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Advanced Steel Materials: Recrystallization, Phase Transformation and Microstructure Analysis

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Metals and Alloys".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 May 2024 | Viewed by 2734

Special Issue Editor

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyota, Japan
Interests: recovery and recrystallization; phase transformation; iron and steel; high-dimensional analysis of microstructure
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Steel materials are widely used in various applications for their low cost and capacity for mass production. A key point of material design for steel materials is mainly the control of recrystallization and phase transformation in the manufacturing process. Moreover, the interaction between recrystallization and phase transformation plays an important part in controlling the microstructure.

The long history of research on recrystallization and phase transformation of steel materials is well known. Recently, not only experimental approaches but also various other approaches such as modeling, simulation, high-dimensional analysis, and machine learning have been attracting attention. These approaches have led to new and important findings. Thus, the research on recrystallization and phase transformation of steel materials will continue to increasingly develop in the future.

This Special Issue is focused on the recrystallization and phase transformation of steel materials. I would like to invite you to submit original research articles for this Special Issue.

Dr. Toshio Ogawa
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • recovery
  • recrystallization
  • phase transformation
  • precipitation
  • microstructure
  • texture
  • steel
  • iron
  • modeling and simulation
  • high-dimensional analysis
  • materials informatics

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 4992 KiB  
Article
Enhancing/Improving Forming Limit Curve and Fracture Height Predictions in the Single-Point Incremental Forming of Al1050 Sheet Material
by Trung-Kien Hoang, The-Thanh Luyen and Duc-Toan Nguyen
Materials 2023, 16(23), 7266; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16237266 - 21 Nov 2023
Viewed by 869
Abstract
Single-point incremental forming (SPIF) has emerged as a cost-effective and rapid manufacturing method, especially suitable for small-batch production due to its minimal reliance on molds, swift production, and affordability. Nonetheless, SPIF’s effectiveness is closely tied to the specific characteristics of the employed sheet [...] Read more.
Single-point incremental forming (SPIF) has emerged as a cost-effective and rapid manufacturing method, especially suitable for small-batch production due to its minimal reliance on molds, swift production, and affordability. Nonetheless, SPIF’s effectiveness is closely tied to the specific characteristics of the employed sheet materials and the intricacies of the desired shapes. Immediate experimentation with SPIF often leads to numerous product defects. Therefore, the pre-emptive use of numerical simulations to predict these defects is of paramount importance. In this study, we focus on the critical role of the forming limit curve (FLC) in SPIF simulations, specifically in anticipating product fractures. To facilitate this, we first construct the forming limit curve for Al1050 sheet material, leveraging the modified maximum force criterion (MMFC). This criterion, well-established in the field, derives FLCs based on the theory of hardening laws in sheet metal yield curves. In conjunction with the MMFC, we introduce a graphical approach that simplifies the prediction of forming limit curves at fracture (FLCF). Within the context of the SPIF method, FLCF is established through both uniaxial tensile deformation (U.T) and simultaneous uniform tensile deformation in bi-axial tensile (B.T). Subsequently, the FLCF predictions are applied in simulations and experiments focused on forming truncated cone parts. Notably, a substantial deviation in fracture height, amounting to 15.97%, is observed between simulated and experimental samples. To enhance FLCF prediction accuracy in SPIF, we propose a novel method based on simulations of truncated cone parts with variable tool radii. A FLCF is then constructed by determining major/minor strains in simulated samples. To ascertain the validity of this enhanced FLCF model, our study includes simulations and tests of truncated cone samples with varying wall angles, revealing a substantial alignment in fracture height between corresponding samples. This research contributes to the advancement of SPIF by enhancing our ability to predict and mitigate product defects, ultimately expanding the applicability of SPIF in diverse industrial contexts. Full article
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15 pages, 12143 KiB  
Article
Processing of Bimetallic Inconel 625-16Mo3 Steel Tube via Supercritical Bend: Study of the Mechanical Properties and Structure
by Igor Barenyi, Martin Slany, Karel Kouril, Jan Zouhar, Stepan Kolomy, Josef Sedlak and Jozef Majerik
Materials 2023, 16(20), 6796; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16206796 - 21 Oct 2023
Viewed by 692
Abstract
Incineration is currently the standard way of disposing of municipal waste. It uses components protected by high-temperature-resistant layers of materials, such as Inconel alloys. Therefore, the objective of the current paper is to study the mechanical properties and structure of a bimetallic Inconel [...] Read more.
Incineration is currently the standard way of disposing of municipal waste. It uses components protected by high-temperature-resistant layers of materials, such as Inconel alloys. Therefore, the objective of the current paper is to study the mechanical properties and structure of a bimetallic Inconel 625-16Mo3 steel tube. The Inconel 625 layer was 3.5 mm thick and was applied to the surface of the tube with a wall thickness of 7 mm via the cold metal transfer method. The bimetallic tube was bent using a supercritical bend (d ≤ 0.7D). This paper is focused on the investigation of the material changes in the Inconel 625 layer areas influenced by the maximum tensile and compressive stresses after the bend. The change in layer thickness after the bend was evaluated and compared to the non-deformed tube. In addition, the local mechanical properties (nanohardness, Young modulus) across the indicated interfacial areas using quasistatic nanoindentation were investigated. Subsequently, a thorough microstructure observation was carried out in areas with maximum tensile and compressive stresses to determine changes in the morphology and size of dendrites related to the effect of tensile or compressive stresses induced by bending. It was found that the grain featured a stretched secondary dendrite axis in the area of tensile stress, but compressive stress imparted a prolongation of the primary dendrite axis. Full article
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22 pages, 5316 KiB  
Article
Diffusion of Alloying Cobalt Oxide (II, III) into Electrical Steel
by Elmazeg Elgamli and Fatih Anayi
Materials 2023, 16(18), 6315; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16186315 - 20 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 793
Abstract
This paper aims to reduce power loss in electrical steel by improving its surface resistivity. The proposed approach involves introducing additional alloying elements through diffusion once the steel sheet reaches the desired thickness. Various effective techniques have been suggested and tested to enhance [...] Read more.
This paper aims to reduce power loss in electrical steel by improving its surface resistivity. The proposed approach involves introducing additional alloying elements through diffusion once the steel sheet reaches the desired thickness. Various effective techniques have been suggested and tested to enhance the resistivity of the strip. The method entails creating a paste by combining powdered diffusing elements with specific solutions, which are then applied to the steel’s surface. After firing the sample, a successful transfer of certain elements to the steel surface is achieved. The amount and distribution of these elements can be controlled by adjusting the paste composition, modifying the firing parameters, and employing subsequent annealing procedures. This study specifically investigates the effectiveness of incorporating cobalt oxide (II, III) into non-oriented silicon iron to mitigate power loss. The experimental samples consist of non-oriented electrical steels with a composition of 2.4 wt% Si-Fe and dimensions of 0.305 mm × 300 mm × 30 mm. Power loss and permeability measurements are conducted using a single strip tester (SST) within a magnetic field range of 0.5 T to 1.7 T. These measurements are performed using an AC magnetic properties measurement system under controlled sinusoidal conditions at various frequencies. The research explores the impact of cobalt oxide (II, III) addition, observing successful diffusion into the steel through the utilization of a paste based on sodium silicate solution. This treatment results in a significant reduction in power loss in the non-oriented material, with power loss reductions of 14% at 400 Hz and 23% at 1 kHz attributed to the elimination of a porous layer containing a high concentration of the diffusing element. The formation of porosity in the cobalt addition was found to be particularly sensitive to firing temperature near the melting point. The diffusion process was examined through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in combination with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results demonstrate improved power losses in the coated samples compared with the uncoated ones. In conclusion, this study establishes that the properties of non-oriented electrical steels can be enhanced through a safer process compared with the methods employed by previous researchers. Full article
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