. In the production process of Chihuahua cheese, [...] Read more.

Cheese is a product of animal origin with a high nutritional value, and it is one of the most consumed dairy foods in Mexico. In addition, Chihuahua cheese is the most consumed matured cheese in Mexico. In the production process of Chihuahua cheese, maturation is carried out by adding acid lactic microorganisms, mainly of the Lactococcus genus and, in some cases, also the Streptococcus and Lactobacillus genus. As part of the metabolism of fermenting microorganisms, biogenic amines can develop in matured foods, which result from the activity of amino decarboxylase enzymes. In cheeses, histamine and tyramine are the main amines that are formed, and the consumption of these represents a great risk to the health of consumers. In this work, the presence of biogenic amines (histamine and tyramine) was determined by HPLC at different times of the shelf life of Chihuahua cheeses. In addition, the presence of genes hdc and tdc that code for the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of these compounds (histidine and tyrosine decarboxylase, or HDC and TDC) was determined by molecular techniques. A significant correlation was observed between the presence of both histamine and tyramine at the end of shelf life with the presence of genes that code for the enzymes responsible for their synthesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Spectrometric and Spectroscopic Techniques in Food Quality and Safety)

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15 pages, 1598 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Variation of Aroma Components of Pasteurized Yogurt with Different Process Combination before and after Aging by DHS/GC-O-MS

by Mu Zhao, Hongliang Li, Dongjie Zhang, Jie Li, Rong Wen, Hairan Ma, Tingting Zou, Yaqiong Hou and Huanlu Song

Molecules 2023, 28(4), 1975; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28041975 - 19 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1878

Abstract

Pasteurized yogurt is a healthy yogurt that can be stored in ambient temperature conditions. Dynamic headspace sampling (DHS) combined with gas chromatography-olfactory mass spectrometry (GC-O-MS), sensory evaluation, electronic nose (E-nose), and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were used to analyze the flavor [...] Read more.

Pasteurized yogurt is a healthy yogurt that can be stored in ambient temperature conditions. Dynamic headspace sampling (DHS) combined with gas chromatography-olfactory mass spectrometry (GC-O-MS), sensory evaluation, electronic nose (E-nose), and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were used to analyze the flavor changes of pasteurized yogurt with different process combinations before and after aging. The results of odor profiles showed that the sensory descriptors of fermented, sweet, and sour were greatly affected by different process combinations. The results of odor-active compounds and relative odor activity value (r-OAV) showed that the combination of the production process affected the overall odor profile of pasteurized yogurt, which was consistent with the sensory evaluation results. A total of 15 odor-active compounds of 38 volatile compounds were detected in pasteurized yogurt samples. r-OAV results revealed that hexanal, (E)-2-octenal, 2-heptanone, and butanoic acid may be important odor-active compounds responsible for off-odor in aged, pasteurized yogurt samples. PLS-DA and variable importance of projection (VIP) results showed that butanoic acid, hexanal, acetoin, decanoic acid, 1-pentanol, 1-nonanal, and hexanoic acid were differential compounds that distinguish pasteurized yogurt before and after aging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Spectrometric and Spectroscopic Techniques in Food Quality and Safety)

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14 pages, 2654 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Different Pretreatment Processes (Freezing, Ultrasound and High Pressure) on the Sensory and Functional Properties of Black Garlic (Allium sativum L.)

by Kai-Hui Chan, Chao-Kai Chang, Mohsen Gavahian, Bara Yudhistira, Shella Permatasari Santoso, Kuan-Chen Cheng and Chang-Wei Hsieh

Molecules 2022, 27(20), 6992; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27206992 - 18 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1517

Abstract

Black garlic (BG) is an emerging derivative of fresh garlic with enhanced nutritional properties. This study aimed to develop functional BG products with good consumer acceptance. To this end, BG was treated with freezing (F-BG), ultrasound (U-BG), and HHP (H-BG) to assess its [...] Read more.

Black garlic (BG) is an emerging derivative of fresh garlic with enhanced nutritional properties. This study aimed to develop functional BG products with good consumer acceptance. To this end, BG was treated with freezing (F-BG), ultrasound (U-BG), and HHP (H-BG) to assess its sensory and functional properties. The results showed that F-BG and H-BG had higher S-allyl-cysteine (SAC), polyphenol, and flavonoid contents than BG. H-BG and F-BG displayed the best sensory quality after 18 days of aging, while 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), SAC, and polyphenols were identified as the most influential sensory parameters. Moreover, the F-BG and H-BG groups achieved optimal taste after 18 days, as opposed to untreated BG, which needed more than 24 days. Therefore, the proposed approaches significantly reduced the processing time while enhancing the physical, sensory, and functional properties of BG. In conclusion, freezing and HHP techniques may be considered promising pretreatments to develop BG products with good functional and sensory properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Spectrometric and Spectroscopic Techniques in Food Quality and Safety)

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13 pages, 1246 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Activity of Flavonoid-Rich Extract from Angelica keiskei

by Lanlan Tu, Rui Wang, Zheng Fang, Mengge Sun, Xiaohui Sun, Jinhong Wu, Yali Dang and Jianhua Liu

Molecules 2022, 27(19), 6625; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196625 - 06 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1855

Abstract

Angelica keiskei contains a variety of bioactive compounds including chalcone, coumarin, and phytochemicals, endowing it with pharmacological effects such as lipid-lowering activity, antitumor activity, liver protection, and nerve protection. This study aims to study the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of the flavonoid-rich extract [...] Read more.

Angelica keiskei contains a variety of bioactive compounds including chalcone, coumarin, and phytochemicals, endowing it with pharmacological effects such as lipid-lowering activity, antitumor activity, liver protection, and nerve protection. This study aims to study the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of the flavonoid-rich extract from Angelica keiskei (FEAK) in an effort to exploit new applications of FEAK and increase its commercial value. In this paper, flavonoid compounds in Angelica keiskei were extracted using 50% ethanol, and the contents of the flavonoid compounds were analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS. Then, the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of the FEAK were investigated through in vitro enzyme activity and cell experiments as well as establishing in vivo zebrafish and Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) models. The UPLC-MS/MS results show that the major flavonoid compounds in the FEAK were aureusidin, xanthoangelol, kaempferol, luteolin, and quercetin. The inhibitory rates of the FEAK on the activity of α-amylase and cholesterol esterase were 57.13% and 72.11%, respectively. In cell lipid-lowering experiments, the FEAK significantly reduced the total cholesterol (TC) and total triglyceride (TG) levels in a dose-dependent manner, with 150 μg/mL of FEAK decreasing the intracellular levels of TC and TG by 33.86% and 27.89%, respectively. The fluorescence intensity of the FEAK group was 68.12% higher than that of the control group, indicating that the FEAK exhibited hypoglycemic effects. When the concentration of the FEAK reached 500 μg/mL, the hypoglycemic effect on zebrafish reached up to 57.7%, and the average fluorescence intensity of C. elegans in the FEAK group was 17% lower than that of the control group. The results indicate that the FEAK had hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities. The findings of this study provide theoretical references for the high-value utilization of Angelica keiskei and the development of natural functional food with hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Spectrometric and Spectroscopic Techniques in Food Quality and Safety)

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12 pages, 1676 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fast and Non-Destructive Profiling of Commercial Coffee Aroma under Three Conditions (Beans, Powder, and Brews) Using GC-IMS

by Yanping Chen, He Chen, Dandan Cui, Xiaolei Fang, Jie Gao and Yuan Liu

Molecules 2022, 27(19), 6262; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196262 - 23 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1596

Abstract

The flavor of coffee can be affected by the preparation parameters. In this investigation, the flavor profiles of three coffee brands under three conditions (bean, powder, and brew) were analyzed by gas chromatography—ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) and the electronic nose (E-nose). The flavor [...] Read more.

The flavor of coffee can be affected by the preparation parameters. In this investigation, the flavor profiles of three coffee brands under three conditions (bean, powder, and brew) were analyzed by gas chromatography—ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) and the electronic nose (E-nose). The flavor results were further studied using multiple factor analysis (MFA). A total of 117 peaks were identified in all coffee samples by GC-IMS, and the principal component analysis (PCA) showed these coffee samples could be grouped and separated. A total of 37 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were selected as biomarkers to distinguish coffee samples, including 5 aldehydes, 10 ketones, 8 alcohols, 2 acids, 4 esters, 5 furans, and 3 other compounds. The comparison between E-nose and GC-IMS data using partial least squares regression (PLSR) and MFA showed GC-IMS could present very close sample spaces. Compared with E-nose, GC–IMS could not only be used to classify coffee samples in a very short time but also provide VOC bio-markers to discriminate coffee samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Spectrometric and Spectroscopic Techniques in Food Quality and Safety)

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17 pages, 1510 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Different Volatile Extraction Methods for the Identification of Fishy Off-Odor in Fish By-Products

by Yuanyuan Zhang, Long Tang, Yu Zhang, Huanlu Song, Ali Raza, Wenqing Pan, Lin Gong and Can Jiang

Molecules 2022, 27(19), 6177; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196177 - 21 Sep 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2187

Abstract

This study was conducted to analyze volatile odor compounds and key odor-active compounds in the fish soup using fish scarp and bone. Five extraction methods, including solid-phase microextraction (SPME), dynamic headspace sampling (DHS), solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE), stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), liquid-liquid [...] Read more.

This study was conducted to analyze volatile odor compounds and key odor-active compounds in the fish soup using fish scarp and bone. Five extraction methods, including solid-phase microextraction (SPME), dynamic headspace sampling (DHS), solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE), stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), were compared and SPME was finally selected as the best extraction method for further study. The volatile odor compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography-olfactometry-mass spectrometry (GC-O-MS) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-olfactometry-mass spectrometry (GC × GC-O-MS) techniques, and the key odor-active compounds were identified via aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) and relative odor activity value (r-OAV) calculation. A total of 38 volatile compounds were identified by GC-O-MS, among which 10 were declared as odor-active compounds. Whereas 39 volatile compounds were identified by GC × GC-O-MS, among which 12 were declared as odor-active compounds. The study results revealed that 1-octen-3-one, 2-pentylfuran, (E)-2-octenal, 1-octen-3-one, hexanal, 1-octen-3-ol, 6-methylhept-5-en-2-one, (E,Z)-2,6-nondienal and 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine were the key odor-active compounds in the fish soup. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Spectrometric and Spectroscopic Techniques in Food Quality and Safety)

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12 pages, 1701 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vivo Detection of Tetrodotoxin in Takifugu obscurus Based on Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

by Hengli Meng, Shui Jiang, Yin Zhang, Yun Hu and Yuan Liu

Molecules 2022, 27(18), 6122; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27186122 - 19 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1447

Abstract

Pufferfish is nutritious and delicious, but the tetrodotoxin (TTX) that may exist in its body poses a serious safety hazard. It is important to use scientific and effective methods to detect the TTX in pufferfish, but most of the existing methods require complex [...] Read more.

Pufferfish is nutritious and delicious, but the tetrodotoxin (TTX) that may exist in its body poses a serious safety hazard. It is important to use scientific and effective methods to detect the TTX in pufferfish, but most of the existing methods require complex pre-treatment steps and have sample lethality. The solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technology can be used for in vivo detection due to its advantages such as no solvent demand, simple operation, and fast detection speed. In this study, the GO-PAN@PNE SPME fibers were made via a dipping method, and their extraction effect was verified in the TTX aqueous and spiked fish. The established method has good reproducibility, and the limit of detection of TTX in pufferfish was 32 ng·g⁻¹, and the limit of quantitation was 150 ng·g⁻¹, which can meet the detection needs of pufferfish for safe consumption. This method was used to in vivo detect the Takifugu obscurus exposed to the TTX, to determine the content of TTX in the pufferfish muscle. The detection method established in this study can relatively quickly and easily realize the in vivo detection of TTX in the pufferfish, which can provide theoretical support for improvement in the food safety level of the pufferfish. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Spectrometric and Spectroscopic Techniques in Food Quality and Safety)

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22 pages, 2618 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis and Comparison of Aroma Compounds of Brown Sugar in Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan Using GC-O-MS

by Erbao Chen, Shuna Zhao, Huanlu Song, Yu Zhang and Wanyao Lu

Molecules 2022, 27(18), 5878; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27185878 - 10 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1806

Abstract

Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan are the three provinces in China that yield the most brown sugar, a brown-red colored solid or powdered sugar product made from sugar cane. In the present study, the differences between odor compounds of brown sugar from Guangdong, Guangxi, [...] Read more.

Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan are the three provinces in China that yield the most brown sugar, a brown-red colored solid or powdered sugar product made from sugar cane. In the present study, the differences between odor compounds of brown sugar from Guangdong, Guangxi, and Yunnan provinces in China were compared and analyzed by gas chromatography-olfactometry-mass spectrometry (GC-O-MS). A total of 80 odor compounds, including 5 alcohols, 9 aldehydes, 8 phenols, 21 acids, 14 ketones, 5 esters, 12 pyrazines, and 6 other compounds, were detected. The fingerprint analysis of the brown sugar odor compounds showed 90% similarity, indicating a close relationship among the odor properties of brown sugar in each province. Moreover, the orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was performed to identify the compounds contributing to the volatile classification of the brown sugar from three provinces, which confirmed that OPLS-DA could be a potential tool to distinguish the brown sugar of three origins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Spectrometric and Spectroscopic Techniques in Food Quality and Safety)

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16 pages, 2319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Improved POD Model for Fast Semi-Quantitative Analysis of Carbendazim in Fruit by Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

by Qiaoling Yang, Hong Lin, Jinge Ma, Niannian Chen, Chaomin Zhao, Dehua Guo, Bing Niu, Zhihui Zhao, Xiaojun Deng and Qin Chen

Molecules 2022, 27(13), 4230; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27134230 - 30 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1347

Abstract

The current detection method of carbendazim suffers from the disadvantages of complicated preprocessing and long cycle time. In order to solve the problem of rapid quantitative screening of finite contaminants, this article proposed a qualitative method based on characteristic peaks and a semi-quantitative [...] Read more.

The current detection method of carbendazim suffers from the disadvantages of complicated preprocessing and long cycle time. In order to solve the problem of rapid quantitative screening of finite contaminants, this article proposed a qualitative method based on characteristic peaks and a semi-quantitative method based on threshold to detect carbendazim in apple, and finally the method is evaluated by a validation system based on binary output. The results showed that the detection limit for carbendazim was 0.5 mg/kg, and the detection probability was 100% when the concentration was no less than 1 mg/kg. The semi-quantitative analysis method had a false positive rate of 0% and 5% at 0.5 mg/kg and 2.5 mg/kg, respectively. The results of method evaluation showed that when the added concentration was greater than 2.5 mg/kg, the qualitative detection method was consistent with the reference method. When the concentration was no less than 5 mg/kg, the semi-quantitative method is consistent between different labs. The semi-quantitative method proposed in this study can achieve the screening of finite contaminants in blind samples and simplify the test validation process through the detection probability model, which can meet the needs of rapid on-site detection and has a good application prospect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Spectrometric and Spectroscopic Techniques in Food Quality and Safety)

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Review

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21 pages, 1341 KiB

Open AccessReview

Pesticides Identification and Sustainable Viticulture Practices to Reduce Their Use: An Overview

by Samuel Tucker, Georgiana-Diana Dumitriu (Gabur) and Carmen Teodosiu

Molecules 2022, 27(23), 8205; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238205 - 24 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2964

Abstract

The use of pesticides is a necessary practice in the modern era. Therefore, it is impossible to ignore the pesticide market, which has developed into one of the most lucrative in the world. Nowadays, humans are subjected to many potential risks, and significant [...] Read more.

The use of pesticides is a necessary practice in the modern era. Therefore, it is impossible to ignore the pesticide market, which has developed into one of the most lucrative in the world. Nowadays, humans are subjected to many potential risks, and significant amounts of toxic compounds enter their bodies through food, drink, and the air itself. Identification and quantification of these hazardous compounds is crucial for the sustainable development of an increasing world population which poses high climatic and political constraints on agricultural production systems. The maximum residue limits for pesticides have been regulated by the Codex Alimentarius Commission and European Union to protect human health. In this review, we have summarized and explained the analytical methods for pesticide extraction and determination. Also, sustainable viticulture practices like organic vineyards, tillage, biopesticides, nanobiopesticides, and precision viticulture are briefly discussed. These new techniques allow wine growers to be more profitable and efficient, while contributing to the reduction of pests and increasing the quality of wines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Spectrometric and Spectroscopic Techniques in Food Quality and Safety)

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23 pages, 1247 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of The Application of Spectroscopy to Flavonoids from Medicine and Food Homology Materials

by Lin Zou, Huijun Li, Xuejie Ding, Zifan Liu, Dongqiong He, Jamal A. H. Kowah, Lisheng Wang, Mingqing Yuan and Xu Liu

Molecules 2022, 27(22), 7766; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227766 - 11 Nov 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2514

Abstract

Medicinal and food homology materials are a group of drugs in herbal medicine that have nutritional value and can be used as functional food, with great potential for development and application. Flavonoids are one of the major groups of components in pharmaceutical and [...] Read more.

Medicinal and food homology materials are a group of drugs in herbal medicine that have nutritional value and can be used as functional food, with great potential for development and application. Flavonoids are one of the major groups of components in pharmaceutical and food materials that have been found to possess a variety of biological activities and pharmacological effects. More and more analytical techniques are being used in the study of flavonoid components of medicinal and food homology materials. Compared to traditional analytical methods, spectroscopic analysis has the advantages of being rapid, economical and free of chemical waste. It is therefore widely used for the identification and analysis of herbal components. This paper reviews the application of spectroscopic techniques in the study of flavonoid components in medicinal and food homology materials, including structure determination, content determination, quality identification, interaction studies, and the corresponding chemometrics. This review may provide some reference and assistance for future studies on the flavonoid composition of other medicinal and food homology materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Spectrometric and Spectroscopic Techniques in Food Quality and Safety)

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35 pages, 2298 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Progress on Techniques in the Detection of Aflatoxin B₁ in Edible Oil: A Mini Review

by Shipeng Yin, Liqiong Niu and Yuanfa Liu

Molecules 2022, 27(19), 6141; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196141 - 20 Sep 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3096

Abstract

Contamination of agricultural products and foods by aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) is becoming a serious global problem, and the presence of AFB₁ in edible oil is frequent and has become inevitable, especially in underdeveloped countries and regions. As AFB₁ [...] Read more.

Contamination of agricultural products and foods by aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) is becoming a serious global problem, and the presence of AFB₁ in edible oil is frequent and has become inevitable, especially in underdeveloped countries and regions. As AFB₁ results from a possible degradation of aflatoxins and the interaction of the resulting toxic compound with food components, it could cause chronic disease or severe cancers, increasing morbidity and mortality. Therefore, rapid and reliable detection methods are essential for checking AFB₁ occurrence in foodstuffs to ensure food safety. Recently, new biosensor technologies have become a research hotspot due to their characteristics of speed and accuracy. This review describes various technologies such as chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques, ELISA techniques, and biosensing techniques, along with their advantages and weaknesses, for AFB₁ control in edible oil and provides new insight into AFB₁ detection for future work. Although compared with other technologies, biosensor technology involves the cross integration of multiple technologies, such as spectral technology and new nano materials, and has great potential, some challenges regarding their stability, cost, etc., need further studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Spectrometric and Spectroscopic Techniques in Food Quality and Safety)

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16 pages, 8010 KiB

Open AccessReview

Raman Method in Identification of Species and Varieties, Assessment of Plant Maturity and Crop Quality—A Review

by Aneta Saletnik, Bogdan Saletnik and Czesław Puchalski

Molecules 2022, 27(14), 4454; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27144454 - 12 Jul 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2449

Abstract

The present review covers reports discussing potential applications of the specificity of Raman techniques in the advancement of digital farming, in line with an assumption of yield maximisation with minimum environmental impact of agriculture. Raman is an optical spectroscopy method which can be [...] Read more.

The present review covers reports discussing potential applications of the specificity of Raman techniques in the advancement of digital farming, in line with an assumption of yield maximisation with minimum environmental impact of agriculture. Raman is an optical spectroscopy method which can be used to perform immediate, label-free detection and quantification of key compounds without destroying the sample. The authors particularly focused on the reports discussing the use of Raman spectroscopy in monitoring the physiological status of plants, assessing crop maturity and quality, plant pathology and ripening, and identifying plant species and their varieties. In recent years, research reports have presented evidence confirming the effectiveness of Raman spectroscopy in identifying biotic and abiotic stresses in plants as well as in phenotyping and digital selection of plants in farming. Raman techniques used in precision agriculture can significantly improve capacities for farming management, crop quality assessment, as well as biological and chemical contaminant detection, thereby contributing to food safety as well as the productivity and profitability of agriculture. This review aims to increase the awareness of the growing potential of Raman spectroscopy in agriculture among plant breeders, geneticists, farmers and engineers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Spectrometric and Spectroscopic Techniques in Food Quality and Safety)

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