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Technological Advancements and Clinical Innovations in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology

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A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Nuclear Medicine & Radiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 October 2024 | Viewed by 10374

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Prof. Dr. Massimo Venturini

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Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Department, Insubria University, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Via Guicciardini 9, Varese, Italy
Interests: interventional radiology; embolization; covered stent; visceral aneurysms; islet transplantation; interventional oncology; chemoembolization; ablation; diagnostic radiology; color Doppler ultrasound; spectral CT
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Dr. Federico Fontana

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Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Department, Insubria University, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Via Guicciardini 9, Varese, Italy
Interests: interventional radiology; embolization; covered stent; aortic aneurysms; interventional oncology; chemoembolization; ablation; diagnostic radiology; cone beam CT; color Doppler ultrasound
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Technological advancements continue to play a crucial role in the evolution of diagnostic and interventional radiology, and in clinical practice. New trends and future research directions are increasingly developing and progressively changing the traditional working methods of radiologists worldwide. Most recent innovations could rapidly give birth to newer and more modern diagnostic and interventional radiological guidelines. Artificial intelligence, radiomics, augmented reality, innovative imaging technologies (spectral CT, functional MRI), new reconstruction software, fusion imaging, new contrast agents (CO₂) to minimize the nephrotoxicity of iodinated contrast agents in endovascular procedures, innovative guidance systems and new combined approaches using technologically advanced devices (micro-balloons) in interventional oncology are just some of the topics that will be highlighted in this Special Issue. We welcome the submission of papers addressing technological advancements and innovations in diagnostic, interventional and experimental radiology capable of changing clinical practice (as well as preclinical activity with translational perspectives) authored by expert radiologists. We welcome authors to submit papers on technological advancements and innovations in diagnostic and interventional radiology for this Special Issue.

Prof. Dr. Massimo Venturini
Dr. Federico Fontana
Guest Editors

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Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Clinical Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

artificial intelligence
radiomics
image fusion
spectral computed tomography
functional magnetic resonance imaging
CO₂ angiography
balloon-occluded transcatheter arterial chemoembolization

Published Papers (10 papers)

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15 pages, 7541 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Impact of a Protocol Involving Cone-Beam CT (CBCT), Fusion Imaging and Ablation Volume Prediction in Percutaneous Image-Guided Microwave Ablation in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Unsuitable for Standard Ultrasound (US) Guidance

by Pierpaolo Biondetti, Anna Maria Ierardi, Elena Casiraghi, Alessandro Caruso, Pasquale Grillo, Serena Carriero, Carolina Lanza, Salvatore Alessio Angileri, Angelo Sangiovanni, Massimo Iavarone, Giuseppe Guzzardi and Gianpaolo Carrafiello

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(24), 7598; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12247598 - 09 Dec 2023

Viewed by 988

Abstract

Purpose: to evaluate the clinical impact of a protocol for the image-guided percutaneous microwave ablation (MWA) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that includes cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), fusion imaging and ablation volume prediction in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma unsuitable for standard ultrasound (US) guidance. Materials and Methods: this study included all patients with HCC treated with MWA between January 2021 and June 2022 in a tertiary institution. Patients were divided into two groups: Group A, treated following the protocol, and Group B, treated with standard ultrasound (US) guidance. Follow-up images were reviewed to assess residual disease (RD), local tumor progression (LTP) and intrahepatic distant recurrence (IDR). Ablation response at 1 month was also evaluated according to mRECIST. Baseline variables and outcomes were compared between the groups. For 1-month RD, propensity score weighting (PSW) was performed. Results: 80 consecutive patients with 101 HCCs treated with MWA were divided into two groups. Group A had 41 HCCs in 37 patients, and Group B had 60 HCCs in 43 patients. Among all baseline variables, the groups differed regarding their age (mean of 72 years in Group A and 64 years in Group B, respectively), new vs. residual tumor rates (48% Group A vs. 25% Group B, p < 0.05) and number of subcapsular tumors (56.7% Group B vs. 31.7% Group A, p < 0.05) and perivascular tumors (51.7% Group B vs. 17.1% Group A, p < 0.05). The protocol led to repositioning the antenna in 49% of cases. There was a significant difference in 1-month local response between the groups measured as the RD rate and mRECIST outcomes. LTP rates at 3 and 6 months, and IDR rates at 1, 3 and 6 months, showed no significant differences. Among all variables, logistic regression after PSW demonstrated a protective effect of the protocol against 1-month RD. Conclusions: The use of CBCT, fusion imaging and ablation volume prediction during percutaneous MWA of HCCs provided a better 1-month tumor local control. Further studies with a larger population and longer follow-up are needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Advancements and Clinical Innovations in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology)

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8 pages, 1059 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Percutaneous Cryoablation under Conscious Sedation: A Safe, Effective and Painless Option for the Treatment of Pediatric Osteoid Osteoma

by Claudio Pusceddu, Elva Vergantino, Domiziana Santucci, Salvatore Marsico, Matteo Cappucci, Federica Vaccarino, Bruno Beomonte Zobel, Rosario Francesco Grasso and Eliodoro Faiella

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(21), 6889; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12216889 - 01 Nov 2023

Viewed by 752

Abstract

Background: Percutaneous CT-guided cryoablation is an emerging technique for treating bone tumors. However, experience with using this procedure for osteoid osteomas in pediatric patients remains limited. Our study aims to assess its technical feasibility, clinical efficacy, and safety in children treated under conscious anesthesia. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of consecutive pediatric patients who underwent CT-guided percutaneous cryoablation for osteoid osteomas at our institution between September 2017 and March 2021. All patients received conscious anesthesia. Data on peri-procedural VAS scores, post-procedural VAS scores, imaging findings, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) usage rates were collected for each patient. Technical success was defined as proper cryoprobe placement at the nidus center, while clinical success referred to pain relief without NSAID use. Intra- and post-operative complications were also evaluated. Results: Nine patients underwent CT-guided percutaneous cryoablation for osteoid osteomas under conscious sedation, with a 100% overall success rate with low peri-procedural and median VAS scores (p < 0.01). No complications were observed during or after the procedure. Conclusions: CT-guided percutaneous cryoablation of pediatric osteoid osteomas is an effective and safe minimally invasive procedure feasible under conscious anesthesia, holding promise as a valuable treatment option. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Advancements and Clinical Innovations in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology)

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11 pages, 1453 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Amplatzer^™ Vascular Plugs for Embolisation: A 10-Year Single-Centre Retrospective Study

by Romaric Loffroy, Olivier Chevallier, Amin Mazit, Alexandre Malakhia and Marco Midulla

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(21), 6790; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12216790 - 27 Oct 2023

Viewed by 737

Abstract

Our objective was to investigate the indications, effectiveness, and safety of Amplatzer^™ Vascular Plugs (AVPs) in clinical practice. To retrospectively identify patients managed with AVPs at the Dijon University Hospital between January 2011 and April 2021, we searched materials vigilance registries and procedure reports. The 110 identified patients underwent 111 procedures with delivery of 202 AVPs into 118 vessels; 84% of the procedures were performed by radiologists with over 10 years’ experience and 67% were scheduled. Varicocele, haemostasis, pelvic varicose veins, and arterio-venous dialysis fistulas accounted for 69% of procedures. The technical and clinical success rates were 99% and 97%, respectively. The single major complication was AVP migration in a high-flow internal iliac vein, with no residual abnormalities after successful device retrieval. Several AVPs and/or concomitant injection of coils or liquid agents were used in 80% of cases. The use of AVPs alone occurred chiefly for splenic artery embolisation in trauma patients and for collateral vein occlusion in dysfunctional arterio-venous dialysis fistulas. No cases of recanalisation occurred during the 19 ± 29 month follow-ups. Based on their good safety and effectiveness profile, AVPs deserve to be part of the therapeutic armamentarium of every interventional radiologist. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Advancements and Clinical Innovations in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology)

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9 pages, 632 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance and Safety of a Reflux-Control Microcatheter Used to Perform DEB-TACE with LUMI^TM Beads in HCC Patients: Preliminary Experience

by Salvatore Alessio Angileri, Carolina Lanza, Serena Carriero, Pierpaolo Biondetti, Velio Ascenti, Giuseppe Pellegrino, Alessandro Caruso, Gianpaolo Carrafiello and Anna Maria Ierardi

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(20), 6630; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12206630 - 19 Oct 2023

Viewed by 913

Abstract

Purpose: The present study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the anti-reflux microcatheter during DEB-TACE with DC Bead LUMI^TM (radiopaque beads) for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: We performed an observational longitudinal prospective monocentric study to analyze all patients with HCC who underwent to DEB-TACE with DC Bead LUMI^TM and anti-reflux microcatheter. Technical success, the presence of residual disease, and clinical success were evaluated. The performance of the anti-reflux microcatheter on the basis of the percentage of tumor covered and the non-target embolization (NTE) was also evaluated. Results: Twenty patients underwent DEB-TACE with DC Bead LUMI^TM and an anti-reflux microcatheter. Technical success was achieved in all cases. Residual disease in the target tumor was observed in 11/20 (55%) of cases and no residual disease was found in 9/20 (45%) of cases. The clinical response at 1-month follow-up was of PD 4/20 (20%), SD 7/20 (35%), and CR 9/20 (45%). No major complications were recorded, and 10% of cases had minor complications. The distribution of beads on post-procedural CBCT, classified according to the percentage of target nodule coverage, was ≥50% in 70% (14/20) of cases and between 30–50% in 30% of cases (6/20). NTE was never registered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Advancements and Clinical Innovations in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology)

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12 pages, 2705 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder: CT Findings and Radiomics Signature

by Andrea Coppola, Tonia Gatta, Giacomo Maria Pini, Giorgia Scordi, Federico Fontana, Filippo Piacentino, Roberto Minici, Domenico Laganà, Antonio Basile, Federico Dehò, Giulio Carcano, Francesca Franzi, Silvia Uccella, Fausto Sessa and Massimo Venturini

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(20), 6510; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12206510 - 13 Oct 2023

Viewed by 940

Abstract

Background: We present a case series of Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder (NECB) to analyse their radiologic appearance on CT, find a “Radiomic signature”, and review the current literature. Methods: 14 CT cases of NECB were reviewed and compared with a control group of 42 patients with high-grade non-neuroendocrine bladder neoplasm for the following parameters: ring enhancement; implantation site; dimensions; density; margins; central necrosis; calcifications; number of lesions; wall thickness; depth of invasion in the soft tissue; invasion of fat tissue; invasion of adjacent organs; lymph-node involvement; abdominal organ metastasis. To extract radiomic features, volumes of interest of bladder lesions were manually delineated on the portal-venous phase. The radiomic features of the two groups were identified and compared. Results: Statistical differences among NECB and control group were found in the prevalence of male sex (100% vs. 69.0%), hydronephrosis (71.4% vs. 33.3%), mean density of the mass (51.01 ± 15.48 vs. 76.27 ± 22.26 HU); product of the maximum diameters on the axial plane (38.1 ± 59.3 vs. 14.44 ± 12.98 cm2) in the control group, trigonal region involvement (78.57% vs. 19.05%). About the radiomic features, Student’s t-test showed significant correlation for the variables: “DependenceNonUniformity” (p: 0.048), “JointAverage” (p: 0.013), “LargeAreaLowGrayLevelEmphasis” (p: 0.014), “Maximum2DDiameterColumn” (p: 0.04), “Maximum 2DDiameterSlice” (p: 0.007), “MeanAbsoluteDeviation” (p: 0.021), “BoundingBoxA” (p: 0.022) and “CenterOfMassB” (p: 0.007). Conclusions: There is a typical pattern (male patient, large mass, trigonal area involvement) of NECB presentation on contrast-enhanced CT. Certain morphological characteristics and encouraging results about Radiomic features can help define the diagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Advancements and Clinical Innovations in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology)

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12 pages, 5082 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Virtual Non-Contrast Spectral CT in Renal Masses: Is It Time to Discard Conventional Unenhanced Phase?

by Giuseppe M. Bucolo, Velio Ascenti, Simone Barbera, Federico Fontana, Francesco M. Aricò, Filippo Piacentino, Andrea Coppola, Giuseppe Cicero, Maria Adele Marino, Christian Booz, Thomas J. Vogl, Tommaso D’Angelo, Massimo Venturini and Giorgio Ascenti

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(14), 4718; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12144718 - 17 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 956

Abstract

Dual-layer Dual-Energy CT (dl-DECT) allows one to create virtual non-contrast (VNC) reconstructions from contrast-enhanced CT scans, with a consequent decrease of the radiation dose. This study aims to assess the reliability of VNC for the diagnostic evaluation of renal masses in comparison with true non-contrast (TNC) images. The study cohort included 100 renal masses in 40 patients who underwent dl-DECT between June and December 2021. Attenuation values and standard deviations were assessed through the drawing of regions of interest on TNC and VNC images reconstructed from corticomedullary and nephrographic phases. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test was performed in order to assess equivalence of data and Spearman’s Rho correlation coefficient to evaluate correlations between each parameter. The diagnostic accuracy of VNC was estimated through the performance of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Differences between attenuation values were, respectively, 74%, 18%, 5% and 3% (TNC-VNC_cort), and 74%, 15%, 9% and 2% (TNC-VNC_neph). The Wilcoxon signed-rank test demonstrated the equivalence of attenuation values between the TNC and VNC images. The diagnostic performance of VNC images in the depiction of kidney simple cysts remains high compared to TNC (VNC_cort-AUC: 0.896; VNC_neph-AUC: 0.901, TNC-AUC: 0.903). In conclusion, quantitative analysis of attenuation values showed a strong agreement between VNC and TNC images in the evaluation of renal masses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Advancements and Clinical Innovations in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology)

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14 pages, 3410 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Percutaneous Vertebral Reconstruction (PVR) Technique of Pathological Compression Fractures: An Innovative Combined Treatment of Microwave Ablation, Bilateral Expandable Titanium SpineJack Implants Followed by Vertebroplasty

by Claudio Pusceddu, Salvatore Marsico, Daniele Derudas, Nicola Ballicu, Luca Melis, Stefano Zedda, Carlo de Felice, Alessandro Calabrese, Davide De Francesco, Massimo Venturini, Domiziana Santucci and Eliodoro Faiella

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(13), 4178; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12134178 - 21 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1248

Abstract

(1) Background: to retrospectively evaluate safety and efficacy of combined microwave ablation (MWA) and bilateral expandable titanium SpineJack (SJ) implants followed by vertebroplasty (VP) for the treatment of painful thoracolumbar pathological vertebral compression fracture. (2) Methods: from July 2017 to October 2022, twenty-eight patients (13 women and 15 men; mean age 68 ± 11 years) with a history of primary neoplasm and thirty-six painful vertebral metastases with vertebral compression fracture underwent combined MWA and bilateral expandable titanium SpineJack implants with vertebroplasty. We analyzed safety through complications rate, and efficacy through vertebral height restoration and pain decrease, evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS), and Functional Mobility Scale (FMS), and local tumor control. Contrast-enhanced CT scans were performed at 1, 3, and 6 months and a contrast-enhanced spine MRI at 6 months after the procedure. (3) Results: Technical success rate was 100%. No procedure-related major complications or death occurred. Vertebral height restoration was observed in 22 levels (58%), with a mean anterior height restoration of 2.6 mm ± 0.6 and a mean middle height restoration of 4.4 mm ± 0.6 (p < 0.001). Mean VAS score of pain evaluation on the day before treatment was 6.3 ± 1.5 (range 4–9). At the 6-month evaluation, the median VAS score for pain was 0.4 ± 0.6 (range 0–2) with a mean reduction of 93.65% (6.8 ± 0.7 vs. 0.4 ± 0.6; p < 0.000) compared with baseline evaluation. Contrast-enhanced CT scans were performed at 1, 3, and 6 months and a contrast-enhanced spine MRI was performed at 6 months after the procedure, showing no local recurrence, implant displacement, or new fractures in the treated site. (4) Conclusions: combined microwave ablation and bilateral expandable titanium SpineJack implants with vertebroplasty is a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of pathological compressive vertebral fractures. The vertebral stabilization achieved early and persistent pain relief, increasing patient mobility, improving recovery of walking capacity, and providing local tumor control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Advancements and Clinical Innovations in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology)

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10 pages, 456 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Innovation in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients over 80 y/o—A Retrospective Monocentric Study on Mechanical Thrombectomy of Consecutive Patients: Is Age an Adequate Selection Criterion?

by Massimiliano Cernigliaro, Carmelo Stanca, Andrea Galbiati, Marco Spinetta, Carolina Coda, Davide Negroni, Domenico Laganà, Roberto Minici, Chiara Airoldi, Alessandro Carriero and Giuseppe Guzzardi

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(11), 3688; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12113688 - 26 May 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1159

Abstract

Background: Although it is clear that stroke is a time-dependent and age-associated disease, we still need more evidence regarding the efficacy and outcomes in elderly patients who were excluded from the first trials of mechanical thrombectomy. The aim of this study is to highlight patient characteristics, the timing of medical attention and therapy, successful recanalization, and functional outcomes in patients over 80 y/o who underwent mechanical thrombectomy at the Ospedale Maggiore della Carità di Novara (Hub) since endovascular stroke treatment was first started here. Methods: all 122 consecutive patients over 80 y/o at admission who underwent mechanical thrombectomy between 2017 and 2022 at our Hub center were retrospectively included in our database. A good functional outcome in these elderly patients was considered as the 90 days modified Rankin Scale (mRS) ≤ 3 and/or a decrease in functional status as ∆mRS ≤ 1 in order to interpret the results for patients with intact intellect and basal mRS > 3. Successful recanalization as a score of TICI ≥ 2b (Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction) was analyzed as a secondary outcome. Results: Good functional outcome (mRS ≤ 3 and/or ∆mRS ≤ 1) was observed in 45.90% (56/122). The rate of successful recanalization (TICI ≥ 2b) was 65.57% (80/122). Conclusion: Our data confirm that a good outcome in the elderly age group has a correlation with age; being younger, with a milder NIHSS (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale) at the onset and with a lower pre-morbid mRS is statistically associated with a better outcome. However, age should not be a criterion to exclude older patients from mechanical thrombectomy. Decision-making should take into consideration the pre-morbid mRS and the severity of the stroke on the NIHSS scale, especially in the age group over 85 y/o. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Advancements and Clinical Innovations in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology)

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Review

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13 pages, 996 KiB

Open AccessReview

Trans-Arterial Stem Cell Injection (TASI): The Role of Interventional Radiology in Regenerative Medicine

by Makoto Taninokuchi Tomassoni, Yinghui Zhou, Lorenzo Braccischi, Francesco Modestino, Junji Fukuda and Cristina Mosconi

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(3), 910; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13030910 - 05 Feb 2024

Viewed by 702

Abstract

Regenerative medicine is taking a step forward in treating multiple diseases. The possibility of renewing damaged tissues with stem cells has become a topic of interest in recent decades. Still a relatively new research topic, many issues in this discipline are being addressed, from cell culturing to the study of different graft materials, and, moreover, cell delivery. For instance, direct intravenous injection has a big downfall regarding its lack of precision and poorly targeted treatment. Trans-arterial and direct percutaneous infusion to the aimed tissue/organ are both considered ideal for reaching the desired region but require image guidance to be performed safely and precisely. In this context, interventional radiology becomes pivotal for providing different cell delivery possibilities in every case. In this review, we analyze different basic stem cell therapy concepts and the current and future role of interventional radiology with a focus on trans-arterial delivery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Advancements and Clinical Innovations in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology)

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Other

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15 pages, 1338 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Innovative Experimental Ultrasound and US-Related Techniques Using the Murine Model in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Systematic Review

by Andrea Coppola, Dario Grasso, Federico Fontana, Filippo Piacentino, Roberto Minici, Domenico Laganà, Anna Maria Ierardi, Gianpaolo Carrafiello, Fabio D’Angelo, Giulio Carcano and Massimo Venturini

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(24), 7677; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12247677 - 14 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1386

Abstract

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a cancer with one of the highest mortality rates in the world. Several studies have been conductedusing preclinical experiments in mice to find new therapeutic strategies. Experimental ultrasound, in expert hands, is a safe, multifaceted, and relatively not-expensive device that helps researchers in several ways. In this systematic review, we propose a summary of the applications of ultrasonography in a preclinical mouse model of PDAC. Eighty-eight studies met our inclusion criteria. The included studies could be divided into seven main topics: ultrasound in pancreatic cancer diagnosis and progression (n: 21); dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound (DCE-US) (n: 5); microbubble ultra-sound-mediated drug delivery; focused ultrasound (n: 23); sonodynamic therapy (SDT) (n: 7); harmonic motion elastography (HME) and shear wave elastography (SWE) (n: 6); ultrasound-guided procedures (n: 9). In six cases, the articles fit into two or more sections. In conclusion, ultrasound can be a really useful, eclectic, and ductile tool in different diagnostic areas, not only regarding diagnosis but also in therapy, pharmacological and interventional treatment, and follow-up. All these multiple possibilities of use certainly represent a good starting point for the effective and wide use of murine ultrasonography in the study and comprehensive evaluation of pancreatic cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Advancements and Clinical Innovations in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology)

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