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Special Issue "Emerging Toxins Accumulation in Shellfish"

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Dear Colleagues,

While the most common harmful algal bloom (HAB) toxins have been widely reported and explored, a huge range of “emerging toxins” constitute a substantial gap in our understanding. These “emerging toxins” are defined as (i) toxins that appear in waters and seafood where they were previously absent, (ii) non-regulated known toxins, which are considered to be of concern but require additional toxicological evidence before establishing further regulations, and (iii) recently discovered toxins. The lack of occurrence data makes it difficult to fully comprehend the potential impacts of these toxins. Therefore, the purpose of this Special Issue is to encourage the publication of research articles devoted to the detection and quantification of emerging toxins in commercially important shellfish species.

Dr. Sandra Lage
Guest Editor

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Keywords

spirolides
yessotoxins
pectenotoxins
palytoxins
tetrodotoxins
ciguatoxins
saxitoxins
BMAA
occurrence data
seafood safety
harmful algal blooms

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Research

23 pages, 3670 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Five Years Monitoring the Emergence of Unregulated Toxins in Shellfish in France (EMERGTOX 2018–2022)

Zouher Amzil

Amélie Derrien

Aouregan Terre Terrillon

and

Mar. Drugs 2023, 21(8), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/md21080435 - 31 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 951

Abstract

Shellfish accumulate microalgal toxins, which can make them unsafe for human consumption. In France, in accordance with EU regulations, three groups of marine toxins are currently under official monitoring: lipophilic toxins, saxitoxins, and domoic acid. Other unregulated toxin groups are also present in European shellfish, including emerging lipophilic and hydrophilic marine toxins (e.g., pinnatoxins, brevetoxins) and the neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA). To acquire data on emerging toxins in France, the monitoring program EMERGTOX was set up along the French coasts in 2018. Three new broad-spectrum LC-MS/MS methods were developed to quantify regulated and unregulated lipophilic and hydrophilic toxins and the BMAA group in shellfish (bivalve mollusks and gastropods). A single-laboratory validation of each of these methods was performed. Additionally, these specific, reliable, and sensitive operating procedures allowed the detection of groups of EU unregulated toxins in shellfish samples from French coasts: spirolides (SPX-13-DesMeC, SPX-DesMeD), pinnatoxins (PnTX-G, PnTX-A), gymnodimines (GYM-A), brevetoxins (BTX-2, BTX-3), microcystins (dmMC-RR, MC-RR), anatoxin, cylindrospermopsin and BMAA/DAB. Here, we present essentially the results of the unregulated toxins obtained from the French EMERGTOX monitoring plan during the past five years (2018–2022). Based on our findings, we outline future needs for monitoring to protect consumers from emerging unregulated toxins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Toxins Accumulation in Shellfish)

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20 pages, 2551 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploration of Vulcanodinium rugosum Toxins and their Metabolism Products in Mussels from the Ingril Lagoon Hotspot in France

Vincent Hort

Isabel Bastardo-Fernández

and

Marina Nicolas

Mar. Drugs 2023, 21(8), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/md21080429 - 29 Jul 2023

Viewed by 2060

Abstract

Over the year 2018, we assessed toxin contamination of shellfish collected on a monthly basis in Ingril Lagoon, France, a site known as a hotspot for Vulcanodinium rugosum growth. This short time-series study gave an overview of the presence and seasonal variability of pinnatoxins, pteriatoxins, portimines and kabirimine, all associated with V. rugosum, in shellfish. Suspect screening and targeted analysis approaches were implemented by means of liquid chromatography coupled to both low- and high-resolution mass spectrometry. We detected pinnatoxin-A and pinnatoxin-G throughout the year, with maximum levels for each one observed in June (6.7 µg/kg for pinnatoxin-A; 467.5 µg/kg for pinnatoxin-G), whereas portimine-A was detected between May and September (maximum level = 75.6 µg/kg). One of the main findings was the identification of a series of fatty acid esters of pinnatoxin-G (n = 13) although the levels detected were low. The profile was dominated by the palmitic acid conjugation of pinnatoxin-G. The other 12 fatty acid esters had not been reported in European shellfish to date. In addition, after thorough investigations, two compounds were detected, with one being probably identified as portimine-B, and the other one putatively attributed to pteriatoxins. If available, reference materials would have ensured full identification. Monitoring of these V. rugosum emerging toxins and their biotransformation products will contribute towards filling the data gaps pointed out in risk assessments and in particular the need for more contamination data for shellfish. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Toxins Accumulation in Shellfish)

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