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Applications of Modern Artificial Intelligence and Antenna Technology: Design, Materials, Processing Techniques, Signal Processing and Sensing Methods

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A special issue of Micromachines (ISSN 2072-666X). This special issue belongs to the section "E：Engineering and Technology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2023) | Viewed by 14817

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Dr. Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi

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Centre for Telecommunication Research and Innovation (CeTRI), Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology (FTKEE), Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Taman Tasik Utama, Ayer Keroh 75450, Malacca, Malaysia
Interests: UWB antennas; metamaterial and metasurface; microwave sensors; reflectors; 5G and sub 6 GHz
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Zahriladha Zakaria

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Center for Telecommunication Research and Innovation (CeTRI), Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Jalan Hang Tuah Jaya, Melaka 76100, Malaysia
Interests: microwave devices development, such as planar and non-planar microwave filters, resonators, amplifiers, and antennas
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Recently, the rapidly growing wave of wireless data has been pushing against the boundary of wireless communication systems’ performance and artificial intelligence (AI) technology. AI provides new and innovative solutions for the complex problem of communication system design. It is a powerful tool and a popular research topic with many potential applications to enhance wireless communications.

Antennas play a pivotal role in making communication between the AI and the other equipment outside possible. Some recent successes include the accelerated design and measurement of antennas in modern artificial intelligence technology and artificial electromagnetic media (e.g., metamaterials and metasurfaces).

This special issue aims to showcase recent developments, advances, and new frontiers in Applications of modern artificial intelligence and antenna technology: Design, materials, processing techniques, signal processing, and sensing methods. We welcome research about the low profile and efficient antenna design and microwave sensors and AI devices. Other research areas include new communication and signaling techniques for lightweight protocols and implementing AI-based antennas for wireless communication systems. We encourage original research and review articles that apply ideas and techniques from different areas to understand the problems and challenges in antenna-based AI for wireless communication and sensor designs .

Dr. Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi
Prof. Dr. Zahriladha Zakaria
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Micromachines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Dr. Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi
Prof. Dr. Zahriladha Zakaria
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Keywords

signal processing techniques for communications
antenna modelling using artificial intelligence (AI)
antenna development using intelligent materials
metamaterials/metasurfaces for antenna design
microwave sensors
UWB and 5G applications

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 10302 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Wide-Band Antenna with Circular Polarization Utilizing a U-Shaped Radiator and Parasitic Strip for Wireless Communications

by Basma M. Yousef, Allam M. Ameen, Meshari D. Alanazi, Maheswar Rajagopal and Ahmed A. Ibrahim

Micromachines 2023, 14(7), 1308; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14071308 - 26 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1031

Abstract

A circularly polarized (CP) and wide-band monopole antenna with a miniaturized size is suggested in this study. The suggested structure is composed of a U-shaped radiator on the front side, a partial ground plane with two rectangle slots, and a quadrilateral-shaped parasitic strip on the back side of the FR4 substrate. A wide-band operation with S₁₁ ≤ −10 dB was achieved by regulating the radiator and the partial ground that was placed on the second side of the antenna substrate. The CP was achieved when excited two modes with the same amplitude and a 90° phase difference. This could be generated by regulating the slots’ dimensions in the ground plane. Moreover, a quadrilateral-shaped parasitic strip placed on the second side with the partial ground was utilized to extend the 3 dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth. The suggested structure is simulated, prototyped, and measured to confirm the desired requirements with a total size of 30 × 32 mm² (0.4 × 0.42 λ₀ at 4 GHz). The tested outcomes have a bandwidth of S₁₁ ≤ −10 dB (81.25%) (5.2 GHz, 3.8–9 GHz) and a 3 dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth (30.7%) (1.63 GHz, 4.48–6.11 GHz). The antenna’s different parameters are discussed, which recommend the suggested antenna to be used in UWB, sub 6 GHz, and WLAN wireless applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Modern Artificial Intelligence and Antenna Technology: Design, Materials, Processing Techniques, Signal Processing and Sensing Methods)

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30 pages, 12029 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Realizing the High Q-Factor of a CSIW Microwave Resonator Based on an MDGS for Semisolid Material Characterization

by Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi, Norhanani Abd Rahman, Zahriladha Zakaria and Muhammad Firdaus Akbar

Micromachines 2023, 14(5), 922; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14050922 - 24 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1701

Abstract

In this work, the high-quality factor (Q-factor) and high sensitivity of a circular substrate-integrated waveguide (CSIW) are proposed for the characterization of semisolid materials. The modeled sensor was designed based on the CSIW structure with a mill-shaped defective ground structure (MDGS) to improve measurement sensitivity. The designed sensor oscillates at a single frequency of 2.45 GHz, which was simulated using an Ansys HFSS simulator. Electromagnetic simulation explains the basis of the mode resonance of all two-port resonators. Six variations of the materials under test (SUTs) were simulated and measured, including air (without an SUT), Javanese turmeric, mango ginger, black turmeric, turmeric, and distilled water (DI). A detailed sensitivity calculation was performed for the resonance band at 2.45 GHz. The SUT test mechanism was performed using a polypropylene tube (PP). The samples of dielectric material were filled into the channels of the PP tube and loaded into the center hole of the MDGS. The E-fields around the sensor affect the relationship with the SUTs, resulting in a high Q-factor value. The final sensor had a Q-factor of 700 and a sensitivity of 2.864 at 2.45 GHz. Due to the high sensitivity of the presented sensor for characterization of various semisolid penetrations, the sensor is also of interest for accurate estimation of solute concentration in liquid media. Finally, the relationship between the loss tangent, permittivity, and Q-factor at the resonant frequency were derived and investigated. These results make the presented resonator ideal for the characterization of semisolid materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Modern Artificial Intelligence and Antenna Technology: Design, Materials, Processing Techniques, Signal Processing and Sensing Methods)

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15 pages, 4850 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fractal Analysis of Fuel Nozzle Surface Morphology Based on the 3D-Sandbox Method

by Yeni Li, Liang Hou and Yun Chen

Micromachines 2023, 14(5), 904; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14050904 - 23 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1241

Abstract

The dual oil circuit centrifugal fuel nozzle is made of martensitic stainless steel, which has complex morphological characteristics. The surface roughness characteristics of the fuel nozzle directly affect the degree of fuel atomization and the spray cone angle. The surface characterization of the fuel nozzle is investigated by the fractal analysis method. A sequence of images of an unheated treatment fuel nozzle and a heated treatment fuel nozzle are captured by the super-depth digital camera. The 3-D point cloud of the fuel nozzle is acquired by the shape from focus technique, and its three-dimensional (3-D) fractal dimensions are calculated and analyzed by the 3-D sandbox counting method. The proposed method can characterize the surface morphology well, including the standard metal processing surface and the fuel nozzle surface, and the experiments show that the 3-D surface fractal dimension is positively correlated with the surface roughness parameter. The 3-D surface fractal dimensions of the unheated treatment fuel nozzle were 2.6281, 2.8697, and 2.7620, compared with the heated treatment fuel nozzles dimensions of 2.3021, 2.5322, and 2.3327. Thus, the 3-D surface fractal dimension value of the unheated treatment is larger than that of the heated treatment and is sensitive to surface defects. This study indicates that the 3-D sandbox counting fractal dimension method is an effective method to evaluate the fuel nozzle surface and other metal processing surfaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Modern Artificial Intelligence and Antenna Technology: Design, Materials, Processing Techniques, Signal Processing and Sensing Methods)

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17 pages, 5149 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rao-Blackwellized Particle Filter Algorithm Integrated with Neural Network Sensor Model Using Laser Distance Sensor

by Amirul Jamaludin, Norhidayah Mohamad Yatim, Zarina Mohd Noh and Norlida Buniyamin

Micromachines 2023, 14(3), 560; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14030560 - 27 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1265

Abstract

Commonly, simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithm is developed using high-end sensors. Alternatively, some researchers use low-end sensors due to the lower cost of the robot. However, the low-end sensor produces noisy sensor measurements that can affect the SLAM algorithm, which is prone to error. Therefore, in this paper, a SLAM algorithm, which is a Rao-Blackwellized particle filter (RBPF) integrated with artificial neural networks (ANN) sensor model, is introduced to improve the measurement accuracy of a low-end laser distance sensor (LDS) and subsequently improve the performance of SLAM. The RBPF integrated with the ANN sensor model is experimented with by using the Turtlebot3 mobile robot in simulation and real-world experiments. The experiment is validated by comparing the occupancy grid maps estimated by RBPF integrated with the ANN sensor model and RBPF without ANN. Both the results in simulation and real-world experiments show that the SLAM performance of RBPF integrated with the ANN sensor model is better than the RBPF without ANN. In the real-world experiment results, the performance of the occupied cells integrated with the ANN sensor model is increased by 107.59%. In conclusion, the SLAM algorithm integrated with the ANN sensor model is able to improve the accuracy of the map estimate for mobile robots using low-end LDS sensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Modern Artificial Intelligence and Antenna Technology: Design, Materials, Processing Techniques, Signal Processing and Sensing Methods)

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18 pages, 15611 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New CPW-Fed Semicircular Inverted Triangular Shaped Antenna Based on Mixed-Alternate Approach for 5G Millimeter-Wave Wireless Applications

by Permanand Soothar, Hao Wang, Zaheer Ahmed Dayo and Yu Quan

Micromachines 2023, 14(1), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14010220 - 15 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1720

Abstract

This paper presents the design and development of a new semicircular inverted triangular shaped antenna for 5G millimeter-wave wireless applications. An alternate-mixed approach based on cavity, slots and loaded stubs is employed in the designed antenna lattice. The suggested antenna structure is formed by a radiator, partial defected metal ground plane and a 50 Ω coplanar waveguide. The proposed antenna resonated at multiple frequencies by the setting up of the proper dimensions and locations of the rectangles, elliptical cut slots and cavity stubs. Furthermore, a parametric analysis is carried out to examine the antenna’s effectiveness and impedance-matching controls. The proposed structure is realized on the low-cost RT/Duroid Rogers RO3010™ laminate with an overall small size of 1.381λ₀ × 1.08λ₀ × 0.098λ₀, where λ₀ represents the wavelength corresponding to the minimum edge frequency of the 23 GHz at 10 dB impedance bandwidth of the antenna. The antenna’s key characteristics in terms of bandwidth, gain, radiation patterns and current distribution have been investigated. The antenna exhibits high performance, including an impedance bandwidth of 19 GHz ranging from 23 GHz to 42 GHz, results in 58.46% wider relative bandwidth calculated at 10 dB scaled return loss, a peak realized gain of 6.75 dBi, optimal radiation efficiency of 89%, stable omnidirectional-shaped radiation patterns and robust current distribution across the antenna structure at multiple resonances. The designed antenna has been fabricated and simulation experiments evaluated its performance. The results demonstrate that the antenna is appropriate and can be well integrated into 5G millimeter-wave wireless communication systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Modern Artificial Intelligence and Antenna Technology: Design, Materials, Processing Techniques, Signal Processing and Sensing Methods)

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Review

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29 pages, 3472 KiB

Open AccessReview

Microwave Imaging and Sensing Techniques for Breast Cancer Detection

by Lulu Wang

Micromachines 2023, 14(7), 1462; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14071462 - 21 Jul 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4015

Abstract

Medical imaging techniques, including X-ray mammography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging, play a crucial role in the timely identification and monitoring of breast cancer. However, these conventional imaging modalities have their limitations, and there is a need for a more accurate and sensitive alternative. Microwave imaging has emerged as a promising technique for breast cancer detection due to its non-ionizing, non-invasive, and cost-effective nature. Recent advancements in microwave imaging and sensing techniques have opened up new possibilities for the early diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. By combining microwave sensing with machine learning techniques, microwave imaging approaches can rapidly and affordably identify and classify breast tumors. This manuscript provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in microwave imaging and sensing techniques for the early detection of breast cancer. It discusses the principles and applications of microwave imaging and highlights its advantages over conventional imaging modalities. The manuscript also delves into integrating machine learning algorithms to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of microwave imaging in breast cancer detection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Modern Artificial Intelligence and Antenna Technology: Design, Materials, Processing Techniques, Signal Processing and Sensing Methods)

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21 pages, 7456 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Compact and Low-Profile Curve-Feed Complementary Split-Ring Resonator Microwave Sensor for Solid Material Detection

by Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi, Zahriladha Zakaria, Norhanani Abd Rahman, Syah Alam and Maizatul Alice Meor Said

Micromachines 2023, 14(2), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14020384 - 03 Feb 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1869

Abstract

A compact and low-profile curve-feed complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) microwave sensor for solid material detection is presented in this article. The curve-feed CSRR sensor was developed based on the CSRR configuration with triple rings (TRs) designed together, utilizing a high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) microwave studio. The designed curve-feed CSRR sensor resonates at 2.5 GHz, performs in transmission mode, and senses shift in frequency. Four varieties of the sample under tests (SUTs) were simulated and measured. These SUTs are Air (without SUT), Roger 5880, Roger 4350, FR4, and detailed sensitivity analysis is being performed for the resonant band at 2.5 GHz. The finalized CSRR curve-feed sensor was integrated with defective ground structure (DGS) to deliver high-performance characteristics in microstrip circuits, which leads to a high Q-factor magnitude. The presented curve-feed sensor has a Q-factor of 520 at 2.5 GHz, with high sensitivity of about 1.072. The relationship between loss tangent, permittivity, and Q-factor at the resonant frequency has been compared and discussed. These disseminated outcomes make the suggested sensor ideal for characterizing solid materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Modern Artificial Intelligence and Antenna Technology: Design, Materials, Processing Techniques, Signal Processing and Sensing Methods)

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