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Extra-Glandular Steroidogenesis, Its Regulation, and the Roles of Locally Produced Steroids

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 September 2024 | Viewed by 1670

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Luisa Dalla Valle

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
Interests: steroid hormones and steroid receptors; glucocorticoids; endocrine disease; zebrafish; autophagy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The steroidogenic activity of the main endocrine glands (gonads, adrenal cortex and placenta) and the cellular and physiological processes regulated by the steroids produced have long been known and studied.

However, the concept of a steroidogenic activity limited to these glands has been replaced by the observation that other organs or tissues express enzymes able to activate steroid precursors (extra-glandular steroid activation) but also to ex novo synthesize active steroids (extra-glandular steroidogenesis). Therefore, it is not surprising that tissues/organs once considered non-steroidogenic, such as adipose tissue, exocrine glands, skin, kidney and nervous or gastro-intestinal systems, show steroid biosynthetic capabilities. The biological role of this extra-glandular steroidogenesis is linked to the paracrine/autocrine or intracrine signalling accomplished by these molecules. Furthermore, the synthesis of these steroids is often controlled by complex multifactorial regulatory systems that are independent of hypothalamic-pituitary control.

This Special Issue on “Extra-Glandular Steroidogenesis, Its Regulation, and the Roles of Locally Produced Steroids” welcomes original research and review articles in this field. Potential topics of interest may include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Identification of new tissues/cell types able to activate or synthesize steroid hormones.
  • New knowledge on the physiological and pathological role of extra-glandular steroidogenesis.
  • The role of steroids produced by immune cells in the regulation of the immune response.
  • Molecular and cellular regulation of peripheral steroidogenesis.
  • The impact of ageing on the extra-glandular synthesis of steroids.
  • Effect of endocrine disruptor on locally produced steroids.

Dr. Luisa Dalla Valle
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • extra-glandular steroidogenesis
  • steroid hormones
  • steroidogenic enzymes
  • paracrine signalling by steroids
  • autocrine signalling by steroids
  • intracrine signalling by steroids
  • immune response
  • endocrine disruptors
  • aging
  • immune system
  • alternative use of promoter

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

9 pages, 4636 KiB  
Article
Transforming Growth Factor α Evokes Aromatase Expression in Gastric Parietal Cells during Rat Postnatal Development
by Hiroto Kobayashi, Akira Naito and Kyutaro Kawagishi
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(4), 2119; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25042119 - 09 Feb 2024
Viewed by 539
Abstract
Estrogen, well known as a female hormone, is synthesized primarily by ovarian aromatase. However, extra-glandular tissues also express aromatase and produce estrogen. It is noteworthy that aromatase in gastric parietal cells begins expression around 20 days after birth and continues secreting considerable amounts [...] Read more.
Estrogen, well known as a female hormone, is synthesized primarily by ovarian aromatase. However, extra-glandular tissues also express aromatase and produce estrogen. It is noteworthy that aromatase in gastric parietal cells begins expression around 20 days after birth and continues secreting considerable amounts of estrogen into the portal vein throughout life, supplying it to the liver. Estrogen, which is secreted from the stomach, is speculated to play a monitoring role in blood triglyceride, and its importance is expected to increase. Nevertheless, the regulatory mechanisms of the aromatase expression remain unclear. This study investigated the influence of transforming growth factor α (TGFα) on gastric aromatase expression during postnatal development. The administration of TGFα (50 μg/kg BW) to male Wistar rats in the weaning period resulted in enhanced aromatase expression and increased phosphorylated ERK1+2 in the gastric mucosa. By contrast, administration of AG1478 (5 mg/kg BW), a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor with high selectivity for the epidermal growth factor receptor and acting as an antagonist of TGFα, led to the suppression of aromatase expression. In fact, TGFα expression in the gastric fundic gland isthmus began around 20 days after birth in normal rats as did that of aromatase, which indicates that TGFα might induce the expression of aromatase in the parietal cells concomitantly. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extra-Glandular Steroidogenesis, Its Regulation, and the Roles of Locally Produced Steroids)
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11 pages, 2658 KiB  
Article
Sex-Chromosome-Related Dimorphism in Steroidogenic Enzymes and Androgen Receptor in Response to Testosterone Treatment: An In Vitro Study on Human Primary Skeletal Muscle Cells
by Luigi Di Luigi, Cristina Antinozzi, Guglielmo Duranti, Ivan Dimauro and Paolo Sgrò
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(24), 17382; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417382 - 12 Dec 2023
Viewed by 735
Abstract
Gender-related methodology in biomedical sciences receives considerable attention, with numerous studies highlighting biological differences between cisgender males and females. These differences influence the clinical symptoms of various diseases and impact therapeutic approaches. In this in vitro study, we investigate the potential role of [...] Read more.
Gender-related methodology in biomedical sciences receives considerable attention, with numerous studies highlighting biological differences between cisgender males and females. These differences influence the clinical symptoms of various diseases and impact therapeutic approaches. In this in vitro study, we investigate the potential role of sex-chromosome-related dimorphism on steroidogenic enzymes, androgen receptor (AR) expression, and cellular translocation in primary human skeletal muscle cells before and after exposure to testosterone. We analyzed 46XY and 46XX cells for 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD), 5α-reductase (5α-R2), aromatase (Cyp-19), and AR gene expression. We also compared AR expression and intracellular translocation after increasing exposure to testosterone. At baseline, we observed higher mRNA expression for 5α-R2 and AR in 46XY cells and higher Cyp-19 mRNA expression in 46XX cells. Following testosterone exposure, we observed an increase in AR expression and translocation in 46XX cells, even at the lowest dose of 0.5 nM, while significant changes in 46XY cells were observed only from 10 nM. Our in vitro results demonstrate that the diverse sex chromosome assets reflect important differences in muscle steroidogenesis. They support the concept that chromosomal disparities between males and females, even in vitro, lead to pivotal variations in cellular physiology and response. This understanding represents a crucial starting point in gender medicine, ensuring a precise approach in clinical practice, sports, and exercise settings and facilitating the translation of in vitro data to in vivo applicability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extra-Glandular Steroidogenesis, Its Regulation, and the Roles of Locally Produced Steroids)
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