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Metals
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Thermo-Mechanical Processing and Additive Manufacturing of Steels
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Thermo-Mechanical Processing and Additive Manufacturing of Steels

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Additive Manufacturing".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2022) | Viewed by 17832

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Elena G. Astafurova

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation
Interests: steels; high-entropy alloys; ultrafine-grained materials; single crystals; plastic deformation; severe plastic deformation; ion-plasma treatment; additive manufacturing; thermal-mechanical processing; hydrogen embrittlement; microstructure; fracture

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Despite the ongoing development of new classes of metallic and composition materials, steels remain among the most important constructional materials. They demonstrate the attractive combination of cost and functional properties due to the variety of the elemental compositions, processing-assisted microstructures, and phase compositions. Novel processing technologies, including additive manufacturing or complex thermo-mechanical processing of steels, offer many additional possibilities for reducing energy consumption and saving high-cost elements during the industrial production of the different complex components. The microstructural design of the steels during such innovative industrial processing opens the opportunities for “smart production” of different components and the direct governing of their functional properties. In this Special Issue, there is a focus on the microstructural/properties characterization of the steels with advanced strength, plastic, corrosion, etc., fabricated by additive manufacturing methods and novel thermo-mechanical processing techniques. Both theoretical and experimental contributions are invited for submission.

Dr. Elena G. Astafurova
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Steels
  • Thermo-mechanical processing
  • Additive manufacturing
  • Microstructure
  • Mechanical Properties
  • Phase Transformations
  • Fracture

Published Papers (8 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

2 pages, 154 KiB  
Editorial
Thermo-Mechanical Processing and Additive Manufacturing of Steels
by Elena G. Astafurova
Metals 2022, 12(5), 731; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12050731 - 25 Apr 2022
Viewed by 1165
Abstract
In recent decades, some new classes of metallic and composition materials have been developed, which all possess a unique combination of the strength, ductility, corrosion resistance, high-temperature properties, etc [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermo-Mechanical Processing and Additive Manufacturing of Steels)

Research

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11 pages, 5049 KiB  
Article
Effect of Ion-Plasma Nitriding on Phase Composition and Tensile Properties of AISI 321-Type Stainless Steel Produced by Wire-Feed Electron-Beam Additive Manufacturing
by Valentina Moskvina, Elena Astafurova, Sergey Astafurov, Kseniya Reunova, Marina Panchenko, Eugenii Melnikov and Eugeny Kolubaev
Metals 2022, 12(2), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12020176 - 19 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1481
Abstract
We study the effect of ion-plasma surface nitriding on the phase composition, microstructure, surface microhardness, and tensile properties of the AISI 321-type stainless steel produced by wire-feed electron-beam additive manufacturing (EBAM). Ion-plasma nitriding at 550 °C for 12 h in N2/H [...] Read more.
We study the effect of ion-plasma surface nitriding on the phase composition, microstructure, surface microhardness, and tensile properties of the AISI 321-type stainless steel produced by wire-feed electron-beam additive manufacturing (EBAM). Ion-plasma nitriding at 550 °C for 12 h in N2/H2 gases provides the formation of a 10-μm thick surface layer with solid solution strengthening by nitrogen atoms (Fe-γN и Fe-αN) and dispersion hardening (γ’-Fe4N) with a fivefold increase in surface hardness up to ≈12 GPa. Surface ion-plasma nitriding of additively produced steel does not affect the anisotropy of mechanical properties, but rather increases the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength while maintaining high plasticity in the specimens. In specimens after ion-plasma nitriding, the fracture mechanism changes from initially ductile to a quasi-brittle fracture near the surface and ductile transgranular mode in the central parts of the specimens. The nitrided layer fractured in a transgranular brittle manner with the formation of quasi-cleavage facets and secondary cracks near the surface of the specimens. Brittle fracture of the compositional layer occurs due to the complex solid solution strengthening and particle hardening of austenite. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermo-Mechanical Processing and Additive Manufacturing of Steels)
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19 pages, 7569 KiB  
Article
Characterization of a Bimetallic Multilayered Composite “Stainless Steel/Copper” Fabricated with Wire-Feed Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing
by Kseniya Osipovich, Andrey Vorontsov, Andrey Chumaevskii, Denis Gurianov, Nikolai Shamarin, Nikolai Savchenko and Evgeny Kolubaev
Metals 2021, 11(8), 1151; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11081151 - 21 Jul 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2812
Abstract
The results of investigating the structure and properties of multilayered bimetallic “steel–copper” macrocomposite systems, obtained by wire-feed electron beam additive manufacturing, are presented in the paper. The features of boundary formation during 3D printing are revealed when changing the filaments of stainless steel [...] Read more.
The results of investigating the structure and properties of multilayered bimetallic “steel–copper” macrocomposite systems, obtained by wire-feed electron beam additive manufacturing, are presented in the paper. The features of boundary formation during 3D printing are revealed when changing the filaments of stainless steel and copper. Inhomogeneities in the distribution of steel and copper in the boundary zone were detected. Interphase interaction occurs both in the steel and copper parts of the structural boundary: Cu particles with an average size of 5 µm are formed in the iron matrix; Fe particles with an average size of 10 µm are formed in the copper matrix. It was revealed that such structural elements, as solid solutions of both copper and iron, are formed in the boundary zone, with additional mutual dissolution of alloying elements and mechanical mixtures of system components. The presence of the disc-shaped precipitations randomly located in the matrix was revealed in the structure of the “copper–steel” boundary by transmission electron microscopy; this is associated with rapid cooling of alloys and the subsequent thermal effect at lower temperatures during the application of subsequent layers. The existence of these disc-shaped precipitations of steel, arranged randomly in the Cu matrix, allows us to draw conclusions on the spinodal decomposition of alloying elements of steel. The characteristics of mechanical and micromechanical properties of a bimetallic multilayered composite with a complex formed structure lie in the range of characteristics inherent in additive steel and additive copper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermo-Mechanical Processing and Additive Manufacturing of Steels)
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Graphical abstract

8 pages, 3030 KiB  
Communication
Microstructure Refinement by Low-Temperature Ausforming in an Fe-Based Metastable High-Entropy Alloy
by Motomichi Koyama, Takeaki Gondo and Kaneaki Tsuzaki
Metals 2021, 11(5), 742; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11050742 - 30 Apr 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1551
Abstract
The effects of ausforming in an Fe30Mn10Cr10Co high-entropy alloy on the microstructure, hardness, and plastic anisotropy were investigated. The alloy showed a dual-phase microstructure consisting of face-centered cubic (FCC) austenite and hexagonal close-packed (HCP) martensite in the as-solution-treated condition, and the finish temperature [...] Read more.
The effects of ausforming in an Fe30Mn10Cr10Co high-entropy alloy on the microstructure, hardness, and plastic anisotropy were investigated. The alloy showed a dual-phase microstructure consisting of face-centered cubic (FCC) austenite and hexagonal close-packed (HCP) martensite in the as-solution-treated condition, and the finish temperature for the reverse transformation was below 200 °C. Therefore, low-temperature ausforming at 200 °C was achieved, which resulted in microstructure refinement and significantly increased the hardness. Furthermore, plasticity anisotropy, a common problem in HCP structures, was suppressed by the ausforming treatment. This, in turn, reduced the scatter of the hardness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermo-Mechanical Processing and Additive Manufacturing of Steels)
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16 pages, 7446 KiB  
Article
Structural Transformations and Mechanical Properties of Metastable Austenitic Steel under High Temperature Thermomechanical Treatment
by Igor Litovchenko, Sergey Akkuzin, Nadezhda Polekhina, Kseniya Almaeva and Evgeny Moskvichev
Metals 2021, 11(4), 645; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11040645 - 15 Apr 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 1847
Abstract
The effect of high-temperature thermomechanical treatment on the structural transformations and mechanical properties of metastable austenitic steel of the AISI 321 type is investigated. The features of the grain and defect microstructure of steel were studied by scanning electron microscopy with electron back-scatter [...] Read more.
The effect of high-temperature thermomechanical treatment on the structural transformations and mechanical properties of metastable austenitic steel of the AISI 321 type is investigated. The features of the grain and defect microstructure of steel were studied by scanning electron microscopy with electron back-scatter diffraction (SEM EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It is shown that in the initial state after solution treatment the average grain size is 18 μm. A high (≈50%) fraction of twin boundaries (annealing twins) was found. In the course of hot (with heating up to 1100 °C) plastic deformation by rolling to moderate strain (e = 1.6, where e is true strain) the grain structure undergoes fragmentation, which gives rise to grain refining (the average grain size is 8 μm). Partial recovery and recrystallization also occur. The fraction of low-angle misorientation boundaries increases up to ≈46%, and that of twin boundaries decreases to ≈25%, compared to the initial state. The yield strength after this treatment reaches up to 477 MPa with elongation-to-failure of 26%. The combination of plastic deformation with heating up to 1100 °C (e = 0.8) and subsequent deformation with heating up to 600 °C (e = 0.7) reduces the average grain size to 1.4 μm and forms submicrocrystalline fragments. The fraction of low-angle misorientation boundaries is ≈60%, and that of twin boundaries is ≈3%. The structural states formed after this treatment provide an increase in the strength properties of steel (yield strength reaches up to 677 MPa) with ductility values of 12%. The mechanisms of plastic deformation and strengthening of metastable austenitic steel under the above high-temperature thermomechanical treatments are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermo-Mechanical Processing and Additive Manufacturing of Steels)
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28 pages, 10342 KiB  
Article
Increasing Low-Temperature Toughness of 09Mn2Si Steel through Lamellar Structuring by Helical Rolling
by Sergey Panin, Ilya Vlasov, Dmitry Moiseenko, Pavel Maksimov, Pavlo Maruschak, Alexander Yakovlev, Julia Gomorova, Ivan Mishin and Siegfried Schmauder
Metals 2021, 11(2), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11020352 - 19 Feb 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2261
Abstract
The aim of the paper was to investigate the helical rolling parameters (a number of passes) for the microstructural modification and the low-temperature impact toughness improvement of the 09Mn2Si High Strength Low-Alloyed (HSLA) steel. In order to achieve this purpose, work spent to [...] Read more.
The aim of the paper was to investigate the helical rolling parameters (a number of passes) for the microstructural modification and the low-temperature impact toughness improvement of the 09Mn2Si High Strength Low-Alloyed (HSLA) steel. In order to achieve this purpose, work spent to crack initiation and propagation was analyzed and compared with patterns of fracture surfaces. The microstructure and impact toughness values were presented in the temperature range from +20 to –70°C. Also, the fracture mechanisms in individual regions on the fracture surfaces were discussed. In addition, a methodology for computer simulation of the process was developed and implemented within the framework of the excitable cellular automata method and its integration with the kinetic theory of fracture. Finally, a theoretical analysis of the effect of grain shapes and orientations on the strain response patterns of a certain meso-volume simulating the material after the helical rolling was carried out. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermo-Mechanical Processing and Additive Manufacturing of Steels)
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14 pages, 4103 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Preliminary Thermomechanical Processing on the Kinetics of Localized Plasticity Autowaves in Trip Steel
by Dina V. Orlova, Vladimir I. Danilov, Vadim V. Gorbatenko, Lidiya V. Danilova, Galina V. Shlyakhova and Lev B. Zuev
Metals 2020, 10(11), 1494; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10111494 - 09 Nov 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1406
Abstract
The kinetics of the martensitic transformation fronts in transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steel was studied in relation to preliminary thermomechanical treatment using the digital image correlation method. It was found that warm rolling of steel to 40–63% reduction significantly increases the stress of the [...] Read more.
The kinetics of the martensitic transformation fronts in transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steel was studied in relation to preliminary thermomechanical treatment using the digital image correlation method. It was found that warm rolling of steel to 40–63% reduction significantly increases the stress of the onset of strain-induced phase transformation and changes the loading curve stages. The strain-induced phase transformation in TRIP steel occurring through the formation of Lüders and Portevin–Le Chatelier bands is shown to be an autowave process of localized plasticity. The austenite → martensite transformation at the elastic-plastic transition occurs in the form of several switching localized plasticity autowaves. At the jerky flow stage, excitation autowaves of localized plasticity are generated and propagate repeatedly until the strain-induced austenite → martensite transformation is completed. It is shown for the first time that the sources of excitation autowaves in the material are the sites of nucleation or annihilation of switching autowaves. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermo-Mechanical Processing and Additive Manufacturing of Steels)
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Review

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19 pages, 6089 KiB  
Review
Phase Composition of Austenitic Stainless Steels in Additive Manufacturing: A Review
by Sergey Astafurov and Elena Astafurova
Metals 2021, 11(7), 1052; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11071052 - 30 Jun 2021
Cited by 44 | Viewed by 4341
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is among the novel industrial technologies for fast prototyping of complex parts made from different constructional and functional materials. This review is focused on phase composition of additively manufactured chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steels. Being produced by conventional methods, they typically [...] Read more.
Additive manufacturing (AM) is among the novel industrial technologies for fast prototyping of complex parts made from different constructional and functional materials. This review is focused on phase composition of additively manufactured chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steels. Being produced by conventional methods, they typically have single-phase austenitic structure, but phase composition of the steels could vary in AM. Comprehensive analysis of recent studies shows that, depending on AM technique, chemical composition, and AM process parameters, additively manufactured austenitic stainless steels could be characterized by both single-phase austenitic and multiphase structures (austenite, ferrite, σ-phase, and segregations of alloying elements). Presence of ferrite and other phases in AM steels strongly influences their properties, in particular, could increase strength characteristics and decrease ductility and corrosion resistance of the steels. Data in review give a state-of-art in mutual connection of AM method, chemical composition of raw material, and resultant phase composition of AM-fabricated Cr-Ni steels of 300-series. The possible directions for future investigations are discussed as well. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermo-Mechanical Processing and Additive Manufacturing of Steels)
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