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Metals
Special Issues
Failure and Degradation of Metals
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Failure and Degradation of Metals

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Metal Failure Analysis".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 March 2024) | Viewed by 10263

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Jaka Burja

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Metals and Technology, Lepi pot 11, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Interests: steelmaking; metallurgy; processing; non-metallic inclusions; steel microstructure; alloys
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Metal degradation and ultimately failure has a significant impact on our society, from economic damage to physical injury. Metal components fail for a wide range or reasons. Ranging from bad component design, production process or maintenance, or they might not be intended to serve a specific purpose. Metal failure can occur unexpectedly and is often difficult to anticipate. It is important to identify the conditions and phenomenon that can lead to failure to avoid it in the future. Determining the root cause and mechanisms of metal failures is therefore of great importance. The metal failure includes: overload due to mechanical stresses, fatigue, corrosion, creep, wear, internal defects, production defects, thermal stresses, overheating, phase transformations, and hydrogen embrittlement, among others These failures can mean a simple end of life for a component and its replacement, or it can mean a catastrophic failure. The Special Issue focuses on the degradation mechanisms that cause metal failure, as well as case studies of failure.

Dr. Jaka Burja
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • failure
  • corrosion
  • fatigue
  • fracture
  • wear
  • life time
  • defects
  • oxidation
  • production process
  • failure analysis
  • brittle fracture
  • high cycle fatigue
  • low cycle fatigue

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review, Other

21 pages, 69981 KiB  
Article
On the Potential Correlation between Dynamic Strain Aging and Liquid Metal Embrittlement in T91/LBE System
by Cholidah Akbar Fitriani, Lisa Claeys, Serguei Gavrilov and Kim Verbeken
Metals 2024, 14(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14010044 - 29 Dec 2023
Viewed by 821
Abstract
In the study of the liquid metal embrittlement (LME) of the T91/lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) system, it is observed that LME occurs in a temperature interval which is similar to the temperature range where dynamic strain aging (DSA) is observed. However, the potential correlation [...] Read more.
In the study of the liquid metal embrittlement (LME) of the T91/lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) system, it is observed that LME occurs in a temperature interval which is similar to the temperature range where dynamic strain aging (DSA) is observed. However, the potential correlation between DSA and LME has not yet been satisfactorily investigated. This investigation for the T91/LBE system is exactly the topic of this work. For the evaluation of DSA and LME, slow strain rate tensile tests are conducted in the temperature range between 200 °C and 450 °C with strain rates of 5×10−5 s−1 and 5×10−6 s−1 in reference and a molten oxygen-depleted LBE environment. The resulting tensile properties, as well as the fracture surfaces and lateral surfaces of the failed samples, suggest a correlation between DSA and LME in the T91/LBE system. The maximum mechanical degradation of T91 is observed in the case where the effects of both DSA and LME on material properties are found to be at maximum. However, the observation of DSA was not identified as a prerequisite for LME to take place. Therefore, these results may indicate that DSA partly contributes to the ductility minimum observed in the T91/LBE system. In addition, the results of this work show that changes in the fracture surface and lateral surface are more sensitive features to claim for the potential occurrence of LME than the changes in total elongation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Failure and Degradation of Metals)
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18 pages, 13806 KiB  
Article
Static Strength of Tubular K-Joints Reinforced with Outer Plates under Axial Loads at Ambient and Fire Conditions
by Hossein Nassiraei and Amin Yara
Metals 2023, 13(11), 1857; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13111857 - 06 Nov 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 874
Abstract
In this paper, the effect of the outer reinforcing plate on the initial stiffness, ultimate strength, and failure mechanisms of tubular K-joints under axial load at ambient and different fire conditions is evaluated. In the first phase, a finite element (FE) model was [...] Read more.
In this paper, the effect of the outer reinforcing plate on the initial stiffness, ultimate strength, and failure mechanisms of tubular K-joints under axial load at ambient and different fire conditions is evaluated. In the first phase, a finite element (FE) model was generated and verified by 13 experimental tests. In the next step, 1057 numerical models were generated. In these models, the welds joining the chord and braces were modeled. Using the produced FE models, the structural behavior under ambient and different elevated temperatures (20, 150, 300, 450, 600, 750, and 900 °C) was evaluated. The results showed that the outer plate can enhance the ultimate strength by up to 319% under fire conditions. Despite the considerable effect of the outer plate on the stiffness, ultimate strength, failure modes, and the frequent usage of the K-joints in tubular structures, the static response of the reinforced K-joints at ambient and elevated temperatures has not been studied. Hence, according to the extensive parametric studies, a highly precise practical design equation has been proposed based on the yield volume model for determining the ultimate strength. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Failure and Degradation of Metals)
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13 pages, 54324 KiB  
Article
Influence of Precipitation Hardening on the Mechanical Properties of Co-Cr-Mo and Co-Cr-W-Mo Dental Alloys
by Marko Sedlaček, Katja Zupančič, Barbara Šetina Batič, Borut Kosec, Matija Zorc and Aleš Nagode
Metals 2023, 13(3), 637; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13030637 - 22 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1411
Abstract
Co-Cr alloys have good mechanical properties such as high hardness, excellent magnetic properties and good corrosion resistance. For this reason, they are most commonly used as dental and orthopaedic implants. Generally, cast Co-Cr-Mo alloys and forged Co-Ni-Cr-Mo alloys are used for the production [...] Read more.
Co-Cr alloys have good mechanical properties such as high hardness, excellent magnetic properties and good corrosion resistance. For this reason, they are most commonly used as dental and orthopaedic implants. Generally, cast Co-Cr-Mo alloys and forged Co-Ni-Cr-Mo alloys are used for the production of implants. In this study, we investigated two dental alloys, namely, Co-Cr-Mo and Co-Cr-W-Mo alloys. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of heat treatment on the development of the microstructure and to evaluate its influence on the alloys’ mechanical and tribological properties. The samples were first solution-annealed at 1200 °C in an argon atmosphere for 2 h, then quenched in water and subsequently aged at 900 °C in an argon atmosphere for 1, 3 and 12 h. A microstructural analysis was performed using SEM, with EDS for microchemical analysis and EBSD for phase identification. In addition, the Vickers hardness and wear resistance of the two alloys were analysed before and after heat treatment. The Co-Cr-Mo alloy showed better wear resistance and also a generally higher hardness than the Co-Cr-W-Mo alloy. Both alloys showed signs of abrasive and adhesive wear, with carbide particles detaching from the Co-Cr-W-Mo alloy due to the lower hardness of the matrix. The Co-Cr-Mo alloy showed the best abrasion resistance after the longest aging time (12 h), while the Co-Cr-W-Mo alloy showed the best as-cast abrasion resistance. With ageing, the wear resistance of both alloys increased. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Failure and Degradation of Metals)
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11 pages, 4678 KiB  
Article
Long-Term in Vitro Corrosion of Biodegradable WE43 Magnesium Alloy in DMEM
by Julia Nachtsheim, Jaka Burja, Songyun Ma and Bernd Markert
Metals 2022, 12(12), 2062; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12122062 - 30 Nov 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1970
Abstract
The biodegradable WE43 magnesium alloy is an attractive biomedical material for orthopaedic implants due to its relatively high strength and corrosion resistance. Understanding the long-term corrosion behaviour in the human body plays a crucial role in the biomedical development and application of WE43 [...] Read more.
The biodegradable WE43 magnesium alloy is an attractive biomedical material for orthopaedic implants due to its relatively high strength and corrosion resistance. Understanding the long-term corrosion behaviour in the human body plays a crucial role in the biomedical development and application of WE43 alloy for orthopaedic implants. In this work, the corrosion of an extruded WE43 magnesium alloy was investigated in a physiological environment using Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium’s (DMEM) over a period of up to 10 weeks. To assess the in vitro corrosion process, we analysed the corrosion pits of the specimens’ cross sections and the composition of the corrosion layer by scanning electron microscopy. The experimental results indicated that the long-term corrosion process of WE43 magnesium alloy consists of three stages: (1) The rapid corrosion stage within the first 7 days, (2) the steady corrosion stage between 7 and 28 days, (3) the accelerated corrosion stage between 28 and 70 days. The microchemical analysis revealed a heterogeneous three-layer corrosion product with varying thicknesses of 10 to 130 µm on the surfaces of the samples for all corrosion times. It is composed of an inner layer of Mg-O, an intermediate layer of Mg-O-Ca-P, and an outer layer of Mg-O-Ca-P-C. The corrosion layers have many microcracks that allow limited contact between the liquid medium and the surface of the alloy. In addition, microgalvanic corrosion was observed to cause corrosion pits between the intermetallic rare earth element-rich phases and the Mg matrix. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Failure and Degradation of Metals)
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Review

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25 pages, 7623 KiB  
Review
A Review on the Corrosion and Fatigue Failure of Gas Turbines
by Leila Fathyunes and M. A. Mohtadi-Bonab
Metals 2023, 13(4), 701; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13040701 - 03 Apr 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3057
Abstract
Since gas turbines are used in airplanes, ship engines and power plants, they play a significant role in providing sustainable energy. Turbines are designed for a certain lifetime according to their operating conditions and the failure mechanisms they deal with. However, most of [...] Read more.
Since gas turbines are used in airplanes, ship engines and power plants, they play a significant role in providing sustainable energy. Turbines are designed for a certain lifetime according to their operating conditions and the failure mechanisms they deal with. However, most of them experience unexpected and catastrophic failure as a result of synergistic effects of more than one damage mechanism. One of the main causes of failure in turbines is corrosion fatigue, which results from the combination of cyclic loads and corrosive environments. In the current review paper, an attempt has been made to investigate the damages related to corrosion and fatigue in turbines such as fatigue corrosion, hot corrosion and oxidation, thermomechanical fatigue, emphasizing their synergistic effect. In this regard, the mechanism of fatigue crack initiation and growth in a corrosive environment is also taken into consideration. Moreover, a summary of the results reported in the literature regarding the influence of the loading conditions, characteristics of the corrosive environment and properties of the turbine materials on this failure is presented. Finally, common methods of dealing with corrosion fatigue damage, including surface treatment and cathodic protection, are briefly reviewed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Failure and Degradation of Metals)
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Other

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11 pages, 1541 KiB  
Perspective
A Future for Vacuum Arc Remelting and Electroslag Remelting—A Critical Perspective
by John Campbell
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1634; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101634 - 23 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1364
Abstract
In the secondary metals refining processes, vacuum arc remelting (VAR) and electroslag remelting (ESR), the consumable electrode is commonly produced by vacuum induction melting (VIM) which employs the regrettably primitive casting technique of simply pouring into the open top of the mold. Despite [...] Read more.
In the secondary metals refining processes, vacuum arc remelting (VAR) and electroslag remelting (ESR), the consumable electrode is commonly produced by vacuum induction melting (VIM) which employs the regrettably primitive casting technique of simply pouring into the open top of the mold. Despite the vacuum, the resulting oxidizing conditions and the immensely powerful turbulence accompanying the top-pouring of the electrode is now known to create a substantial density of serious cracks. The cracks in the cast electrode are bifilms (double oxide films), which in turn are proposed to be responsible for the major faults of the VAR ingot, including undetectable, horizontal macroscopic cracks, white spots (clean and dirty varieties) and in-fallen crown. The remedial action to solve all these issues at a stroke is the provision of a counter-gravity cast electrode, cast in air or vacuum, or provision of any similar electrode substantially free from bifilm defects. The ESR process is also described, explaining the reasons for its significantly reduced sensitivity to the top-poured VIM electrode, but indicating that with an improved electrode, this already nearly reliable process has the potential for perfect reliability. The target of this critical overview is an assessment of the potential of these secondary refining processes to produce, for the first time, effectively defect-free metals, metals we can trust. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Failure and Degradation of Metals)
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