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Recrystallization and Phase Transformation of Steel Materials
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Recrystallization and Phase Transformation of Steel Materials

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Metals and Alloys".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 March 2023) | Viewed by 10245

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Toshio Ogawa

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyota, Japan
Interests: recovery and recrystallization; phase transformation; iron and steel; high-dimensional analysis of microstructure
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Steel materials are widely used in various applications for their low cost and capacity for mass production. A key point of material design for steel materials is mainly the control of recrystallization and phase transformation in the manufacturing process. Moreover, the interaction between recrystallization and phase transformation plays an important part in controlling the microstructure.

The long history of research on recrystallization and phase transformation of steel materials is well known. Recently, not only experimental approaches but also various approaches such as modeling, simulation, high-dimensional analysis, and machine learning have been attracting attention. These approaches have led to new and important findings. Thus, the research on recrystallization and phase transformation of steel materials will continue to increasingly develop in the future.

In this Special Issue, I wish to focus on the recrystallization and phase transformation of steel materials. I would like to invite you to submit original research articles for this Special Issue.

Dr. Toshio Ogawa
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Recovery
  • Recrystallization
  • Phase transformation
  • Precipitation
  • Microstructure
  • Texture
  • Steel
  • Iron
  • Modeling and simulation
  • High-dimensional analysis
  • Materials informatics

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 11675 KiB  
Article
Toughening and Hardening Limited Zone of High-Strength Steel through Geometrically Necessary Dislocation When Exposed to Electropulsing
by Yunfeng Xiong, Zongmin Li and Tao Liu
Materials 2022, 15(17), 5847; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15175847 - 24 Aug 2022
Viewed by 1145
Abstract
The enhancement of both low-temperature impact toughness and the hardness of a high strength steel heat-affected zone (HAZ) is investigated by using high-density electropulsing (EP). The athermal and thermal effects of EP on HAZ microstructure and resultant mechanical properties were examined based on [...] Read more.
The enhancement of both low-temperature impact toughness and the hardness of a high strength steel heat-affected zone (HAZ) is investigated by using high-density electropulsing (EP). The athermal and thermal effects of EP on HAZ microstructure and resultant mechanical properties were examined based on physical metallurgy by electron backscattered diffraction and on tests of hardness and impact toughness at −60 °C, respectively. EP parameters were carefully determined to avoid electro-contraction and excessive pollution of the base metal by using numerical simulation. The EP results show that the mean impact toughness and hardness of HAZ are 2.1 times and 1.4 times improved, respectively. In addition to the contribution of microstructure evolution, geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) is also a contributor with an increase of 1.5 times, against the slight decrease in dislocation line density and dislocation density. The mechanisms behind this selective evolution of dislocation components were correlated with the localized thermal cycle EP, i.e., the competition among thermo- and electro-plasticity, and work-hardening due to local thermal expansion. The selective evolution enables the local thermal cycle EP tailor the martensitic substructure that is most favorable for toughness and less for hardness. This selective span was limited within 4 mm for a 5 mm thick sample. The local thermal cycle EP is confirmed to be capable of enhancing in both toughness and hardness within a millimeter-scale region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recrystallization and Phase Transformation of Steel Materials)
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10 pages, 9557 KiB  
Article
Effect of Cold-Rolling Directions on Recrystallization Texture Evolution of Pure Iron
by Toshio Ogawa, Yutaro Suzuki, Yoshitaka Adachi, Atsushi Yamaguchi and Yukihiro Matsubara
Materials 2022, 15(9), 3083; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093083 - 24 Apr 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1465
Abstract
The influence of cold-rolling directions on the recrystallization texture evolution of pure iron was examined. As-received pure iron sheets were cold-rolled under two different conditions (specimens A and B). Specimen A was cold-rolled in the vertical direction against the cold-rolling direction of the [...] Read more.
The influence of cold-rolling directions on the recrystallization texture evolution of pure iron was examined. As-received pure iron sheets were cold-rolled under two different conditions (specimens A and B). Specimen A was cold-rolled in the vertical direction against the cold-rolling direction of the as-received sheet. Specimen B was cold-rolled in the vertical direction against the cold-rolling direction of the as-received sheet, and then in the cold-rolling direction of the as-received sheet. Cold-rolled specimens were heated to each desired temperature before being quenched in water to room temperature (298 ± 2 K). Both cold-rolled specimens showed the development of γ-fiber and {100}<011> orientation. Additionally, γ-fiber formed comparatively more in cold-rolled specimen A, while α-fiber developed comparatively more in cold-rolled specimen B. Strain distribution in cold-rolled specimen A was presumably inhomogeneous, whereas that in cold-rolled specimen B was rather uniform at the macro-scale. The formation of γ-fiber was confirmed in annealed specimen A. In annealed specimen B, however, the recrystallization texture tended to be random, and the formation of α-fiber was observed. Furthermore, the formation of Goss orientation in both annealed specimens was established. Recrystallized ferrite grains with Goss orientation nucleated in high strain regions of cold-rolled specimen. These findings show that by devising the cold-rolling direction, it is possible to discover new types of recrystallization textures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recrystallization and Phase Transformation of Steel Materials)
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9 pages, 1019 KiB  
Article
Influence of the Temperature-Strain Parameters on the Structure Evolution and Carbide Transformations of Cr-Ni-Ti Stainless Steel
by Andrei Rudskoi and Georgii Kodzhaspirov
Materials 2022, 15(8), 2784; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15082784 - 11 Apr 2022
Viewed by 1086
Abstract
Influence of strain accumulation schedule during hot rolling, under the thermomechanical control process (TMCP) on the structure evolution and carbide transformations of Cr-Ni-Ti austenitic stainless steel, is studied. The cellular, fragmented dislocation substructure and dynamically recrystallized (DRX) structure are observed in the steel [...] Read more.
Influence of strain accumulation schedule during hot rolling, under the thermomechanical control process (TMCP) on the structure evolution and carbide transformations of Cr-Ni-Ti austenitic stainless steel, is studied. The cellular, fragmented dislocation substructure and dynamically recrystallized (DRX) structure are observed in the steel with different strain accumulation schedules. It was found that the strain accumulation schedule, especially fractionality, affects the work-hardening and softening behavior quite significantly. The role of the strain accumulation schedule on the fragmented substructure and DRX structure evolution as well as carbide transformations and the relationship between the microstructure changes due to TMCP and the mechanical properties of studied steel, involving the recent ideas of the physics of large plastic strains, are considered. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recrystallization and Phase Transformation of Steel Materials)
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11 pages, 40347 KiB  
Article
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Ferrite Grains Recrystallized in Low-Carbon Steel during Annealing
by Kengo Horiuchi, Toshio Ogawa, Zhilei Wang and Yoshitaka Adachi
Materials 2021, 14(15), 4154; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14154154 - 26 Jul 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1552
Abstract
We performed a three-dimensional (3D) analysis of ferrite grains recrystallized in low-carbon steel during annealing. Cold-rolled specimens were heated to 723 K and held for various periods. The 3D morphology of ferrite grains recrystallized during the annealing process was investigated. The progress of [...] Read more.
We performed a three-dimensional (3D) analysis of ferrite grains recrystallized in low-carbon steel during annealing. Cold-rolled specimens were heated to 723 K and held for various periods. The 3D morphology of ferrite grains recrystallized during the annealing process was investigated. The progress of recovery in low-carbon steel was more inhibited than that in pure iron. However, ferrite recrystallization in low-carbon steel was more rapid than that in pure iron. The Avrami exponent was inconsistent with the 3D morphology of the recrystallized ferrite grains in pure iron but consistent with that of the grains in low-carbon steel. Thus, the Avrami exponent depends on the recovery and recrystallization behaviors. Furthermore, the recrystallized ferrite grain growth was virtually 2D. Three types of recrystallized ferrite grains were observed: recrystallized ferrite grains elongated along the transverse or rolling direction; plate-shaped recrystallized ferrite grains grown in the transverse and rolling directions; fine and equiaxed recrystallized ferrite grains. These results suggest that the recrystallized ferrite grains did not grow in the normal direction. Thus, we concluded that the 3D morphology of recrystallized ferrite grains depends on the kinetics of recrystallization and the initial microstructure before recrystallization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recrystallization and Phase Transformation of Steel Materials)
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13 pages, 3520 KiB  
Article
Quantitative Analysis of the Recovery Process in Pure Iron Using X-ray Diffraction Line Profile Analysis
by Shota Sugiyama, Toshio Ogawa, Lei He, Zhilei Wang and Yoshitaka Adachi
Materials 2021, 14(4), 895; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14040895 - 13 Feb 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1895
Abstract
We conducted quantitative analysis of the recovery process during pure iron annealing using the modified Williamson-Hall and Warren-Averbach methods. We prepared four types of specimens with different dislocation substructures. By increasing the annealing temperature, we confirmed a decrease in dislocation density. In particular, [...] Read more.
We conducted quantitative analysis of the recovery process during pure iron annealing using the modified Williamson-Hall and Warren-Averbach methods. We prepared four types of specimens with different dislocation substructures. By increasing the annealing temperature, we confirmed a decrease in dislocation density. In particular, screw-dislocation density substantially decreased in the early stage of the recovery process, while edge-dislocation density gradually decreased as annealing temperature increased. Moreover, changes in hardness during the recovery process mainly depended on edge-dislocation density. Increases in annealing temperature weakly affected the dislocation arrangement parameter and crystallite size. Recovery-process modeling demonstrated that the decrease in screw-dislocation density during the recovery process was mainly dominated by glide and/or cross-slip with dislocation core diffusion. In contrast, the decrease in edge-dislocation density during the recovery process was governed by a climbing motion with both dislocation core diffusion and lattice self-diffusion. From the above results, we succeeded in quantitatively distinguishing between edge- and screw-dislocation density during the recovery process, which are difficult to distinguish using transmission electron microscope and electron backscatter diffraction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recrystallization and Phase Transformation of Steel Materials)
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16 pages, 6491 KiB  
Article
Microstructure Characterization of Reversed Transformation in Cryogenically Rolled 22MnB5
by Shengjie Yao, Long Chen, Guannan Chu, Hongyun Zhao, Lei Feng and Guodong Wang
Materials 2020, 13(7), 1741; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071741 - 08 Apr 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2136
Abstract
Hot stamping is a well-known process to produce structural automotive parts with an excellent strength-to-weight ratio. However, this process is more expensive due to the lower energy efficiency and operating cost of the traditional roller-hearth furnace. Additionally, lower ductility and toughness are commonly [...] Read more.
Hot stamping is a well-known process to produce structural automotive parts with an excellent strength-to-weight ratio. However, this process is more expensive due to the lower energy efficiency and operating cost of the traditional roller-hearth furnace. Additionally, lower ductility and toughness are commonly recognized as the main disadvantages of the current hot stamped ultra-high-strength parts. Refinement of austenite grains could be a profitable way to improve the strength of hot stamped parts. In this work, the evolution of reversed transformation in asymmetrically cryogenically rolled samples was studied in order to control the austenite. Thermomechanical simulation and heat treatment in the salt bath were used to investigate the reversed transformation process, and the typical microstructures were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Compared with symmetric prerolling, ferrite recrystallization could be remarkably inhibited by asymmetric rolling at the liquid nitrogen temperature (LNT) during the reheating process. Additionally, the nucleation of the austenite inner grains can also be promoted and the dynamics of the reversed transformation accelerated by asymmetric prerolling. Such phenomena might be very useful to refine the parent austenite grains before press hardening and enhance the new hot stamping strategy by partial fast reheating. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recrystallization and Phase Transformation of Steel Materials)
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