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Advances in Friction and Wear Behaviors of Metallic Materials and Coatings

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Metals and Alloys".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2022) | Viewed by 14929

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Zhenbing Cai

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Guest Editor

Tribology Research Institute, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
Interests: tribology; coating and film; laser processing and manufacturing; wear in extreme environments

Prof. Dr. Wenjian Wang

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Guest Editor

Tribology Research Institute, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
Interests: tribology; coating and film; laser processing and manufacturing

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue of Materials concentrates on novel technologies, new findings and applications in the field of friction and wear in metallic materials and coatings. Tribology is the science of friction, wear and lubrication. It has a core position in the areas of machinery, energy, electronics, etc. Tribology is prevalent in everyday life and across various industries. Tribology is increasingly becoming more widely used in various contemporary fields, such as aerospace, transportation, bridge engineering, deep ocean diving, and deep earth exploration. Tribology influences almost all super projects in the world; as such, many new theories have been developed. In many industrial fields, such as high-speed railways, aerospace and energy power equipment, the applications of many new technologies and methods have greatly improved the operation performance and safety performance of the equipment. We are delighted to invite contributions to this Special Issue on “Advances in Friction and Wear Behaviors of Metallic Materials and Coatings”. Here, we will underline recent advances related to friction, wear, lubrication, coatings and film, and damage induced by interfaces. Research topics of interest may include, but are not limited to: tribology, friction, wear, coatings, film, lubrication, damage, surface engineering, wear mechanisms, test devices, and measurements of tribology.

Prof. Dr. Zhenbing Cai
Prof. Dr. Wenjian Wang
Guest Editors

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Keywords

tribology
friction
wear
coating
film
lubrication
damage
surface engineering
wear mechanisms

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 8608 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of the Wear of NC11LV and Hardox 600 Steel Used in Tools for Extrusion of Clay Strands in the Process of Producing Ceramic Roof Tiles

by Marek Hawryluk, Marzena M. Lachowicz, Jan Marzec, Kamila Nowak and Maciej Suliga

Materials 2023, 16(1), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010293 - 28 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1367

Abstract

This article presents the results of a comparative analysis performed with respect to the wear of tools used for the extrusion of a clay strand (for ceramic roof tile) made from two materials: steel NC11LV and steel Hardox 600. The aim of the studies was to determine the causes and mechanisms of wear as well as to evaluate the possibility of choosing the optimal material, mostly in respect to its resistance to intensive wear as well as an increase in the operation time. The results of the conducted investigations included: an analysis of the technology, thermovision measurements of the forming process, a macroscopic analysis combined with 3D scanning of the worn tools, ball-on-disc tests of the sliding wear resistance and hardness measurements. The obtained results demonstrated that the tools made of steel NC11LV were much less worn than those made of steel Hardox 600, as the operation time for the NC11LV steel tools was almost three times longer. The results of the ball-on-disc tests showed a similar manner of wear for both materials (with the working temperature of about 50 °C). The higher durability of the tools made from steel NC11LV can be an effect of a slightly lower coefficient of friction in the initial period of operation as well as the presence of hard carbides, which means increased hardness and thus also higher wear resistance at working temperatures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Friction and Wear Behaviors of Metallic Materials and Coatings)

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13 pages, 4430 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Interaction between Wheel Polygon and Rail Corrugation in High-Speed Railways

by Xiaotian Xu, Xiaolu Cui, Jia Xu, Xiaoxia Wen and Zongchao Yang

Materials 2022, 15(24), 8765; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15248765 - 8 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1366

Abstract

The wheel polygonization and rail corrugation are typical wheel–rail periodic wear problems, which seriously affect the safe operation of high-speed railways. In the present paper, the interaction between the wheel polygon and the rail corrugation in the long-slope section of high-speed railways is mainly studied based on theory of friction coupling vibration. Firstly, the simulation model of the wheel–rail contact model is established, as well as the polygonal wear of the wheel and the corrugated wear of the rail. Then, the stability analyses of the wheel–rail system with periodic wear are studied, in which the four working conditions of smooth rail–smooth wheel, polygonal wheel–smooth rail, smooth wheel–corrugated rail and polygonal wheel–corrugated rail are compared. Finally, the competition mechanisms between the wheel polygon and rail corrugation under different parameters are discussed, including the wheel–rail friction coefficient and the depth of periodic wear of the wheel–rail system. The numerical results show that both the periodic wear of the wheel and rail with certain relevance will increase the friction coupling vibration of the wheel–rail system, which may aggravate the subsequent relevant wheel polygonal and rail corrugation wear. With the increase of the friction coefficient between wheel and rail, as well as the depth of the wheel polygon and rail corrugation, the vibration trend of the friction coupling vibration of the wheel–rail system increases gradually. Moreover, the proportion of the wheel polygon’s influence on the friction coupling vibration of the wheel–rail system is greater than that of rail corrugation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Friction and Wear Behaviors of Metallic Materials and Coatings)

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15 pages, 6581 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Erosion Resistance of Valve Core Surface Combined with WC-10Co-4Cr Coating Process under Different Pretreatments

by Lin Zhong, Zhichao Li, Guorong Wang, Haiyang He, Gang Wei, Sijia Zheng, Guihong Feng, Nana Xie and Rongyao Zhang

Materials 2022, 15(22), 8140; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15228140 - 17 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1253

Abstract

The erosion of the valve core causes valve failure problems. Thus, a novel method to extend the erosion resistance of the valve was innovatively proposed, namely, nanosecond laser ablation micro-pits on the substrate surface and high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spraying WC coating to extend the erosion resistance of the valve. The characterization and evaluation of the erosion resistance of the WC-sprayed coating after the pretreatment of the 3Cr13 substrate surface polishing/grit blasting/nanosecond laser ablation circular micro-dimple were conducted using the unit coupon erosion test of liquid–solid two-phase flow, followed by the test evaluation and analysis of the erosion resistance test of the WC coating after different pretreatments of the full-size valve core. Results showed that the micro-dimple pretreatment on the surface of the 3Cr13 substrate increased the contact area rate and bonding strength of the substrate and the WC coating. By taking erosion volume loss as the evaluation index, the erosion resistance of the micro-dimple pretreatment on the surface of the 3Cr13 substrate was increased by about 31.98% compared with that of the polishing pretreatment. Therefore, the new method of surface nanosecond laser texture pretreatment and HVOF-spraying WC coating can effectively improve the erosion resistance of the valve. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Friction and Wear Behaviors of Metallic Materials and Coatings)

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19 pages, 25989 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Impact Velocity and Angle on Impact Wear Behavior of Zr-4 Alloy Cladding Tube

by Shi-Jia Yu, Yong Hu, Xin Liu, Dong-Xing Li, Li-Ping He, Jun Wang and Zhen-Bing Cai

Materials 2022, 15(18), 6371; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15186371 - 14 Sep 2022

Viewed by 1343

Abstract

In the pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant, 316L SS chips were captured by the support grid and continued to affect the Zr-4 cladding tube, causing the fuel rods to wear and perforate. In this work, a 60° acute angle cone of 316L SS was used to simulate the cyclic impact of debris on a Zr-4 alloy tube with different initial impact velocities and impact angles. Results showed that increasing the initial impact velocity will generate a wear debris accumulation layer with a wear-reducing effect, but also promote the extension and expansion of fatigue cracks, resulting in the delamination of Zr-4 alloy tubes. The inclination of the impact angle increases the energy loss. The energy loss rate of the 45° impact is as high as 69.68%, of which 78% is generated by the impact-sliding stage. The normal force is mainly responsible for the wear removal and plastic deformation of Zr-4 alloy tubes. Tangential forces cause severe cutting in Zr-4 alloys and pushes the resulting wear debris away from the contact surfaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Friction and Wear Behaviors of Metallic Materials and Coatings)

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22 pages, 5696 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Sealing Effect Improvement Prediction of Flat Rubber Ring in Roller Bit Based on Yeoh_Revised Model

by Wei Zhou, Chengwen Wang, Peng Fan, Yuchun Kuang and Zongzheng Dong

Materials 2022, 15(16), 5529; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15165529 - 11 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1296

Abstract

In a roller bit, the flat rubber ring (FRR) often needs to apply a certain amount of compression to ensure that its rotation and static sealing surfaces can be stably sealed. For the predicted Mises stress, values smaller than the actual Mises stress due to soft single-axis compression (SAC) stress are predicted by the Yeoh (N = 3) model. To more reasonably predict stress under the static compression of the FRR in the roller bit, the sealing effect of the FRR based on the SAC contact stress and the calculated Mises stress was evaluated by the Yeoh_revised model. Based on the assumption that hydrogenated nitrile-butadiene rubber (HNBR) is isotropic and incompressible, first, we derived the fitting formulas for three types of constitutive models and the Jacobi matrix of the Yeoh_revised model and developed hyperelastic constitutive subroutines. Simultaneously, the accuracy of three models (Yeoh, Yeoh_revised and Ogden) was evaluated by the goodness of fit (R²) to data from three kinds of tensile experiment tests. The highest R² is 0.9771 with the Yeoh_revised model, which merges the advantages of the other two fitting models and effectively improves the Yeoh model’s soft property of SAC contact stress. Additionally, by measuring on-site FRR wear, the maximum Mises stress on the sealing surface calculated based on the Yeoh_revised model is about twice that of the Yeoh model, and the maximum Mises stress on the rotation contact sealing surface is higher than that on the outside (static sealing) surface, which makes the aging of the rotation surface more severe. Thus, it was demonstrated that, on the premise of ensuring FRR sealing contact stress, the Yeoh_revised model can more reasonably predict the sealing effect of the FRR to more precisely calculate Mises stress than the Yeoh model. This also contributes to FRR structure optimization to prolong the service life of the FRR in the roller bit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Friction and Wear Behaviors of Metallic Materials and Coatings)

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15 pages, 5442 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Three-Body Abrasive Wear Behavior of WC-10Cr₃C₂-12Ni Coating for Ball Mill Liner Application

by Qiang Hu, Dehui Ji, Mingxue Shen, Hui Zhuang, Hailong Yao, Huoping Zhao, Hui Guo and Youliang Zhang

Materials 2022, 15(13), 4569; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15134569 - 29 Jun 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1478

Abstract

Carbide coatings are frequently used to improve the wear resistance of industrial components in various wear environments. In this research, aiming at the service characteristics of easy wear and short service life of ball mill liners, WC–10Cr₃C₂–12Ni coatings were prepared by supersonic flame spraying technology (HVOF). The reciprocating sliding tests were conducted under four different WC particle size conditions, and the differences in the tribological behavior of the coatings and three–body abrasive wear mechanism were obtained. The findings reveal that the average nanohardness of the WC–Cr₃C₂–Ni coating is nearly five times greater than that of the steel substance. The COF of tribo-pairs decreases and then increases as the particle size increases. In the case of no particles, the surface of the coating is slightly worn, with fatigue and oxidative wear being the primary wear mechanisms. Small particles (1.5 μm and 4 μm) are crushed and coated on the coating surface, in which the extremely fine particles are plasticized to form friction layers that have a protective effect on the coatings. The protective effect of the particles disappears as the particle size increases and is replaced by a powerful chiseling effect on the coatings, resulting in serious material loss. The particle size has a direct relationship with coating wear. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Friction and Wear Behaviors of Metallic Materials and Coatings)

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12 pages, 4721 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Temperature Tribological Behavior of HDPE Composites Reinforced by Short Carbon Fiber under Water-Lubricated Conditions

by Wen Zhong, Siqiang Chen and Zhe Tong

Materials 2022, 15(13), 4508; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15134508 - 27 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1694

Abstract

The polymer water-lubricated bearing is widely used in marine transmission systems, and the tribological properties can be improved by addition of inorganic nano-fillers. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of SCFs and temperature on the water-lubricating properties of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites. HDPE composites reinforced by varying content of short carbon fibers (SCFs) were fabricated via twin-screw extrusion and injection molding techniques to study the hardness and surface wettability of those composites. The tribological properties under water-lubricated conditions were investigated through a pin-on-disk reciprocating tribometer under different temperatures. The results showed that the increase in hardness of HDPE composites reached maximum to 42.9% after adding 25 wt % SCFs. The contact angle also increased with the increase in SCFs content and reached a maximum of 95.2° as the amount of SCFs increased to 20 wt %. The incorporation of SCFs increased the wear resistance and lubricating property of HDPE composites at different temperatures. The HDPE composite containing 20 wt % SCFs showed the lowest friction coefficient of 0.076 at 40 °C, and the wear track depth reached a maximum of 36.3 mm at 60 °C. Based on the surface wetting property and wear analysis, potential effect mechanisms of fillers and temperature were discussed. The knowledge from this study is useful for designing the anti-wear water-lubricated polymer bearing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Friction and Wear Behaviors of Metallic Materials and Coatings)

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16 pages, 8031 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Numerical Analysis on the Impact Wear Behavior of TP316H Steel

by Xu-dong Chen, Li-Wen Wang, Qi-hang Yu, Fan Zhang, Kun Mo, Shi-Lin Ming and Zhen-Bing Cai

Materials 2022, 15(8), 2881; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15082881 - 14 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1556

Abstract

In this work, the contact force model and experiment methods were used to study the dynamic response and impact wear behavior of TP316H steel. The Flore model and the classic Hertz model were selected for comparison with the experimental results, and the model was revised according to the section parameters of the TP316H tube. The results show that there is a large difference between the models without considering the effect of structural stiffness on the impact system and the test results, whereas the revised model has a good agreement. With the rise in impact mass, the coefficient of restitution increases from 0.65 to 0.78, whereas the energy dissipation and wear volume decrease. Spalling, delamination, plastic deformation, and oxidative wear are the main impact wear mechanism of TP316H steel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Friction and Wear Behaviors of Metallic Materials and Coatings)

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16 pages, 10040 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact Abrasive Wear Property of CrAlN/TiSiN Multilayer Coating at Elevated Temperatures

by Ying Luo, Yuanyuan Dong, Cong Xiao, Xiaotong Wang and Hang Peng

Materials 2022, 15(6), 2214; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15062214 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1262

Abstract

The impact wear property of hard coatings at elevated temperatures is of particular interest for applications in nuclear power plants. This study evaluated the impact wear behavior of two CrAlN/TiSiN coatings with and without sand. Alternately grown CrAlN and TiSiN films with modulation periods of 455 and 19 nm were formed in a columnar structure. The nanomultilayer shows better impact wear resistance than multilayer films with and without sand. The energy absorption rate has a similar trend to wear rate, leading to lower rebound velocity and peak impact force of the nanomultilayer compared with that of the multilayer. CrAlN/TiSiN coatings can protect the 308L substrate from oxidation. The dominant impact wear mechanism without sand is plastic deformation, and this wear region can be defined as the percussive zone. Peeling occurs on the multilayer surface without sand after 10⁴ percussions, leading to rapid oxidation of the 308L substrate at 500 °C. Due to the abrasion effect, the wear rate of the sample with sand increases by an order of magnitude compared to the sample without sand. The wear scar of the sample with sand can be divided into the mixing zone and the sand−affected zone from inside to outside. Fe oxides are formed beyond the unbroken coating, which may be related to the outward diffusion of Fe. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Friction and Wear Behaviors of Metallic Materials and Coatings)

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15 pages, 5353 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrical Contact Performance of Cu Alloy under Vibration Condition and Acetal Glue Environment

by Zhongqing Cao, Yanqing Yu, Liping He, Yuchen Nie, Congyu Gong and Xiaohong Liu

Materials 2022, 15(5), 1881; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15051881 - 3 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1536

Abstract

In view of the serious sliding electrical contact performance caused by external vibration and environmental contaminant, a study on the tribological characteristic and contact resistance of Cu alloy was conducted using a self-developed micro-load reciprocating electric contact device. Various glue concentrations (0%, 10%, 30%, and 50%) were prepared with anhydrous ethanol and deposited on the surface of a pure copper block via the deposition method. An external vibration source was installed on the sliding module to achieve vertical vibration. The results indicate that the final contact resistance and coefficient of friction (COF) in direct metal contact are about 0.01 Ω and 0.3, respectively. At this time, the wear volume is 2 to 3 orders of magnitude higher than the condition with glue residual. As glue concentration is above 10%, residual glue on the surface of Cu alloy hinders efficient contact between friction pairs, resulting in higher contact resistance. Glue exhibits lubrication, anti-wear, and insulation properties. External vibration causes friction pairs to briefly separate, leading to a lower glue removal capacity than that under non-vibration conditions. The contact resistance with glue addition under vibration conditions is higher than that under non-vibration conditions at 3 × 10⁴ cycles. The dominant oxide product is CuO, which has a limited effect on contact resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Friction and Wear Behaviors of Metallic Materials and Coatings)

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