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Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans
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Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans

A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312). This special issue belongs to the section "Physical Oceanography".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 January 2023) | Viewed by 30652
Submit your paper and select the “Journal of Marine Science and Engineering” and the Special Issue “Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans" via: https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload. Please contact the guest editor or the journal editor (kimmy.wang@mdpi.com) for any queries.

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Jinyu Sheng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
Interests: ocean dynamics; atmospheric dynamics; modelling and prediction; numerical methods; air–sea interaction; wave–current interaction
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

With the advent of computer technology and numerical methods, considerable progress has been made in the development and applications of numerical atmospheric and ocean models in the recent years. Today, numerical models have widely been used in modelling and predictions of various phenomena in the atmospheres and oceans with a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. The Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is pleased to announce a Special Issue on numerical modelling of atmospheres and oceans. The subjects of this Special Issue include but are not limited to:

  • Development and validations of new numerical methods;
  • Numerical studies on main processes in atmospheres and oceans, particularly during extreme weather conditions;
  • Coupling between atmospheric and ocean models;
  • Predictions and predictability of climate models;
  • New parameterizations for sub-grid scale processes in numerical models;
  • Numerical studies on atmosphere–ocean interactions, and interactions of ocean waves and currents;
  • Numerical investigations of environmental conditions over coastal and inland waters;
  • Numerical studies of hydrodynamic instabilities and mixing.

We cordially invite you to submit top-quality research papers to this Special Issue. Papers submitted to this Special Issue will be peer-reviewed by leading researchers all over the world. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the Special Issue website. Research articles, review articles, as well as short communications are invited.

Prof. Dr. Jinyu Sheng
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Atmospheric model
  • Ocean model
  • Climate model
  • Model development and validation
  • Process study
  • Coupling
  • Prediction
  • Predictability
  • Parameterizations of sub-grid processes
  • Convection and cloud parameterizations
  • Atmosphere–ocean interactions
  • Interactions of ocean waves and currents
  • Coastal and inland waters
  • Hydrodynamic instabilities and mixing

Published Papers (18 papers)

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Research

27 pages, 21477 KiB  
Article
Interactions between Surface Waves, Tides, and Storm-Induced Currents over Shelf Waters of the Northwest Atlantic
by Shangfei Lin and Jinyu Sheng
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(3), 555; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11030555 - 06 Mar 2023
Viewed by 1865
Abstract
A coupled wave–tide–circulation model is used to investigate wave–current interactions (WCIs) over the shelf waters of the Northwest Atlantic (NWA) during Hurricane Earl (2010). WCIs have substantial impacts on hydrodynamics in the upper ocean. The significant wave heights are modulated by WCIs, particularly [...] Read more.
A coupled wave–tide–circulation model is used to investigate wave–current interactions (WCIs) over the shelf waters of the Northwest Atlantic (NWA) during Hurricane Earl (2010). WCIs have substantial impacts on hydrodynamics in the upper ocean. The significant wave heights are modulated by WCIs, particularly over regions with strong current gradients, with a reduction up to ~2.1 m (20%) during the storm. Noticeable decreases in surface elevations and tidal currents occur in regions with strong tides such as the Gulf of Maine, mainly due to the wave-enhanced bottom stress. Over regions with weak tidal currents, wave effects on currents are dominated by two competitive processes between wave-induced forces and wave-enhanced mixing. The former strengthens surface currents (up to ~0.55 m/s) and increases the peak storm surge (up to ~0.48 m). The latter is responsible for the reduction in storm-induced surface currents (up to ~0.94 m/s) and anticyclonic modulation of current directions. Vertically, WCIs extend the strong vertical current shear and shift it downward during the storm, which enhances the local mixing and changes the structures of near-inertial oscillations (NIOs). Moreover, tidal currents also change the magnitudes of the NIOs and subtidal currents and affect the intensity of WCIs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans)
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11 pages, 1695 KiB  
Article
A Simple Model of Sea-Surface Cooling under a Tropical Cyclone
by Leo Oey
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(2), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11020397 - 10 Feb 2023
Viewed by 1070
Abstract
A major ocean response to tropical cyclone (TC) wind is the mixing of warm sea-surface water with cool subsurface water, which decreases the sea-surface temperature (SST). The decreased SST (δT) under the TC (rather than the cooled water in the wake after the [...] Read more.
A major ocean response to tropical cyclone (TC) wind is the mixing of warm sea-surface water with cool subsurface water, which decreases the sea-surface temperature (SST). The decreased SST (δT) under the TC (rather than the cooled water in the wake after the storm has passed) modifies the storm’s intensity and is of interest to TC intensity studies. Here, the author shows that δT (non-dimensionalized by some reference temperature) is linearly related to Ψ, a dimensionless (nonlinear) function of TC and ocean parameters: the TC maximum wind, radius, and translation speed, as well as the ocean’s 26 °C and 20 °C isothermal depths (Z26 and Z20). The Ψ can be estimated from observations. The modelled δT is validated against sea-surface cooling observed by satellites, δTo, for typhoons during the May–December 2015 period in the western North Pacific. The result yields a best-fit, linear relation between δTo and Ψ that explains ~60% of the observed variance: r2 ≈ 0.6 (99% confidence). Tests show that the cube of the TC maximum wind and the ocean’s Z26 account for 46% and 7%, respectively, of the observed variance, indicating their predominant influence on TC-induced cooling. Contributions from other parameters are less but not negligible. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans)
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24 pages, 15787 KiB  
Article
Influence of Wave–Current Interaction on a Cyclone-Induced Storm Surge Event in the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna Delta: Part 1—Effects on Water Level
by Md Wasif E Elahi, Xiao Hua Wang, Julio Salcedo-Castro and Elizabeth A. Ritchie
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(2), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11020328 - 02 Feb 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1932
Abstract
The Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna Delta (GBMD) located in the head of the Bay of Bengal is regularly affected by severe tropical cyclones frequently. The GBMD covers the Bangladesh coast, which is one of the most vulnerable areas in the world due to cyclone-induced storm surges. [...] Read more.
The Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna Delta (GBMD) located in the head of the Bay of Bengal is regularly affected by severe tropical cyclones frequently. The GBMD covers the Bangladesh coast, which is one of the most vulnerable areas in the world due to cyclone-induced storm surges. More than 30% of the total country’s population lives on the Bangladesh coast. Hence, it is crucial to understand the underlying processes that modulate the storm surge height in the GBMD. A barotropic numerical 3D model setup is established by using Delft3D and SWAN to investigate a cyclone-induced storm surge event. The model is calibrated and validated for Cyclone Sidr in 2007 and applied to six idealized cyclonic scenarios. Numerical experiments with different coupling configurations are performed to distinguish the contribution of wind, tides, waves, and wave–current interactions (WCI) on the storm surge height. Results show that the wind-driven setup is the dominant contributor to the storm surge height during cyclonic events. Based on the tidal phase and wind direction, the interaction between tide and wind can increase or decrease the magnitude of the storm surge height. Finally, considering the wind-driven wave may increase the surge height up to 0.3 m along the coastline through a strong wave setup. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans)
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15 pages, 3162 KiB  
Article
Influence of Wave–Current Interaction on a Cyclone-Induced Storm-Surge Event in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta: Part 2—Effects on Wave
by Xiao Hua Wang and Md Wasif E. Elahi
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(2), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11020298 - 01 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1358
Abstract
The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta, located in the southern part of Bangladesh, is periodically exposed to severe tropical cyclones. It is estimated that two-fifths of the world’s total impact from tropical-cyclone-induced storm surges occur in this region, and these cause fatalities and economic losses every [...] Read more.
The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta, located in the southern part of Bangladesh, is periodically exposed to severe tropical cyclones. It is estimated that two-fifths of the world’s total impact from tropical-cyclone-induced storm surges occur in this region, and these cause fatalities and economic losses every year. A barotropic numerical 3D model is used to investigate wave dynamics during a cyclone-induced storm-surge event. The model is calibrated and validated for Cyclone Sidr (2007) and applied to ten idealized cyclonic scenarios. Numerical experiments with different coupling configurations are performed to understand wave–current interactions on significant wave heights. Results show that the water level is the dominant factor in significant wave height modulation when the wave propagates into shallower regions from the deeper ocean, whereas the current modulates the deep ocean wave height. The WCI causes higher significant wave heights in shallower waters close to the coast compared with the deep ocean. Wave energy dissipation related to whitecapping processes plays a greater role in reducing the wave height nearshore than the dissipation due to depth-induced breaking and bottom friction in the GBMD during a cyclone-induced storm-surge event. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans)
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20 pages, 6794 KiB  
Article
Characteristics and Driving Mechanisms of Salinity Stratification during the Wet Season in the Pearl River Estuary, China
by Fang Yang, Xiaomei Ji, Wei Zhang, Huazhi Zou, Wenzhi Jiang and Yanwen Xu
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(12), 1927; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10121927 - 06 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1324
Abstract
In an estuary, stratification processes play a major role in inhibiting estuarine circulation, sediment transport, and the estuarine ecosystem. A detailed examination of the salinity stratification through the gradient Richardson number and the potential energy anomaly equation has been undertaken along the West [...] Read more.
In an estuary, stratification processes play a major role in inhibiting estuarine circulation, sediment transport, and the estuarine ecosystem. A detailed examination of the salinity stratification through the gradient Richardson number and the potential energy anomaly equation has been undertaken along the West Channel of the Pearl River Estuary, China. The results show that the estuarine circulation within the West Channel is much weaker on a spring tide than that on a neap tide, exhibiting apparent spring–neap tidal variability. The calculated gradient Richardson number displays its intratidal and spring–neap tidal variability within the West Channel, indicating the existence of intratidal and spring–neap tidal variability of stratification. In addition, the tidally averaged change rate of total potential energy anomaly within the West Channel suggests more than a 4.53 × 10−3 W·m−3 increase from spring to neap tides, demonstrating strong stratification on a neap tide. The longitudinal advection and the longitudinal depth-mean straining are the leading physical mechanisms contributing to intratidal and spring–neap variability of salinity stratification within the West Channel. However, the effects of the lateral terms cannot be ignored especially on a neap tide. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans)
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26 pages, 9600 KiB  
Article
An Improved Sea Spray-Induced Heat Flux Algorithm and Its Application in the Case Study of Typhoon Mangkhut (2018)
by Yunjie Lan, Hongze Leng, Difu Sun, Junqiang Song and Xiaoqun Cao
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(9), 1329; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091329 - 19 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1363
Abstract
The prediction of tropical cyclone (TC) intensity has been a lasting challenge. Numerical models often underestimate the intensity of strong TCs. Accurately describing the air–sea heat flux is essential for improving the simulation of TCs. It is widely accepted that sea spray has [...] Read more.
The prediction of tropical cyclone (TC) intensity has been a lasting challenge. Numerical models often underestimate the intensity of strong TCs. Accurately describing the air–sea heat flux is essential for improving the simulation of TCs. It is widely accepted that sea spray has a nonnegligible effect on the heat transfer between the atmosphere and the ocean. However, the commonly used sea spray-induced heat flux algorithms have poor applicability under high wind speeds, and it is difficult to apply these algorithms to models to forecast TCs. In this study, we proposed an improved sea spray-induced heat flux algorithm based on the FASTEX dataset. This improved algorithm performs much better under high wind speed conditions than the commonly used algorithms and can be used in a coupled numerical model. The addition of sea spray-induced heat fluxes noticeably enhances the total air–sea heat fluxes and allows more energy to be transferred from the ocean to the lower atmosphere. In the simulation of TCs, the addition of sea spray-induced heat fluxes significantly improves the simulation of TC intensity and makes the low-pressure structure and wind field structure more fully developed in the horizontal direction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans)
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13 pages, 4773 KiB  
Article
Dependence of Convective Cloud Properties and Their Transport on Cloud Fraction and GCM Resolution Diagnosed from a Cloud-Resolving Model Simulation
by Zhanjie Zhang and Guang J. Zhang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(9), 1318; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091318 - 17 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1168
Abstract
The scale-aware convective parameterization for high resolution global climate models must satisfy the requirement that the parameterized subgrid convective transport diminishes as the model resolution increases to convection-resolving resolutions. A major assumption in current scale-aware convection schemes is that the differences between convective [...] Read more.
The scale-aware convective parameterization for high resolution global climate models must satisfy the requirement that the parameterized subgrid convective transport diminishes as the model resolution increases to convection-resolving resolutions. A major assumption in current scale-aware convection schemes is that the differences between convective cloud properties and their environmental counterparts are independent of cloud fraction. This study examines convective cloud vertical velocity, moist static energy (MSE), moisture, and the vertical eddy transport of MSE and moisture for different averaging subdomain sizes and fractional convective cloudiness using a cloud resolving model simulation of a midlatitude mesoscale convective system. Results show that convective cloud fraction, mass flux, and vertical transport of MSE and moisture increase with decreasing subdomain size. The differences between convective cloud properties in both updrafts and downdrafts and their environment depend on both cloud fraction and the averaging subdomain size. For a given subdomain size, the differences increase with cloud fraction, in contrast to the assumption used in current scale-aware convection parameterization schemes. A consequence of this is that the parameterized convective eddy transport reaches maximum at a higher cloud fraction than believed in previous studies. This has implications on how fast the subgrid convective transport should diminish as GCM resolution increases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans)
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22 pages, 9503 KiB  
Article
A Numerical Study of Long-Return Period Near-Bottom Ocean Currents in Lower Cook Inlet, Alaska
by David B. Fissel and Yuehua Lin
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(9), 1287; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091287 - 13 Sep 2022
Viewed by 2249
Abstract
Lower Cook Inlet (LCI) is an important waterway with very large tides and high marine productivity. Oceanographic forcing in LCI is complex due to a combination of tides, seasonal winds, and large freshwater discharges, as well as inflow from the Alaska Coastal Current. [...] Read more.
Lower Cook Inlet (LCI) is an important waterway with very large tides and high marine productivity. Oceanographic forcing in LCI is complex due to a combination of tides, seasonal winds, and large freshwater discharges, as well as inflow from the Alaska Coastal Current. From an analysis of historical current meter data sets, deeper ocean currents of LCI were found to have large differences resulting from the dominance of large tides in the northeast portion of LCI while subtidal contributions to the deeper currents are more important relative to the reduced tidal currents in central and western parts of LCI. To compute the largest values of the near-bottom currents of LCI, a 3D hydrodynamical model was developed over a large model domain extending over the full 300 km length of Cook Inlet as well as a large portion of the adjoining Alaska continental shelf region. At the open model boundaries, nine major tidal height constituents were specified based on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) tidal gauge data. The model was forced by the spatially varying winds and freshwater discharges for the six gauged rivers in Cook Inlet. The model was verified using available current meter data in the study area. Model runs were carried out for 21 case studies to derive the near-bottom currents for return periods of 1, 10, and 100 years. Within LCI, the extremal values for near bottom currents arise from quite different forcing regimes. Tidal currents are completely dominant in the northeast portion of LCI while for central and western portions, remote wind forcing over the Alaskan continental shelf current, which generates the Alaska Coastal Current, becomes more important. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans)
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17 pages, 29797 KiB  
Article
Effects of Wind, Waves, and Currents on Icebergs and Surface Floats in the Labrador Sea: A Modeling Study
by Jamseena Parayil, Entcho Demirov and Yakov D. Afanasyev
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(9), 1167; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091167 - 23 Aug 2022
Viewed by 1750
Abstract
This article presents a model study of the dynamics of icebergs and surface floats in the Labrador Sea. The model was forced with data on the wind above the ocean surface, surface waves, and ocean currents. These data were obtained from the reanalysis [...] Read more.
This article presents a model study of the dynamics of icebergs and surface floats in the Labrador Sea. The model was forced with data on the wind above the ocean surface, surface waves, and ocean currents. These data were obtained from the reanalysis of near-surface characteristics of the ocean and atmosphere for the year 2008. Icebergs and floats launched in an area north of the Labrador coast and to the east of Greenland generally move southeastward until they reach a boundary current “highway”. After that, they are carried by ocean currents into the central part of the subpolar North Atlantic. Simulations demonstrated that, for smaller icebergs, the primary balance is between the air and water drag, while for larger icebergs, it is between three forces: the air and water drag and the combined Coriolis and pressure forces. Floats, on the other hand, are driven mostly by the Ekman component of the surface velocity, while the geostrophic and Stokes components are less important. The significant variability in the motion of icebergs and floats is due to storms passing over the Labrador Sea, since these high-wind events introduce time-dependent dynamics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans)
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14 pages, 5298 KiB  
Article
A New Method of Determining Glass Sponge Reef Adaptive Management Zones for the Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound Marine Protected Area
by Guoqi Han, Jon Chamberlain, Colin Webber and Charles Hannah
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(7), 971; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10070971 - 15 Jul 2022
Viewed by 1486
Abstract
The world’s largest living glass sponge reefs, located in the Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound off British Columbia, are impacted by bottom contact fishing gear. The existing Adaptive Management Zones (AMZs) for the protection of these reefs were determined by considering the [...] Read more.
The world’s largest living glass sponge reefs, located in the Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound off British Columbia, are impacted by bottom contact fishing gear. The existing Adaptive Management Zones (AMZs) for the protection of these reefs were determined by considering the potential exposure of glass sponges to suspended sediment due to mobile bottom-contact fishing, but without considering their pumping arrest threshold concentrations. Here, we develop a new method that uses a sediment transport model under horizontally variable near-bottom currents and newly available sponge reef pumping arrest thresholds to determine the size and shape of AMZ for the northern reefs in the Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound Marine Protected Area. The resulting AMZ is larger than the existing AMZ due to the observation that the largest currents are not always in the direction of the dominant tidal flows, the introduction of the new pumping arrest threshold, and the inclusion of a background sediment concentration. The new AMZ boundary could provide more adequate protection for the glass sponge reefs from the effects of sedimentation induced by mobile, bottom-contact fishing activity. The new method is applicable to other glass sponge reefs in British Columbia waters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans)
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16 pages, 6573 KiB  
Article
On the Mechanism behind the Variation of the Tidal Current Asymmetry in Response to Reclamations in Lingding Bay, China
by Xiaomei Ji, Liming Huang, Wei Zhang and Peng Yao
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(7), 951; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10070951 - 11 Jul 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1402
Abstract
Tidal current asymmetry, an important factor for waterborne substance transport, is strongly affected by the changing shoreline. Lingding Bay (LDB), located in the center of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, has suffered great shoreline changes since the 1970s. A well-validated numerical model [...] Read more.
Tidal current asymmetry, an important factor for waterborne substance transport, is strongly affected by the changing shoreline. Lingding Bay (LDB), located in the center of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, has suffered great shoreline changes since the 1970s. A well-validated numerical model is built to investigate how the changing shoreline impacts tidal current asymmetry, which is quantified by the skewness parameter. Two types of tidal current asymmetries, the flow velocity asymmetry (FVA) and the flow duration asymmetry (FDA), are considered here. Despite their different dominant combinations, the two asymmetries display a similar tendency from the mouth to the head of the LDB. When the shoreline changes due to successive land reclamation are taken into consideration, the FVA and the FDA alter correspondingly. The results suggest that the shoreline change shifts the FVA in Deep Bay (a side embayment of LDB) from ebb dominance to flood dominance, because of the changes of its dominant constituent combinations (K1/O1/M2 and the residual current). As the shoreline propagates seaward, the increasing contributions of M2/M4 and M2/S2/MS4 enlarge the water area of positive FDA (i.e., shorter duration of low water slack) in LDB. Analyses of tidal current asymmetries in Lingding Bay show that tidal current asymmetry has been enhanced by sustained land reclamation and will further impact sediment transport in the bay. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans)
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33 pages, 14836 KiB  
Article
Numerical Study of Circulation and Seasonal Variability in the Southwestern Yellow Sea
by Zhanyuan He, Shouxian Zhu and Jinyu Sheng
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(7), 912; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10070912 - 01 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1485
Abstract
A nested-grid ocean circulation modelling system (NGMS-swYS) is used for examining the impact of tides and winds on the three-dimensional (3D) circulation, hydrography and seasonal variability over the southwestern Yellow Sea (swYS). The modelling system is based on the Princeton Ocean Model (POM) [...] Read more.
A nested-grid ocean circulation modelling system (NGMS-swYS) is used for examining the impact of tides and winds on the three-dimensional (3D) circulation, hydrography and seasonal variability over the southwestern Yellow Sea (swYS). The modelling system is based on the Princeton Ocean Model (POM) and uses a nested-grid setup, with a fine-resolution (~2.7 km) inner model nested inside a coarse-resolution (~9.0 km) outer model. The domain of the outer model covers the China Seas and adjacent deep ocean waters. The domain of the fine-resolution inner model covers the swYS and adjacent waters. The NGMS-swYS is driven by a suite of external forcings, including the atmospheric forcing, tides, freshwater discharge and currents specified at the lateral open boundaries. A comparison of model results with observations and previous numerical studies demonstrates the satisfactory performance of the NGMS-swYS in simulating tides, seasonal mean circulation and distribution of temperature and salinity. Five additional numerical experiments were conducted using NGMS-swYS with different combinations of external forcing. Analysis of model results demonstrates that the monthly mean circulation over the swYS is affected significantly by tides and winds, with large seasonal variability. The northward Subei Shoal Current occurred in both winter and summer months in 2015, with persistent strong southeastward mean currents induced by tides along the 50 m isobath. Model results also demonstrated that strong wind-induced currents occurred with large sea surface cooling during Typhoon Chan-Hom. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans)
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16 pages, 735 KiB  
Article
The Gradient-Boosting Method for Tackling High Computing Demand in Underwater Acoustic Propagation Modeling
by Dominic Lagrois, Tyler R. Bonnell, Ankita Shukla and Clément Chion
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(7), 899; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10070899 - 29 Jun 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1554
Abstract
Agent-based models return spatiotemporal information used to process time series of specific parameters for specific individuals called “agents”. For complex, advanced and detailed models, this typically comes at the expense of high computing times and requires access to important computing resources. This paper [...] Read more.
Agent-based models return spatiotemporal information used to process time series of specific parameters for specific individuals called “agents”. For complex, advanced and detailed models, this typically comes at the expense of high computing times and requires access to important computing resources. This paper provides an example on how machine learning and artificial intelligence can help predict an agent-based model’s output values at regular intervals without having to rely on time-consuming numerical calculations. Gradient-boosting XGBoost under GNU package’s R was used in the social-ecological agent-based model 3MTSim to interpolate, in the time domain, sound pressure levels received at the agents’ positions that were occupied by the endangered St. Lawrence Estuary and Saguenay Fjord belugas and caused by anthropomorphic noise of nearby transiting merchant vessels. A mean error of 3.23 ± 3.76(1σ) dB on received sound pressure levels was predicted when compared to ground truth values that were processed using rigorous, although time-consuming, numerical algorithms. The computing time gain was significant, i.e., it was estimated to be 10-fold higher than the ground truth simulation, whilst maintaining the original temporal resolution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans)
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16 pages, 2157 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Vortex Structure Modulation by Spume Droplets in the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer by Numerical Simulation
by Oleg A. Druzhinin and Wu-Ting Tsai
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(7), 856; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10070856 - 23 Jun 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1144
Abstract
Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of a droplet-laden, turbulent Couette airflow over a waved water surface is performed modeling the marine atmospheric boundary (MABL) layer carrying idealized spume droplets. Both the instantaneous and mean flow properties, the characteristics of the vortex structures and the [...] Read more.
Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of a droplet-laden, turbulent Couette airflow over a waved water surface is performed modeling the marine atmospheric boundary (MABL) layer carrying idealized spume droplets. Both the instantaneous and mean flow properties, the characteristics of the vortex structures and the momentum exchange between air turbulence and waved water surface and droplet-mediated momentum transfer are investigated. A Eulerian–Lagrangian approach is employed in DNS where full, 3D Navier–Stokes equations for the carrier air are solved in a Eulerian frame, and the trajectories of individual droplets are simultaneously tracked in a Lagrangian frame. The impact of the droplets on the carrier air flow is modeled via a point force approximation. The droplets size is considered in the range of spume droplet sizes observed in MABL. Various water surface roughness and droplet injection scenarios are considered, and both instantaneous and phase-averaged flow fields, the Reynolds stresses and the eigenvalues of the local air velocity gradient tensor are evaluated in DNS. Numerical results show a strong dependence of the droplet-mediated airflow modification on-the-droplet injection mechanism. Droplets injected with the surrounding air velocity effectively mitigate the vortex structures by reducing their swirling strength and suppress the momentum flux from air turbulence to water surface by weakening both ejections and sweeping events, and thus accelerating the mean flow as compared to the droplet-free flow. On the other hand, droplets injected with the velocities of the Lagrangian particles of the water surface enhance both the swirling strength of the vortex structures and air-flow turbulent stresses and decelerate the mean wind. The results also show that these effects of droplet-mediated flow modification become less pronounced as the water surface wave steepness increases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans)
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21 pages, 8155 KiB  
Article
Calibration and Verification of a Hydrodynamic Model for a Narrow Estuary Receiving Submarine Groundwater Discharges
by XinJian Chen
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(6), 808; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10060808 - 13 Jun 2022
Viewed by 1302
Abstract
This paper presents calibration and verification of the laterally averaged model for estuaries (LAMFE) for the Chassahowitzka River, a spring-fed estuary located on the Gulf coast of central Florida, USA. The river is a narrow and complex riverine system that receives submarine groundwater [...] Read more.
This paper presents calibration and verification of the laterally averaged model for estuaries (LAMFE) for the Chassahowitzka River, a spring-fed estuary located on the Gulf coast of central Florida, USA. The river is a narrow and complex riverine system that receives submarine groundwater discharges (SGDs), which are difficult to measure. This study tried to make a reasonable estimate of some unquantified or missing SGD data with a trial-and-error approach in the model calibration process. The model was successfully calibrated against measured real-time data of water level, salinity, and temperature at three locations within the simulation domain from November 2012 to December 2015, before it was verified for the period from January 2016 to March 2017. Skill assessment of the model performance included visual comparisons and statistical quantifications of the difference between measured real-time data and model results. Both have shown that the LAMFE model performs well in simulating hydrodynamics, salinity transport, and thermal dynamics in the estuary. The good agreement of model results with field data suggests that the estimation of unquantified or missing SGDs in the spring-fed estuary is reasonable. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans)
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24 pages, 15652 KiB  
Article
Numerical Study of Topographic Effects on Wind-Driven Coastal Upwelling on the Scotian Shelf
by Shiliang Shan and Jinyu Sheng
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(4), 497; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10040497 - 03 Apr 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2074
Abstract
Wind-driven coastal upwelling can cause a sudden drop in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) of up to more than 8 °C on the inner Scotian Shelf (ScS) in the summer months. Three major coastal upwelling events on the ScS in the summer of 2012 [...] Read more.
Wind-driven coastal upwelling can cause a sudden drop in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) of up to more than 8 °C on the inner Scotian Shelf (ScS) in the summer months. Three major coastal upwelling events on the ScS in the summer of 2012 are analyzed using in-situ SST observations and satellite remote sensing SST data. A spatial correlation analysis of satellite SST data shows an asymmetric distribution in the along-shore direction with smaller correlation coefficients in the downstream area than in the upstream area over the inner ScS during upwelling events. A regression analysis indicates that the wind impulse plays a major role in generating the SST cooling during the initial response stage of upwelling events. A nested-grid ocean circulation model (DalCoast-CSS) is used to examine the effect of irregular coastline and rugged bathymetry on the spatial and temporal variability of wind-driven upwelling over the inner ScS. The model has four submodels downscaling from the eastern Canadian Shelf to the central ScS. The model external forcing includes tides, winds, river discharges, and net heat flux at the sea surface. A comparison of model results with the satellite SST data reveals a satisfactory performance of the model in reproducing the development of coastal upwelling on the ScS. Model results demonstrate that the irregular coastline and rugged bathymetry play important roles in influencing the temporal and spatial evolution of the upwelling plume over the inner ScS. The irregular coastline (e.g., cape) is responsible for the relatively warm SSTs in two downstream inlets (i.e., St. Margarets Bay and Mahone Bay) and adjacent coastal waters. The rugged bathymetry (e.g., submerged bank) influences the spatial extent of filaments through the advection process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans)
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20 pages, 5754 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Perturbation Strategies for the Initial Ensemble in Ocean Data Assimilation with a Fully Coupled Earth System Model
by Shaokun Deng, Zheqi Shen, Shengli Chen and Renxi Wang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(3), 412; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10030412 - 12 Mar 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1946
Abstract
It is widely recognized that the initial ensemble describes the uncertainty of the variables and, thus, affects the performance of ensemble-based assimilation techniques, which is investigated in this paper with experiments using the Community Earth System Model (CESM) and the Data Assimilation Research [...] Read more.
It is widely recognized that the initial ensemble describes the uncertainty of the variables and, thus, affects the performance of ensemble-based assimilation techniques, which is investigated in this paper with experiments using the Community Earth System Model (CESM) and the Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART) assimilation software. Five perturbation strategies involving adding noises of different patterns and with/without extra integration are compared in the observation system simulation experiments framework, in which the SST is assimilated with the ensemble adjustment Kalman filter method. The comparison results show that for the observed variables (sea surface temperature), the differences in the initial ensemble lead to different rate of convergence in the assimilation, but all experiments reach convergence after three months. However, other variables (sea surface height and sea surface salinity) are more sensitive to the initial ensemble. The analysis of variance results reveal that the white-noise perturbation scheme has the largest RMSE. After excluding the effect of the white noise perturbation scheme, it can be found that the difference in the effect of different initial ensembles on the SSH with only assimilated SST is concentrated in the region of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, which is related to the spread of the covariance between the SSH and the SST. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans)
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14 pages, 5479 KiB  
Article
A Process Study of Seiches over Coastal Waters of Shenzhen China after the Passage of Typhoons
by Guotong Deng, Jiuxing Xing, Jinyu Sheng and Shengli Chen
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(3), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10030327 - 25 Feb 2022
Viewed by 1414
Abstract
Analysis of sea-level observations demonstrates that Typhoons Mawar (2017) and Mangkhut (2018) induced seiches in both Dapeng Bay and Daya Bay near Shenzhen of China, with periods varying from about 3.5 to 4.0 h. Typhoon Mawar (2017) also generated seiches with a period [...] Read more.
Analysis of sea-level observations demonstrates that Typhoons Mawar (2017) and Mangkhut (2018) induced seiches in both Dapeng Bay and Daya Bay near Shenzhen of China, with periods varying from about 3.5 to 4.0 h. Typhoon Mawar (2017) also generated seiches with a period of about 1.2 h. Seiches with such periods in the two bays have not been reported in the past. In this study, we investigate the main processes affecting seiches over these coastal waters using a nested-grid ocean circulation modeling system. The modelled results of typhoon-induced seiches agree well with observations, which indicates that the seiches after the passage of typhoons are dynamically free waves generated by the storm-induced accumulation of water bodies in the two bays. Model sensitivity experiments show that wind directions have an important influence on the type and characteristics of seiches. When the wind stress causes the water body to accumulate in a cross-bay direction, seiches in a closed water body are generated. When the wind stress causes the water body to accumulate in an along-bay direction, seiches in a semi-closed water body are produced. Because of the irregularity of the bathymetry and coastline and variability of wind directions, these two types of seiches can exist simultaneously in the two bays. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans)
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