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Mechanical Behavior of Advanced Engineering Materials

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Advanced Composites".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 April 2024 | Viewed by 15616

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Prof. Dr. Zhubin He

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Guest Editor

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
Interests: constitutive modelling; materials characterization; new forming technology; light-weight manufacturing; hot fluid forming
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Haiming Zhang

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Guest Editor

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Interests: constitutive model; multiscale modeling; metal forming; plasticity and damage; materials characterization; light-weight materials; deformation heterogeneity

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent years, we have witnessed significant progress in the area of advanced engineering materials (AEMs) like lightweight and high-strength metals and alloys, intermetallics, composites, shape-memory alloys, metallic glasses, etc. Areas of application include the automotive, aerospace and astronautics, electronics, medical device, and sport industries. The mechanical properties of materials, including elastoplasticity, anisotropy, formability, fracture mechanics, defect interactions, strengthening and toughness mechanisms, etc., play a critical role in affecting the manufacturing/forming operations and in-service performance of these materials. Understanding the mechanical behavior of AEMs is mandatory for the effective usage of these materials; this prompts the vigorous development of cutting-edge experimental techniques for multiscale mechanical tests and microstructural characterizations as well as state-of-the-art computational and theoretical methods with advanced constitutive models. The Special Issue “The mechanical behaviors of advanced engineering materials” aims to report high-quality original research work in the broad spectrum regarding the mechanical properties of AEMs. The covered topics will be of major interest to scientists and professionals working at universities, research institutes, laboratories and industries concerned with the design, optimization, and use of AEMs.

The Special Issue covers but is not limited to the following topics:

Theoretical and fundamental insights into the microstructure–property relationships of AEMs: metals and alloys, composites, intermetallics, shape-memory alloys, metallic glasses, etc.
Novel and multiscale computational methods for the prediction, analysis, and design of the mechanical properties and forming/manufacturing processes of AEMs, including advanced and enriched constitutive models, multiscale modeling methods, computational damage and fracture mechanics, etc.
Understanding the forming/manufacturing processes, deformation mechanisms, and mechanical responses and failure of AEMs; connecting between these processes and their underlying physical mechanisms of plasticity, damage, fracture, interaction among defects, etc.
Advanced experimental and characterization methods to reveal the ternary relationships among microstructure, process, and mechanical behaviors of materials, such as developing novel experimental devices and techniques, full-field measurements across different length-scales, ex-situ and in-situ mechanical tests integrated with various microscopic visualization methods, etc.
Mechanics-based investigations of emerging areas such as the 3D printing, additive manufacturing, and intelligent manufacturing of AEMs.

It is our pleasure to invite you to submit a manuscript to this Special Issue. Full papers, communications, and reviews are welcome.

Prof. Dr. Zhubin He
Dr. Haiming Zhang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

mechanical properties
structure–property relationships in engineering material constitutive models
formability
damage and fracture
microstructure and characterization
plasticity and anisotropy
multiscale modeling
strengthening mechanisms
multiscale mechanics

Related Special Issue

Mechanical Behavior of Advanced Engineering Materials (2nd Edition) in Materials

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Research

17 pages, 6946 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Mechanical Characteristics of the Swing Angle Milling Head of a Heavy Computer Numerical Control Milling Machine and Research on the Light Weight of a Gimbal

by Youzheng Cui, Chengxin Liu, Haijing Mu, Hui Jiang, Fengxia Xu, Yinfeng Liu and Qingming Hu

Materials 2024, 17(2), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17020324 - 09 Jan 2024

Viewed by 581

Abstract

As the key component of a five-axis CNC planer-type milling machine, the integral mechanical property of the A/C swing angle milling head directly affects the machining accuracy and stability of the milling machine. Taking the mechanical A/C swing-angle milling head of a five-axis numerical-control gantry milling machine as the research object, the stress deformation characteristics and natural frequency of the swing-angle milling head under actual working conditions were studied using finite-element analysis. Based on the analytical results, it was determined that the cardan frame, with its large mass proportion and strong rigidity of the whole milling head, is the object to be optimized. The topological optimization of the cardan frame, in which achieving the minimum flexibility was the optimization objective, was carried out to determine the quality reduction area. By comparing the simulation results of the cardan frames of three different rib plate structures, it was shown that the cardan frame performance of the ten-type rib plate structure was optimal. The analytical results showed that, when the cardan frame met the design requirements for stiffness and strength, the mass after optimization was reduced by 13.67% compared with the mass before optimization, the first-order natural frequency was increased by 7.9%, and the maximum response amplitude was reduced in all directions to avoid resonance, which was beneficial to the improvement of the dynamic characteristics of the whole machine. At the same time, the rationality and effectiveness of the lightweight design method of the cardan frame were verified, which has strong engineering practicality. The research results provide an important theoretical basis for the optimization of other machine tool gimbals and have important practical significance and application value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Advanced Engineering Materials)

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14 pages, 1623 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modification of Epoxides with Metallic Fillers—Mechanical Properties after Ageing in Aqueous Environments

by Anna Rudawska, Jakub Szabelski, Mariaenrica Frigione and Valentina Brunella

Materials 2023, 16(22), 7181; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16227181 - 16 Nov 2023

Viewed by 778

Abstract

The aim of this research was a comparative analysis of selected mechanical properties of epoxy compounds that were modified with metallic fillers and aged in aqueous environments. The tested epoxy compounds consisted of three components: styrene modified epoxy resin based on Bisphenol A, triethylenetetramine curing agent (resin/curing agent ratio of 100:10) and two types of metallic fillers in the form of particles: aluminum alloy (EN AW-2024–AlCu4Mg1) and tin-phosphor bronze (CuSn10P). Samples were subjected to ageing in 4 water environments: low-, medium- and high-mineralized natural water and in a sugar-containing solution for 1, 2 and 3 months. The epoxy samples were subjected to compressive strength tests in accordance with the ISO 604:2002 standard. It was observed that, among others, the compositions seasoned in low-mineralized water usually achieved the highest average compressive strength. As for filler type, using the bronze filler (CuSn10P) usually achieved the highest average compressive strength results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Advanced Engineering Materials)

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11 pages, 29359 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of the Forging Process on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a New Low-Cost Ti-5Al-1.5Mo-1.8Fe Alloy

by Jinbao Hu, Yiqiang Mu, Qinsi Xu, Nan Yao, Shujun Li and Xiaofei Lei

Materials 2023, 16(14), 5109; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16145109 - 20 Jul 2023

Viewed by 1286

Abstract

This paper presents results on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a new low-cost titanium alloy Ti-5Al-1.5Mo-1.8Fe after different forging processes. The β phase transformation temperature of this alloy was 950 °C. In this study, the forging temperatures were designed at 920 °C and 980 °C, and the deformation degree ranged from 20% to 60%, with an interval of 20%. This study investigated the impact of the equiaxed α phase and shape of the lamellar microstructure on the tensile characteristics and fracture toughness of an alloy. The research employed a microstructure analysis and static tensile testing to evaluate the effect of forging temperatures and degree of deformation on the microstructure features. The findings revealed that forging temperatures could modify the microstructure characteristics, and the degree of deformation also affected this microstructure. This study demonstrates that a bimodal structure with an equiaxed α phase can be utilized to balance high strength and high ductility, resulting in better overall mechanical properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Advanced Engineering Materials)

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15 pages, 9286 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Automatic Identification and Rating of Ferrite–Pearlite Grain Boundaries Based on Deep Learning

by Xiaolin Zhu, Yuhong Zhu, Cairong Kang, Mingqi Liu, Qiang Yao, Pingze Zhang, Guanxi Huang, Linning Qian, Zhitao Zhang and Zhengjun Yao

Materials 2023, 16(5), 1974; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16051974 - 28 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4125

Abstract

Grain size has a significant effect on the mechanical properties of metals. It is very important to accurately rate the grain size number of steels. This paper presents a model for automatic detection and quantitative analysis of the grain size of ferrite–pearlite two-phase microstructure to segment ferrite grain boundaries. In view of the challenging problem of hidden grain boundaries in pearlite microstructure, the number of hidden grain boundaries is inferred by detecting them with the confidence of average grain size. The grain size number is then rated using the three-circle intercept procedure. The results show that grain boundaries can be accurately segmented by using this procedure. According to the rating results of grain size number of four types of ferrite–pearlite two-phase microstructure samples, the accuracy of this procedure is greater than 90%. The grain size rating results deviate from those calculated by experts using the manual intercept procedure by less than Grade 0.5—the allowable detection error specified in the standard. In addition, the detection time is shortened from 30 min of the manual intercept procedure to 2 s. The procedure presented in this paper allows automatic rating of grain size number of ferrite–pearlite microstructure, thereby effectively improving the detection efficiency and reducing the labor intensity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Advanced Engineering Materials)

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16 pages, 7394 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Forming Limit Analysis of Thin-Walled Extruded Aluminum Alloy Tubes under Nonlinear Loading Paths Using an Improved M-K Model

by Haihui Zhu, Yanli Lin, Kelin Chen and Zhubin He

Materials 2023, 16(4), 1647; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16041647 - 16 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1101

Abstract

To meet the requirement of lighter weight and better performance in tube hydroforming, one of the most important tasks is to accurately predict the forming limit of thin-walled tubes under nonlinear loading paths. This work established the M-K+DF2012 model, a combination of the M-K model and the DF2012 ductile fracture criterion, for the forming limit prediction of thin-walled tubes under nonlinear loading paths. In this model, the failure of the groove is determined by the DF2012 criterion, and the corresponding strains in the uniform region are the limit strains. The limit strains of an AA6061 aluminum alloy tube under a set of linear loading paths and two typical nonlinear loading paths were tested. Parameter values of the M-K+DF2012 model for the tube were determined based on the experimental limit strains under linear loading paths, and the limit strains under the two nonlinear loading paths were predicted. Then the strain-based forming limit diagram (ε-FLD) and the polar effective plastic strain FLD (PEPS-FLD) of the tube under different pre-strains were predicted and discussed. The results show that the limit strains of the tube are obviously path-dependent, and the M-K+DF2012 model can reasonably capture the limit strains of the tube under both linear and nonlinear loading paths. The predicted ε-FLD shows a strong dependence on the pre-strain, while the predicted PEPS-FLD is weakly strain path-dependent and almost path-independent on the right-hand side for the AA6061 tube. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Advanced Engineering Materials)

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22 pages, 11516 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Homogeneous Anisotropic Hardening Model in Plane Stress State for Sheet Metal under Nonlinear Loading Paths

by Haihui Zhu, Yanli Lin, Kelin Chen, Zhubin He and Shijian Yuan

Materials 2023, 16(3), 1151; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16031151 - 29 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1061

Abstract

In sheet metal forming, the material is usually subjected to a complex nonlinear loading process, and the anisotropic hardening behavior of the material must be considered in order to accurately predict the deformation of the sheet. In recent years, the homogeneous anisotropic hardening (HAH) model has been applied in the simulation of sheet metal forming. However, the existing HAH model is established in the second-order stress deviator space, which makes the calculation complicated and costly, especially for a plane stress problem such as sheet metal forming. In an attempt to reduce the computational cost, an HAH model in plane stress state is proposed, and called the HAH-2d model in this paper. In the HAH-2d model, both the stress vector and microstructure vector contain only three in-plane components, so the calculation is significantly simplified. The characteristics of the model under typical nonlinear loading paths are analyzed. Additionally, the feasibility of the model is verified by the stress–strain responses of DP780 and EDDQ steel sheets under different two-step uniaxial tension tests. The results show that the HAH-2d model can reasonably reflect the Bauschinger effect and the permanent softening effect in reverse loading, and the latent hardening effect in cross loading, while the predictive accuracy for cross-loading softening remains to be improved. In the future, the HAH-2d model can be further modified to describe more anisotropic hardening behaviors and applied to numerical simulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Advanced Engineering Materials)

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17 pages, 9193 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Processing Parameter and Mechanical Response Analysis of Advanced Heterogeneous Laminated Composites Using Ni/Al Foils by In Situ Reaction Synthesis

by Ying Sun and Shijian Yuan

Materials 2022, 15(24), 8892; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15248892 - 13 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 861

Abstract

The advanced heterogeneous laminated composites were successfully fabricated by vacuum hot pressing using Ni and Al foils by in situ solid-state reaction synthesis. The effects of holding time and temperature on the microstructure and phase distribution were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. Based on the optimized processing parameters, the microstructure and phase transformation, and the relationship between the microstructure and the corresponding mechanical properties were discussed in detail. To clarify the mechanical response of the laminated structure, the deformation microstructure and fracture characteristics were studied by scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction. The results indicated that the evolution of the interfacial phases in the laminated composite occurred via the sequence: NiAl₃, Ni₂Al₃, NiAl, and Ni₃Al. An interface between the Ni and Ni₃Al layers without cracks and voids formed due to the uniform pressure applied during hot pressing. The laminated composites hot pressed under 620 °C/5 MPa/1 h + 1150 °C/10 MPa/2 h exhibited the best ultimate tensile strength of 965 MPa and an elongation of 22.6% at room temperature. Extending the holding time during the second stage of the reaction synthesis decreased the thickness of the Ni₃Al layer. This decreased the tensile strength of the laminated composite at 1000 °C but improved the tensile strength at room temperature. Moreover, the layer–thickness relationship of the laminated structure and the matching pattern were important factors affecting the strength and elongation of the laminated composites. The reinforcement form of the materials was not limited to a lamellar structure but could be combined with different forms of reinforcement to achieve continuous reinforcement over a wide range of temperatures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Advanced Engineering Materials)

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10 pages, 6400 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Surface Roughening Behavior of the 6063-T4 Aluminum Alloy during Quasi-in Situ Uniaxial Stretching

by Yang Cai, Xiaosong Wang and Yan Du

Materials 2022, 15(18), 6265; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15186265 - 09 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1125

Abstract

Owing to orange-peel defects, the industrial application of light alloy structural members is significantly restricted. In this study, a quasi-in situ axial tensile experiment was conducted on a 6063-T4 aluminum alloy sample. The surface morphology and microstructure evolution of the tagged area were scanned simultaneously using laser scanning confocal microscopy and electron backscattered diffraction, and the surface roughening behavior of the polycrystal aluminum alloy surface, caused by deformation, was quantitatively analyzed. As the concave–convex features at the surface appear in pairs with increasing global strain, the width of the concave features increases, whereas that of the convex features decreases gradually, resulting in the initially increasing surface roughness, which subsequently remains unchanged. During the stretching process, the small-sized grains in the 37~102 μm range show weak strain localization and the highest coordination of deformation. The deformation mode of medium-sized grains in the 114–270 μm range tends to grain deflection, and others tend to slip. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Advanced Engineering Materials)

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27 pages, 12836 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Approach for Predicting the Low-Cycle-Fatigue Crack Initiation Life of Ultrafine-Grained Aluminum Alloy Considering Inhomogeneous Deformation and Microscale Multiaxial Strain

by Teng Sun, Lidu Qin, Yiji Xie, Zhanguang Zheng, Changji Xie and Zeng Huang

Materials 2022, 15(9), 3403; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093403 - 09 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1659

Abstract

In this paper, a low-cycle-fatigue (LCF) crack initiation life prediction approach that explicitly distinguishes nucleation and small crack propagation regimes is presented for ultrafine-grained (UFG) aluminum alloy by introducing two fatigue indicator parameters (FIPs) at the grain level. These two characterization parameters, the deformation inhomogeneity measured by the standard deviation of the dot product of normal stress and longitudinal strain and the microscale multiaxial strain considering the non-proportional cyclic additional hardening and mean strain effect, were proposed and respectively regarded as the driving forces for fatigue nucleation and small crack propagation. Then, the nucleation and small crack propagation lives were predicted by correlating these FIPs with statistical variables and cyclic J-integrals, respectively. By constructing a microstructure-based 3D polycrystalline finite element model with a free surface, a crystal plasticity finite element-based numerical simulation was carried out to quantify FIPs and clarify the role of crystallographic anisotropy in fatigue crack initiation. The numerical results reveal the following: (1) Nucleation is prone to occur on the surface of a material as a result of it having a higher inhomogeneous deformation than the interior of the material. (2) Compared with the experimental data, the LCF initiation life of UFG 6061 aluminum alloy could be predicted using the new parameters as FIPs. (3) The predicted results confirm the importance of considering the fatigue behavior of nucleation and small crack propagation with different deformation mechanisms for improving the fatigue crack initiation life prediction accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Advanced Engineering Materials)

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22 pages, 3083 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analytical Solution of Thermo–Mechanical Properties of Functionally Graded Materials by Asymptotic Homogenization Method

by Dan Chen, Lisheng Liu, Liangliang Chu and Qiwen Liu

Materials 2022, 15(9), 3073; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093073 - 23 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1338

Abstract

In this work, a general mathematical model for functionally graded heterogeneous equilibrium boundary value problems is considered. A methodology to find the local problems and the effective properties of functionally graded materials (FGMs) with generalized periodicity is presented, using the asymptotic homogenization method (AHM). The present models consist of the matrix metal Mo and the reinforced phase ceramic ZrC, the constituent ratios and the property gradation profiles of which can be described by the designed volume fraction. Firstly, a new threshold segmentation method is proposed to construct the gradient structure of the FGMs, which lays the groundwork for the subsequent research on the properties of materials. Further, a study of FGMs varied along a certain direction and the influence of the varied constituents and graded structures in the behavior of heterogeneous structures are investigated by the AHM. Consequently, the closed–form formulas for the effective thermo–mechanical coupling tensors are obtained, based on the solutions of local problems of FGMs with the periodic boundary conditions. These formulas provide information for the understanding of the traditional homogenized structure, and the results also be verified the correctness by the Mori–Tanaka method and AHM numerical solution. The results show that the designed structure profiles have great influence on the effective properties of the present inhomogeneous heterogeneous models. This research will be of great reference significance for the future material optimization design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Advanced Engineering Materials)

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