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Metals
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Thermo-Physical Properties of Metals and Oxides
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Thermo-Physical Properties of Metals and Oxides

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2022) | Viewed by 10818

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Joonho Lee

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
College of Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Korea
Interests: measurement of thermophysical properties of metals and inorganic materials; thermodynamics of surface and interface: theory and experiments; design of environmentally kind materials and processes; phase diagram of nanometer-sized particles

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Thanks to the progress in industrial digital transformation, manufacturing technologies have shown great improvements in recent years. Surely, digital twin based on computer simulations would accelerate the improvements, especially in metallurgy and its applications. For fascinating process simulations, accurate and reliable data on thermo-physical properties of metals and oxides are essential.

This Special Issue on “Thermophysical Properties of Metals and Oxides” aims to collect excellent research and review papers on the recent progress of science and technologies in the study of thermophysical properties of metals and oxides.

Topics addressed in this Special Issue may include but are not limited to:

  • Measurements of thermophysical properties of metals and oxides (solid and liquid);
  • Structure analysis and relationship with thermophysical properties;
  • Improvements of the measuring technique;
  • Computational modeling of thermophysical properties;
  • Application of thermophysical properties in metallurgical processes;
  • Digital transformation based on the thermophysical property database.

Prof. Dr. Joonho Lee
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Computer modeling
  • Density
  • Electrostatic levitation
  • Electrical conductivity
  • Thermal conductivity
  • Thermodynamics
  • Sound velocity
  • Structure analysis
  • Surface tension
  • Viscosity

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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8 pages, 2368 KiB  
Article
Measurement of Interfacial Tension between Liquid Pb and a Molten LiCl-NaCl-KCl Mixture via a Floating Drop Method
by Masashi Nakamoto, Toshihiro Tanaka and Takaiku Yamamoto
Metals 2022, 12(7), 1198; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071198 - 14 Jul 2022
Viewed by 1131
Abstract
The floating drop method has the potential for high-accuracy measurement of liquid–liquid interfacial tension. It was applied here to measure the interfacial tension between liquid Pb and a molten mixture of 8.9% LiCl, 50% NaCl, and KCl (mass%). The heavier Pb droplet floated [...] Read more.
The floating drop method has the potential for high-accuracy measurement of liquid–liquid interfacial tension. It was applied here to measure the interfacial tension between liquid Pb and a molten mixture of 8.9% LiCl, 50% NaCl, and KCl (mass%). The heavier Pb droplet floated on the lighter molten salt and enabled the acquisition of data at 673 K, 723 K, and 773 K under vacuum. The results agreed with previous reports. The temperature (T) dependence of the interfacial tension s was given by s = 459–1.27 T mN/m. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermo-Physical Properties of Metals and Oxides)
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11 pages, 1825 KiB  
Article
Round-Robin Measurement of Surface Tension for Liquid Titanium by Electromagnetic Levitation (EML) and Electrostatic Levitation (ESL)
by Yusaku Seimiya, Yu Kudo, Ryo Shinazawa, Yuki Watanabe, Takehiko Ishikawa and Shumpei Ozawa
Metals 2022, 12(7), 1129; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071129 - 01 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1479
Abstract
To accurately measure the surface tension of liquid titanium free of contamination from chemical reaction with the supporting materials and dissolution of atmospheric oxygen, the measurement was performed by using electromagnetic levitation (EML) and electrostatic levitation (ESL) in consideration of the influence of [...] Read more.
To accurately measure the surface tension of liquid titanium free of contamination from chemical reaction with the supporting materials and dissolution of atmospheric oxygen, the measurement was performed by using electromagnetic levitation (EML) and electrostatic levitation (ESL) in consideration of the influence of oxygen partial pressure of the measurement atmosphere, PO2. When liquid titanium was maintained at 2000 K under Ar–He gas with PO2 of 10 Pa flowing at 2 L·min−1 using EML, the surface tension decreased with time due to the dissolution of atmospheric oxygen into the sample. When the PO2 of the gas was decreased to 10−2 Pa, the oxygen content and the surface tension were confirmed to not vary, even after 120 min. Even though PO2 further decreased to 10−11 Pa under Ar–He–H2 gas, the surface tension slightly increased with time due to gas phase equilibrium between H2 and H2O that allowed for a continuous dissolution of atmospheric oxygen into the liquid titanium. The surface tension of liquid titanium measured by ESL, which prevents contamination of the sample from supporting materials and the high 10−5 Pa vacuum inhibits the dissolution of oxygen, showed almost the same value as that measured under Ar–He gas at PO2 of 10−2 Pa by EML. From the measurement results of EML and ESL, the surface tension of the 99.98 mass % pure liquid titanium, free from any contaminations from chemical reactions, with the supporting material and dissolved oxygen was expressed as σ99.98%=1613−0.2049T−1941 (10−3 N·m−1). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermo-Physical Properties of Metals and Oxides)
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11 pages, 2801 KiB  
Article
Densities of Liquid Tm2O3, Yb2O3, and Lu2O3 Measured by an Electrostatic Levitation Furnace Onboard the International Space Station
by Takehiko Ishikawa, Chihiro Koyama, Hirohisa Oda, Rina Shimonishi, Tsuyoshi Ito and Paul-François Paradis
Metals 2022, 12(7), 1126; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071126 - 30 Jun 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1359
Abstract
Liquid densities of three lanthanoid sesquioxides (Tm2O3, Yb2O3, and Lu2O3), whose melting temperatures are above 2400 °C, were measured using an electrostatic levitation furnace onboard the International Space Station (ISS). Each [...] Read more.
Liquid densities of three lanthanoid sesquioxides (Tm2O3, Yb2O3, and Lu2O3), whose melting temperatures are above 2400 °C, were measured using an electrostatic levitation furnace onboard the International Space Station (ISS). Each sample was positively charged, and its position was controlled by Coulomb forces between the sample and the surrounding electrodes. Following heating and melting of the sample by high-power lasers, its volume was calculated from its spherical shape in its liquidus phase. After weighing the mass of the sample returned to Earth, its density was determined. The densities (ρ) of Tm2O3, Yb2O3, and Lu2O3 can be expressed as ρTm2O3 = 8304 − 0.18 × (T − Tm), ρYb2O3 = 8425 − 0.55 × (T − Tm), and ρLu2O3 = 8627 − 0.43 × (T − Tm), respectively, where Tm is their melting temperatures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermo-Physical Properties of Metals and Oxides)
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11 pages, 4023 KiB  
Article
Oxidation Characteristics of Nickel-Based Superalloy Powders Exposed at Ambient Condition
by Weijie Zhong, Dongling Jiao, Wanqi Qiu, Zhongwu Liu, Wenyong Xu, Zhou Li and Guoqing Zhang
Metals 2022, 12(6), 972; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12060972 - 06 Jun 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1450
Abstract
The existence of adsorbed oxygen and oxides on the surface of initial powders has serious effects on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the powder metallurgy alloys. However, the powder surface is inevitably oxidized immediately after the powder preparation. In this work, the [...] Read more.
The existence of adsorbed oxygen and oxides on the surface of initial powders has serious effects on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the powder metallurgy alloys. However, the powder surface is inevitably oxidized immediately after the powder preparation. In this work, the oxidation characteristics for the argon atomized powders of a Ni-based superalloy containing Cr, Co, W, Mo, Nb, Ti and Al after exposure at ambient condition for various time were investigated in detail. It is found that various gases can be absorbed on the powder surface, but most of them can be removed by low temperature (<151.5 °C) outgassing procedure. The thermodynamic calculation shows that the oxidation reaction occurs firstly with the alloying elements rather than Ni matrix, whether at room temperature or elevated temperature. The kinetic measurement indicates that the oxygen content on the powder surface approaches a saturation value after 24 h exposure and remains almost stable after 720 h. The oxygen content increases with the decrease of particle size after exposure. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterized that, except the formed oxides, adsorbed oxygen also exists on the powder surface of the as-atomized initial fine powders with particle size <30 μm and the powders with size >18.7 μm after exposure, which may be caused by the internal stress and surface energy of the initial atomized powder. All alloying elements except Ti can form stable oxides directly on the powder surface. For the element of Ti, the metastable TiO forms on the initial powder surface after preparation and it transforms into stable TiO2 or Ti2O3 during exposure. The results provide a deep understanding of absorbed gases and oxide on the surface of powders under treatment and possible desorption approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermo-Physical Properties of Metals and Oxides)
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22 pages, 1690 KiB  
Article
Theoretical Study on Thermal Stresses of Metal Bars with Different Moduli in Tension and Compression
by Ying Guo, Si-Rui Wen, Jun-Yi Sun and Xiao-Ting He
Metals 2022, 12(2), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12020347 - 16 Feb 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1805
Abstract
Extensive studies have shown that engineering materials, including metals and their oxides, will present different mechanical properties in tension or compression; however, this difference is generally neglected due to the complexity of the analysis. In this study, we theoretically analyze the thermal stress [...] Read more.
Extensive studies have shown that engineering materials, including metals and their oxides, will present different mechanical properties in tension or compression; however, this difference is generally neglected due to the complexity of the analysis. In this study, we theoretically analyze the thermal stress of a metal bar with a bimodular effect. First, the common strain suppression method is used to obtain a one-dimensional thermal stress expression. As a contrast with the one-dimensional solution, a two-dimensional thermoelasticity solution is also derived, based on the classical Duhamel theorem concerning body force analogy. Results indicate an important phenomenon that the linear temperature rise mode will produce thermal stress in a bimodular metal bar, whereas there is no thermal stress in the case of singular modulus. If the equilibrium relation is needed to be satisfied, the variation trend between different moduli and different thermal expansion coefficients in tension and compression should be opposite. In addition, the amplitude of stress variation, from the maximum tensile stress to the maximum compressive stress, increases dramatically. There exists an inevitable link between one- and two-dimensional solutions. These results are helpful to the refined analysis and measurements of the thermophysical properties of metals and their oxides. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermo-Physical Properties of Metals and Oxides)
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Review

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21 pages, 25577 KiB  
Review
A Review on Thermophysical Property Assessment of Metal Oxide-Based Nanofluids: Industrial Perspectives
by Surendran V. Sujith, Hansoo Kim and Joonho Lee
Metals 2022, 12(1), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12010165 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2698
Abstract
Energy consumption in the industrial sector can be significantly reduced by improving heat transfer rates in heat exchanger circuits, pool boiling, metal cutting industries, etc. Numerous energy-related issues can be overcome to a large extent by improving heat flow properties by utilizing nanofluids. [...] Read more.
Energy consumption in the industrial sector can be significantly reduced by improving heat transfer rates in heat exchanger circuits, pool boiling, metal cutting industries, etc. Numerous energy-related issues can be overcome to a large extent by improving heat flow properties by utilizing nanofluids. The present contribution reviews the improvement in thermophysical properties of metal oxide-based nanofluids. Key parameters affecting the thermophysical properties of nanofluids, such as particle volume fraction, temperature, particle size and various stabilizers, were reviewed. The importance of DLVO theory and zeta potential to control the electrostatic repulsion and pH values of nanofluids for stable nanofluid formulations were discussed. It has been observed that classical theories of thermal conductivity and viscosity cannot predict exact values for a wide range of variables. Therefore, various extensive correlations have been introduced to predict the thermophysical properties of nanofluids. In these correlations, individual dependent variables such as particle size, temperature, nanofluid layer thickness, and Brownian velocity of nanoparticles, etc. were considered for more accurate prediction. The heat transfer efficiencies of nanofluids to base fluids in the laminar and turbulent regimes have been discussed using various figures of merits. Finally, the scope of industrial applications of metal oxide-based nanofluids and future research opportunities have been discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermo-Physical Properties of Metals and Oxides)
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