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3 pages, 196 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Corrosion and Mechanical Behavior of Metal Materials

by Ming Liu

Materials 2023, 16(3), 973; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16030973 - 20 Jan 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1599

Abstract

Many high-strength metal-related materials and structures work under the coupling condition of harsh corrosion environments and complex loading [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Mechanical Behavior of Metal Materials)

Research

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17 pages, 3903 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inhibition Effect of Pseudomonas stutzeri on the Corrosion of X70 Pipeline Steel Caused by Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria

by Lina Qiu, Dandan Zhao, Shujia Zheng, Aijun Gong, Zhipeng Liu, Yiran Su and Ziyi Liu

Materials 2023, 16(7), 2896; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072896 - 05 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1244

Abstract

Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is a common phenomenon in water treatment, shipping, construction, marine and other industries. Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) often lead to MIC. In this paper, a strain of Pseudomonas stutzeri (P. stutzeri) with the ability to inhibit SRB corrosion [...] Read more.

Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is a common phenomenon in water treatment, shipping, construction, marine and other industries. Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) often lead to MIC. In this paper, a strain of Pseudomonas stutzeri (P. stutzeri) with the ability to inhibit SRB corrosion is isolated from the soil through enrichment culture. P. stutzeri is a short, rod-shaped, white and transparent colony with denitrification ability. Our 16SrDNA sequencing results verify the properties of P. stutzeri strains. The growth conditions of P. stutzeri bacteria and SRB are similar, and the optimal culture conditions are about 30 °C, pH 7, and the stable stage is reached in about seven days. The bacteria can coexist in the same growth environment. Using the weight loss method, electrochemical experiments and composition analysis techniques we found that P. stutzeri can inhibit the corrosion of X70 steel by SRB at 20~40 °C, pH 6~8. Furthermore, long-term tests at 3, 6 and 9 months reveal that P. stutzeri can effectively inhibit the corrosion of X70 steel caused by SRB. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Mechanical Behavior of Metal Materials)

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17 pages, 4390 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Long-Term Oxidation of Zirconium Alloy in Simulated Nuclear Reactor Primary Coolant—Experiments and Modeling

by Iva Betova, Martin Bojinov and Vasil Karastoyanov

Materials 2023, 16(7), 2577; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072577 - 24 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1918

Abstract

Oxidation of Zr-1%Nb fuel cladding alloy in simulated primary coolant of a pressurized water nuclear reactor is followed by in-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. In-depth composition and thickness of the oxide are estimated by ex-situ analytical techniques. A kinetic model of the oxidation process [...] Read more.

Oxidation of Zr-1%Nb fuel cladding alloy in simulated primary coolant of a pressurized water nuclear reactor is followed by in-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. In-depth composition and thickness of the oxide are estimated by ex-situ analytical techniques. A kinetic model of the oxidation process featuring interfacial reactions of metal oxidation and water reduction, as well as electron and ion transport through the oxide governed by diffusion-migration, is parameterized by quantitative comparison to impedance data. The effects of compressive stress on diffusion and ionic space charge on migration of ionic point defects are introduced to rationalize the dependence of transport parameters on thickness (or oxidation time). The influence of ex-situ and in-situ hydrogen charging on kinetic and transport parameters is also studied. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Mechanical Behavior of Metal Materials)

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19 pages, 6658 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism of Ultra-High-Temperature Acidizing Corrosion Inhibitor for 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel

by Danping Li, Wenwen Song, Junping Zhang, Chengxian Yin, Mifeng Zhao, Hongzhou Chao, Juantao Zhang, Zigang Lei, Lei Fan, Wan Liu and Xiaolong Li

Materials 2023, 16(6), 2358; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062358 - 15 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1583

Abstract

The acidizing corrosion inhibitors reported so far have a poor effect on duplex stainless steel in high-temperature and high-concentration acid systems and cannot effectively inhibit the occurrence of selective corrosion. In this paper, a new acidizing corrosion inhibitor was designed, which was mainly [...] Read more.

The acidizing corrosion inhibitors reported so far have a poor effect on duplex stainless steel in high-temperature and high-concentration acid systems and cannot effectively inhibit the occurrence of selective corrosion. In this paper, a new acidizing corrosion inhibitor was designed, which was mainly composed of Mannich base and antimony salt. The inorganic substance in the corrosion inhibitor had good stability at high temperatures and could quickly form a complex with the metal matrix to enhance the binding ability. The organic substance can make up for the non-dense part of the inorganic film. The properties of developed corrosion inhibitors were analyzed by quantum chemical calculation, molecular dynamics simulation, and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that a double-layer membrane structure could be constructed after adding the corrosion inhibitor, which could play a good role in blocking the diffusion of acid solution at high-temperature. The uniform corrosion rate of 2205 duplex stainless steel after adding acidizing corrosion inhibitor immersion in a simulated service condition (9 wt.% HCl + 1.5 wt.% HF + 3 wt.% CH₃COOH + 4~6 wt.%) at 140 °C, 160 °C and 180 °C for a 4 h test is 6.9350 g·m⁻²·h⁻¹, 6.3899 g·m⁻²·h⁻¹ and 12.1881 g·m⁻²·h⁻¹, respectively, which shows excellent corrosion inhibition effect and is far lower than that of the commonly accepted 81 g·m⁻²·h⁻¹ and no selective corrosion could be detected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Mechanical Behavior of Metal Materials)

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14 pages, 4186 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Standard Deviation Effect of Average Structure Descriptor on Grain Boundary Energy Prediction

by Ruoqi Dang and Wenshan Yu

Materials 2023, 16(3), 1197; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16031197 - 31 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1231

Abstract

The structural complexities of grain boundaries (GBs) result in their complicated property contributions to polycrystalline metals and alloys. In this study, we propose a GB structure descriptor by linearly combining the average two-point correlation function (PCF) and standard deviation of PCF via a [...] Read more.

The structural complexities of grain boundaries (GBs) result in their complicated property contributions to polycrystalline metals and alloys. In this study, we propose a GB structure descriptor by linearly combining the average two-point correlation function (PCF) and standard deviation of PCF via a weight parameter, to reveal the standard deviation effect of PCF on energy predictions of Cu, Al and Ni asymmetric tilt GBs (i.e., Σ3, Σ5, Σ9, Σ11, Σ13 and Σ17), using two machine learning (ML) methods; i.e., principal component analysis (PCA)-based linear regression and recurrent neural networks (RNN). It is found that the proposed structure descriptor is capable of improving GB energy prediction for both ML methods. This suggests the discriminatory power of average PCF for different GBs is lifted since the proposed descriptor contains the data dispersion information. Meanwhile, we also show that GB atom selection methods by which PCF is evaluated also affect predictions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Mechanical Behavior of Metal Materials)

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23 pages, 11203 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Corrosion Fatigue Degradation Characteristics of Galvanized and Galfan High-Strength Steel Wire

by Yue Zhao, Botong Su, Xiaobo Fan, Yangguang Yuan and Yiyun Zhu

Materials 2023, 16(2), 708; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16020708 - 11 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1750

Abstract

Cables are the main load-bearing components of a cable bridge and typically composed of high strength steel wires with a galvanized coating or Galfan coating. Galfan steel wire has recently started to be widely used because of its better corrosion resistance than galvanized [...] Read more.

Cables are the main load-bearing components of a cable bridge and typically composed of high strength steel wires with a galvanized coating or Galfan coating. Galfan steel wire has recently started to be widely used because of its better corrosion resistance than galvanized steel wire. The corrosion characteristics of the coating and the difference in the corrosion fatigue process of the two types of steel wire are unclear. To further improve the service performance and maintenance of cable bridges, this study investigated the corrosion characteristics of galvanized steel wire and Galfan steel wire through accelerated corrosion tests and established a time-varying model of uniform corrosion and pitting corrosion of high-strength steel wire. Then, a long-span suspension bridge was taken as the research object, and the corrosion fatigue degradation of the two kinds of steel wire under a traffic load was analyzed on the basis of traffic monitoring data. The results showed that the uniform corrosion of the two types of steel wire conformed to an exponential development trend, the corrosion coefficient of galvanized steel wire conformed to the normal distribution, and the corrosion coefficient of Galfan steel wire conformed to the Cauchy distribution. The maximum pitting coefficient distribution of the two kinds of steel wire conformed to the generalized extreme value distribution. The location parameters and scale parameters of the two distributions showed an exponential downward trend with the increase of corrosion duration. When the traffic intensity was low, the corrosion characteristics of the steel wire was the main factor affecting its service life, and the average service life of Galfan steel wire was significantly higher than that of galvanized steel wire. Under a dense traffic flow, the service life of the steel wire was mainly controlled by the traffic load, and the service life of Galfan steel wire was slightly improved. Effective anti-corrosion measures are a key factor for improving the service life of steel wire. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Mechanical Behavior of Metal Materials)

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17 pages, 5346 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Flexible Central Buckles on Short Suspenders’ Corrosion Fatigue Degradation on a Suspension Bridge under Traffic Load

by Yue Zhao, Xuelian Guo, Botong Su, Yamin Sun and Xiaolong Li

Materials 2023, 16(1), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010290 - 28 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1213

Abstract

Suspenders are the crucial load-bearing components of long-span suspension bridges, and are sensitive to the repetitive vibrations caused by traffic load. The degradation of suspender steel wire is a typical corrosion fatigue process. Although the high-strength steel wire is protected by a coating [...] Read more.

Suspenders are the crucial load-bearing components of long-span suspension bridges, and are sensitive to the repetitive vibrations caused by traffic load. The degradation of suspender steel wire is a typical corrosion fatigue process. Although the high-strength steel wire is protected by a coating and protection system, the suspender is still a fragile component that needs to be replaced many times in the service life of the bridge. Flexible central buckles, which may improve the wind resistance of bridges, are used as a vibration control measure in suspension bridges and also have an influence on the corrosion fatigue life of suspenders under traffic load. This study established a corrosion fatigue degradation model of high-strength steel wire based on the Forman crack development model and explored the influence of flexible central buckles on the corrosion fatigue life of suspenders under traffic flow. The fatigue life of short suspenders without buckles and those with different numbers of buckles was analyzed. The results indicate that the bending stress of short suspenders is remarkably greater than that of long suspenders, whereas the corrosion fatigue life of steel wires is lower due to the large bending stress. Bending stress is the crucial factor affecting the corrosion fatigue life of steel wires. Without flexible central buckles, short suspenders may have fatigue lives lower than the design value. The utilization of flexible central buckles can reduce the peak value and equivalent stress of bending stress, and the improved stress state of the short suspender considerably extends the corrosion fatigue life of steel wires under traffic flow. However, when the number of central buckles exceeds two, the increase in number does not improve the service life of steel wire. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Mechanical Behavior of Metal Materials)

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22 pages, 5231 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Corrosion Behavior of High-Strength C71500 Copper-Nickel Alloy in Simulated Seawater with High Concentration of Sulfide

by Xin Gao and Ming Liu

Materials 2022, 15(23), 8513; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238513 - 29 Nov 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1561

Abstract

The corrosion behavior of high-strength C71500 copper-nickel alloy in high concentrations of sulfide-polluted seawater was studied by potentiodynamic polarization measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), immersion testing, and combined with SEM, EDS, XPS, and XRD surface analysis methods. The results showed that the C71500 [...] Read more.

The corrosion behavior of high-strength C71500 copper-nickel alloy in high concentrations of sulfide-polluted seawater was studied by potentiodynamic polarization measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), immersion testing, and combined with SEM, EDS, XPS, and XRD surface analysis methods. The results showed that the C71500 alloy shows activation polarization during the entire corrosion process, the corrosion rate is much higher (0.15 mm/a) at the initial stage of immersion, and the appearance of diffusion limitation by corrosion product formation was in line with the appearance of a Warburg element in the EIS fitting after 24 h of immersion. As the corrosion process progressed, the formed dark-brown corrosion product film had a certain protective effect preventing the alloy from corrosion, and the corrosion rate gradually decreased. After 168 h of immersion, the corrosion rate stabilized at about 0.09 mm/a. The alloy was uniformly corroded, and the corrosion products were mainly composed of Cu₂S, CuS, Cu₂(OH)₃Cl, Mn₂O₃, Mn₂O, MnS₂, FeO(OH), etc. The content of Cu₂S gradually increased with the extension of immersion time. The addition of S²⁻ caused a large amount of dissolution of Fe and Ni, and prevented the simultaneous formation of a more protective Cu₂O film, which promoted the corrosion process to some extent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Mechanical Behavior of Metal Materials)

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9 pages, 4831 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Formation of Nanoscale Al₂O₃ Protective Layer by Preheating Treatment for Improving Corrosion Resistance of Dilute Fe-Al Alloys

by Chenglong Li, Katharina Freiberg, Yuntong Tang, Stephanie Lippmann and Yongfu Zhu

Materials 2022, 15(22), 7978; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15227978 - 11 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1057

Abstract

In this work, an attempt was made to improve the corrosion resistance of dilute Fe-Al alloys (1.0 mass% Al) by preheating treatment at 1073 K in H₂ atmosphere. In comparison with pure Fe and unpreheated Fe-Al alloys, the resistance to oxidation at [...] Read more.

In this work, an attempt was made to improve the corrosion resistance of dilute Fe-Al alloys (1.0 mass% Al) by preheating treatment at 1073 K in H₂ atmosphere. In comparison with pure Fe and unpreheated Fe-Al alloys, the resistance to oxidation at 673 K in pure O₂ and to electrochemical corrosion in 5 wt.% NaCl solution is significantly improved for preheated Fe-Al alloys. This improvement is attributed to the formation of a 20 nm thin, but dense Al₂O₃ protective layer on the surface of preheated Fe-Al alloys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Mechanical Behavior of Metal Materials)

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22 pages, 11885 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Air Storage on Stress Corrosion Cracking of ZK60 Alloy Induced by Preliminary Immersion in NaCl-Based Corrosion Solution

by Evgeniy Merson, Vitaliy Poluyanov, Pavel Myagkikh, Dmitri Merson and Alexei Vinogradov

Materials 2022, 15(21), 7862; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217862 - 07 Nov 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1421

Abstract

The preliminary exposure of Mg alloys to corrosion solutions can cause their embrittlement. The phenomenon is referred to as pre-exposure stress corrosion cracking (PESCC). It has been reported that relatively long storage in air after pre-exposure to the corrosion solution is capable of [...] Read more.

The preliminary exposure of Mg alloys to corrosion solutions can cause their embrittlement. The phenomenon is referred to as pre-exposure stress corrosion cracking (PESCC). It has been reported that relatively long storage in air after pre-exposure to the corrosion solution is capable of eliminating PESCC. This effect was attributed to the egress of diffusible hydrogen that accumulated in the metal during pre-exposure. However, recent findings challenged this viewpoint and suggested that the corrosion solution retained within the side surface layer of corrosion products could be responsible for PESCC. The present study is aimed at the clarification of the role of hydrogen and the corrosion solution sealed within the corrosion products in the “healing” effect caused by post-exposure storage in air. Using the slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) testing in air and detailed fractographic analysis of the ZK60 specimens subjected to the liquid corrosion followed by storage in air, we found that PESCC was gradually reduced and finally suppressed with the increasing time and temperature of air storage. The complete elimination of PESCC accompanied by recovery of elongation to failure from 20% to 38% was achieved after 24 h of air storage at 150–200 °C. It is established that the characteristic PESCC zone on the fracture surface is composed of two regions, of which the first is always covered by the crust of corrosion products, whereas the second one is free of corrosion products and is characterised by quasi-brittle morphology. It is argued that the corrosion solution and hydrogen stored within the corrosion product layer are responsible for the formation of these two zones, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Mechanical Behavior of Metal Materials)

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10 pages, 2376 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of the Severe Plastic Deformation on the Corrosion Resistance of a Tantalum–Tungsten Alloy

by Guoqiang Ma, Man Zhao, Song Xiang, Wanquan Zhu, Guilin Wu and Xinping Mao

Materials 2022, 15(21), 7806; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217806 - 05 Nov 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1553

Abstract

Tantalum and its alloys are regarded as equipment construction materials for processing aggressive acidic media due to their excellent properties. In this study, the influence of severe rolling (90%) on the dissolution rate of a cold-rolled Ta-4%W sheet in different directions was investigated [...] Read more.

Tantalum and its alloys are regarded as equipment construction materials for processing aggressive acidic media due to their excellent properties. In this study, the influence of severe rolling (90%) on the dissolution rate of a cold-rolled Ta-4%W sheet in different directions was investigated during immersion testing and the corresponding mechanism was discussed. The results show that the dissolution rate of the cold-rolled sample is significantly lower than that of the undeformed sample. The corrosion resistance followed the sequence of “initial” < “90%-ND” < “90%-RD” < “90%-TD”, while the strength is in positive correlation with the corrosion resistance. Severe rolling promotes grain subdivision accompanied by long geometrically necessary boundaries and short incidental dislocation boundaries on two scales in the cold-rolled sample. The volume elements enclosed by geometrically necessary boundaries form preferential crystallographic orientations. Such preferential crystallographic orientations can greatly weaken the electrochemical process caused by adjacent volume elements, resulting in greatly reduced corrosion rates in the severely deformed sample. The unexpected finding provides a new idea for tailoring the structures of tantalum alloys to improve both their strength and corrosion resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Mechanical Behavior of Metal Materials)

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22 pages, 3611 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Time-Dependent Seismic Fragility of Typical Concrete Girder Bridges under Chloride-Induced Corrosion

by Xiaoxiao Liu, Wenbin Zhang, Peng Sun and Ming Liu

Materials 2022, 15(14), 5020; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15145020 - 19 Jul 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1507

Abstract

Recent studies highlighted the importance of the combined effects of prestress loss and corrosion deterioration for concrete girder bridge structures when the effect of damage on the performance level is estimated. The multi-deterioration mechanisms connected with chloride erosion include the cross-sectional area loss [...] Read more.

Recent studies highlighted the importance of the combined effects of prestress loss and corrosion deterioration for concrete girder bridge structures when the effect of damage on the performance level is estimated. The multi-deterioration mechanisms connected with chloride erosion include the cross-sectional area loss of longitudinal bars and stirrups, the reduction in the ductility, the decrease in the strength of steels and the strength loss of concrete in RC columns. For the corroded RC columns and corroded elastomeric bridge bearings, analytical models of the material degradation phenomena were employed for performing the probabilistic seismic performance analysis, which could obtain the system seismic fragility of aging bridges by considering the failure functionality of multiple correlated components (e.g., columns, bearings). The combined effects of prestress loss and cracking were also considered when developing time-dependent system seismic fragility functions. Here, a typical multi-span reinforced concrete girder bridge was used as a case study for studying the time-variant seismic performance. The results revealed the importance of the joint effects of the multi-deterioration mechanisms when modeling the time-dependent seismic fragility of aging bridge systems, as well as the significance of considering the combined effects of prestress loss and cracking. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Mechanical Behavior of Metal Materials)

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