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Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Immunobiology and Role in Immunomodulation and Tissue Regeneration 2.0

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Immunology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 July 2023) | Viewed by 13235

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Katia Mareschi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, The University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Torino, Italy
2. Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Paediatric Onco-Haematology Division, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, City of Health and Science of Turin, 10126 Torino, Italy
Interests: mesenchymal stem cells; GMP production; cell therapy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are excellent candidates for the development of cell-based therapies in the treatment of various conditions, with over 900 clinical trials worldwide currently using MSCs to treat, among other conditions, bone/cartilage damage, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, immune-related disorders, and neurological disorders (www.clinicaltrials.gov).

MSCs can be used to repair injured tissue by migrating them into injured sites and engrafting them to function as end-stage cells. The role of homing within MSC-based therapies, however, remains unclear, although increasing evidence suggests that their therapeutic role is actually due to immunomodulation rather than to their capacity for differentiation. It has, in fact, been shown that MSCs exert immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects by regulating multiple immune cell types of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. This means that MSCs can promote neovascularization, increase angiogenesis, enhance cell viability and/or proliferation, inhibit cell death, and modulate immune responses via paracrine and cell–cell contact effects as well as through extracellular vesicles. Interestingly, despite some encouraging results from animal studies, some clinical trials have shown that MSCs have no therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, understanding the biology of MSCs and their role in treatment will be critical to determining their potential in therapeutic applications.

We invite you to contribute to this Special Issue with original research articles describing recent developments in MSC-based therapy. We are particularly interested in studies that illustrate the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of MSCs and demonstrate their role in immunomodulation and tissue regeneration.

Due to the success of the 1st edition, we would like to add more results and new insights from recent research projects. You can find the 1st edition at the following link.

https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms/special_issues/_MSCs

Dr. Katia Mareschi
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • mesenchymal stem cells
  • immunomoulation
  • tissue regeration
  • anti-inflammatory effects

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 4499 KiB  
Article
Dynamics of Ex Vivo Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Potency under Continuous Perfusion
by Aneesha Doshi, Patrick Erickson, Matthew Teryek and Biju Parekkadan
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(11), 9602; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24119602 - 31 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1269
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a candidate for cell immunotherapy due to potent immunomodulatory activity found in their secretome. Though studies on their secreted substances have been reported, the time dynamics of MSC potency remain unclear. Herein, we report on the dynamics of [...] Read more.
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a candidate for cell immunotherapy due to potent immunomodulatory activity found in their secretome. Though studies on their secreted substances have been reported, the time dynamics of MSC potency remain unclear. Herein, we report on the dynamics of MSC secretome potency in an ex vivo hollow fiber bioreactor using a continuous perfusion cell culture system that fractionated MSC-secreted factors over time. Time-resolved fractions of MSC-conditioned media were evaluated for potency by incubation with activated immune cells. Three studies were designed to characterize MSC potency under: (1) basal conditions, (2) in situ activation, and (3) pre-licensing. Results indicate that the MSC secretome is most potent in suppressing lymphocyte proliferation during the first 24 h and is further stabilized when MSCs are prelicensed with a cocktail of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IFNγ, TNFα, and IL-1β. The evaluation of temporal cell potency using this integrated bioreactor system can be useful in informing strategies to maximize MSC potency, minimize side effects, and allow greater control for the duration of ex vivo administration approaches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Immunobiology and Role in Immunomodulation and Tissue Regeneration 2.0)
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19 pages, 9149 KiB  
Article
Chromatographic Scalable Method to Isolate Engineered Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Liver Fibrosis in Mice
by Luciana M. Domínguez, Bárbara Bueloni, Ma. José Cantero, Milagros Albornoz, Natalia Pacienza, Celeste Biani, Carlos Luzzani, Santiago Miriuka, Mariana García, Catalina Atorrasagasti, Gustavo Yannarelli, Juan Bayo, Esteban Fiore and Guillermo Mazzolini
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(11), 9586; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24119586 - 31 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1435
Abstract
New therapeutic options for liver cirrhosis are needed. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising tool for delivering therapeutic factors in regenerative medicine. Our aim is to establish a new therapeutic tool that employs EVs derived from MSCs [...] Read more.
New therapeutic options for liver cirrhosis are needed. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising tool for delivering therapeutic factors in regenerative medicine. Our aim is to establish a new therapeutic tool that employs EVs derived from MSCs to deliver therapeutic factors for liver fibrosis. EVs were isolated from supernatants of adipose tissue MSCs, induced-pluripotent-stem-cell-derived MSCs, and umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVC-EVs) by ion exchange chromatography (IEC). To produce engineered EVs, HUCPVCs were transduced with adenoviruses that code for insulin-like growth factor 1 (AdhIGF-I-HUCPVC-EVs) or green fluorescent protein. EVs were characterized by electron microscopy, flow cytometry, ELISA, and proteomic analysis. We evaluated EVs’ antifibrotic effect in thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis in mice and on hepatic stellate cells in vitro. We found that IEC-isolated HUCPVC-EVs have an analogous phenotype and antifibrotic activity to those isolated by ultracentrifugation. EVs derived from the three MSCs sources showed a similar phenotype and antifibrotic potential. EVs derived from AdhIGF-I-HUCPVC carried IGF-1 and showed a higher therapeutic effect in vitro and in vivo. Remarkably, proteomic analysis revealed that HUCPVC-EVs carry key proteins involved in their antifibrotic process. This scalable MSC-derived EV manufacturing strategy is a promising therapeutic tool for liver fibrosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Immunobiology and Role in Immunomodulation and Tissue Regeneration 2.0)
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23 pages, 7769 KiB  
Article
The Efficiency of Neurospheres Derived from Human Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Spinal Cord Injury Regeneration in Rats
by Sirilak Somredngan, Kasem Theerakittayakorn, Hong Thi Nguyen, Apichart Ngernsoungnern, Piyada Ngernsoungnern, Pishyaporn Sritangos, Mariena Ketudat-Cairns, Sumeth Imsoonthornruksa, Nattawut Keeratibharat, Rangsirat Wongsan, Ruttachuk Rungsiwiwut and Rangsun Parnpai
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(4), 3846; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043846 - 14 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1962
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes inflammation and neuronal degeneration, resulting in functional movement loss. Since the availability of SCI treatments is still limited, stem cell therapy is an alternative clinical treatment for SCI and neurodegenerative disorders. Human umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem [...] Read more.
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes inflammation and neuronal degeneration, resulting in functional movement loss. Since the availability of SCI treatments is still limited, stem cell therapy is an alternative clinical treatment for SCI and neurodegenerative disorders. Human umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hWJ-MSCs) are an excellent option for cell therapy. This study aimed to induce hWJ-MSCs into neural stem/progenitor cells in sphere formation (neurospheres) by using neurogenesis-enhancing small molecules (P7C3 and Isx9) and transplant to recover an SCI in a rat model. Inducted neurospheres were characterized by immunocytochemistry (ICC) and gene expression analysis. The best condition group was selected for transplantation. The results showed that the neurospheres induced by 10 µM Isx9 for 7 days produced neural stem/progenitor cell markers such as Nestin and β-tubulin 3 through the Wnt3A signaling pathway regulation markers (β-catenin and NeuroD1 gene expression). The neurospheres from the 7-day Isx9 group were selected to be transplanted into 9-day-old SCI rats. Eight weeks after transplantation, rats transplanted with the neurospheres could move normally, as shown by behavioral tests. MSCs and neurosphere cells were detected in the injured spinal cord tissue and produced neurotransmitter activity. Neurosphere-transplanted rats showed the lowest cavity size of the SCI tissue resulting from the injury recovery mechanism. In conclusion, hWJ-MSCs could differentiate into neurospheres using 10 µM Isx9 media through the Wnt3A signaling pathway. The locomotion and tissue recovery of the SCI rats with neurosphere transplantation were better than those without transplantation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Immunobiology and Role in Immunomodulation and Tissue Regeneration 2.0)
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23 pages, 3179 KiB  
Article
Tissue-Protective and Anti-Inflammatory Landmark of PRP-Treated Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Secretome for Osteoarthritis
by Enrico Ragni, Carlotta Perucca Orfei, Paola De Luca, Francesca Libonati and Laura de Girolamo
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(24), 15908; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415908 - 14 Dec 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2011
Abstract
Bone-marrow-mesenchymal-stromal-cells (BMSCs)- and platelet-rich-plasma (PRP)-based therapies have shown potential for treating osteoarthritis (OA). Recently, the combination of these two approaches was proposed, with results that overcame those observed with the separate treatments, indicating a possible role of PRP in ameliorating BMSCs’ regenerative properties. [...] Read more.
Bone-marrow-mesenchymal-stromal-cells (BMSCs)- and platelet-rich-plasma (PRP)-based therapies have shown potential for treating osteoarthritis (OA). Recently, the combination of these two approaches was proposed, with results that overcame those observed with the separate treatments, indicating a possible role of PRP in ameliorating BMSCs’ regenerative properties. Since a molecular fingerprint of BMSCs cultivated in the presence of PRP is missing, the aim of this study was to characterize the secretome in terms of soluble factors and extracellular-vesicle (EV)-embedded miRNAs from the perspective of tissues, pathways, and molecules which frame OA pathology. One hundred and five soluble factors and one hundred eighty-four EV-miRNAs were identified in the PRP-treated BMSCs’ secretome, respectively. Several soluble factors were related to the migration of OA-related immune cells, suggesting the capacity of BMSCs to attract lympho-, mono-, and granulocytes and modulate their inflammatory status. Accordingly, several EV-miRNAs had an immunomodulating role at both the single-factor and cell level, together with the ability to target OA-characterizing extracellular-matrix-degrading enzymes and cartilage destruction pathways. Overall, anti-inflammatory and protective signals far exceeded inflammation and destruction cues for cartilage, macrophages, and T cells. This study demonstrates that BMSCs cultivated in the presence of PRP release therapeutic molecules and give molecular ground for the use of this combined and innovative therapy for OA treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Immunobiology and Role in Immunomodulation and Tissue Regeneration 2.0)
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Review

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26 pages, 2107 KiB  
Review
Immunomodulatory Mechanism and Potential Application of Dental Pulp-Derived Stem Cells in Immune-Mediated Diseases
by Qi Min, Liqiong Yang, Hua Tian, Lu Tang, Zhangang Xiao and Jing Shen
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(9), 8068; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098068 - 29 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2123
Abstract
Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from dental pulp tissue, which have high self-renewal ability and multi-lineage differentiation potential. With the discovery of the immunoregulatory ability of stem cells, DPSCs have attracted much attention because they have similar [...] Read more.
Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from dental pulp tissue, which have high self-renewal ability and multi-lineage differentiation potential. With the discovery of the immunoregulatory ability of stem cells, DPSCs have attracted much attention because they have similar or even better immunomodulatory effects than MSCs from other sources. DPSCs and their exosomes can exert an immunomodulatory ability by acting on target immune cells to regulate cytokines. DPSCs can also migrate to the lesion site to differentiate into target cells to repair the injured tissue, and play an important role in tissue regeneration. The aim of this review is to summarize the molecular mechanism and target cells of the immunomodulatory effects of DPSCs, and the latest advances in preclinical research in the treatment of various immune-mediated diseases, providing new reflections for their clinical application. DPSCs may be a promising source of stem cells for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Immunobiology and Role in Immunomodulation and Tissue Regeneration 2.0)
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25 pages, 2156 KiB  
Review
PGE2 Produced by Exogenous MSCs Promotes Immunoregulation in ARDS Induced by Highly Pathogenic Influenza A through Activation of the Wnt-β-Catenin Signaling Pathway
by Resti Yudhawati and Kazufumi Shimizu
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(8), 7299; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24087299 - 14 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2187
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome is an acute respiratory failure caused by cytokine storms; highly pathogenic influenza A virus infection can induce cytokine storms. The innate immune response is vital in this cytokine storm, acting by activating the transcription factor NF-κB. Tissue injury releases [...] Read more.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome is an acute respiratory failure caused by cytokine storms; highly pathogenic influenza A virus infection can induce cytokine storms. The innate immune response is vital in this cytokine storm, acting by activating the transcription factor NF-κB. Tissue injury releases a danger-associated molecular pattern that provides positive feedback for NF-κB activation. Exogenous mesenchymal stem cells can also modulate immune responses by producing potent immunosuppressive substances, such as prostaglandin E2. Prostaglandin E2 is a critical mediator that regulates various physiological and pathological processes through autocrine or paracrine mechanisms. Activation of prostaglandin E2 results in the accumulation of unphosphorylated β-catenin in the cytoplasm, which subsequently reaches the nucleus to inhibit the transcription factor NF-κB. The inhibition of NF-κB by β-catenin is a mechanism that reduces inflammation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Immunobiology and Role in Immunomodulation and Tissue Regeneration 2.0)
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Other

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53 pages, 687 KiB  
Conference Report
State of the Art and New Trends from the 2022 Gism Annual Meeting
by Ivana Ferrero, Camilla Francesca Proto, Alessia Giovanna Santa Banche Niclot, Elena Marini, Luisa Pascucci, Filippo Piccinini and Katia Mareschi
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(10), 8902; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108902 - 17 May 2023
Viewed by 1361
Abstract
The 2022 Italian Mesenchymal Stem Cell Group (Gruppo Italiano Staminali Mesenchimali, GISM) Annual Meeting took place on 20–21 October 2022 in Turin (Italy), with the support of the University of Turin and the City of Health and Science of Turin. The novelty of [...] Read more.
The 2022 Italian Mesenchymal Stem Cell Group (Gruppo Italiano Staminali Mesenchimali, GISM) Annual Meeting took place on 20–21 October 2022 in Turin (Italy), with the support of the University of Turin and the City of Health and Science of Turin. The novelty of this year’s meeting was its articulation, reflecting the new structure of GISM based on six sections: (1) Bringing advanced therapies to the clinic: trends and strategies, (2) GISM Next Generation, (3) New technologies for 3D culture systems, (4) Therapeutic applications of MSC-EVs in veterinary and human medicine, (5) Advancing MSC therapies in veterinary medicine: present challenges and future perspectives, (6) MSCs: a double-edged sword: friend or foe in oncology. National and international speakers presented their scientific works with the aim of promoting an interactive discussion and training for all attendees. The atmosphere was interactive, where ideas and questions between younger researchers and senior mentors were shared in all moments of the congress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Immunobiology and Role in Immunomodulation and Tissue Regeneration 2.0)
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