International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Research

Jump to: Review

12 pages, 2097 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cellular FXIII in Human Macrophage-Derived Foam Cells

by Laura Somodi, Emőke Horváth, Helga Bárdos, Barbara Baráth, Dávid Pethő, Éva Katona, József Balla, Nicola J. Mutch and László Muszbek

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(5), 4802; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054802 - 02 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1566

Abstract

Macrophages express the A subunit of coagulation factor XIII (FXIII-A), a transglutaminase which cross-links proteins through Nε-(γ-L-glutamyl)-L-lysyl iso-peptide bonds. Macrophages are major cellular constituents of the atherosclerotic plaque; they may stabilize the plaque by cross-linking structural proteins and they may become transformed into [...] Read more.

Macrophages express the A subunit of coagulation factor XIII (FXIII-A), a transglutaminase which cross-links proteins through Nε-(γ-L-glutamyl)-L-lysyl iso-peptide bonds. Macrophages are major cellular constituents of the atherosclerotic plaque; they may stabilize the plaque by cross-linking structural proteins and they may become transformed into foam cells by accumulating oxidized LDL (oxLDL). The combination of oxLDL staining by Oil Red O and immunofluorescent staining for FXIII-A demonstrated that FXIII-A is retained during the transformation of cultured human macrophages into foam cells. ELISA and Western blotting techniques revealed that the transformation of macrophages into foam cells elevated the intracellular FXIII-A content. This phenomenon seems specific for macrophage-derived foam cells; the transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells into foam cells fails to induce a similar effect. FXIII-A containing macrophages are abundant in the atherosclerotic plaque and FXIII-A is also present in the extracellular compartment. The protein cross-linking activity of FXIII-A in the plaque was demonstrated using an antibody labeling the iso-peptide bonds. Cells showing combined staining for FXIII-A and oxLDL in tissue sections demonstrated that FXIII-A-containing macrophages within the atherosclerotic plaque are also transformed into foam cells. Such cells may contribute to the formation of lipid core and the plaque structurization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibrinogen/Fibrin, Factor XIII and Fibrinolysis in Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 3382 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Monocytes Expose Factor XIII-A and Stabilize Thrombi against Fibrinolytic Degradation

by Fahad S. M. Alshehri, Claire S. Whyte, Ahmet Tuncay, Maria-Louise Williams, Heather M. Wilson and Nicola J. Mutch

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(12), 6591; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126591 - 19 Jun 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2722

Abstract

Factor XIII (FXIII) is a transglutaminase that promotes thrombus stability by cross-linking fibrin. The cellular form, a homodimer of the A subunits, denoted FXIII-A, lacks a classical signal peptide for its release; however, we have shown that it is exposed on activated platelets. [...] Read more.

Factor XIII (FXIII) is a transglutaminase that promotes thrombus stability by cross-linking fibrin. The cellular form, a homodimer of the A subunits, denoted FXIII-A, lacks a classical signal peptide for its release; however, we have shown that it is exposed on activated platelets. Here we addressed whether monocytes expose intracellular FXIII-A in response to stimuli. Using flow cytometry, we demonstrate that FXIII-A antigen and activity are up-regulated on human monocytes in response to stimulation by IL-4 and IL-10. Higher basal levels of the FXIII-A antigen were noted on the membrane of the monocytic cell line THP-1, but activity was significantly enhanced following stimulation with IL-4 and IL-10. In contrast, treatment with lipopolysaccharide did not upregulate exposure of FXIII-A in THP-1 cells. Quantification of the FXIII-A activity revealed a significant increase in THP-1 cells in total cell lysates following stimulation with IL-4 and IL-10. Following fractionation, the largest pool of FXIII-A was membrane associated. Monocytes were actively incorporated into the fibrin mesh of model thrombi. We found that stimulation of monocytes and THP-1 cells with IL-4 and IL-10 stabilized FXIII-depleted thrombi against fibrinolytic degradation, via a transglutaminase-dependent mechanism. Our data suggest that monocyte-derived FXIII-A externalized in response to stimuli participates in thrombus stabilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibrinogen/Fibrin, Factor XIII and Fibrinolysis in Diseases)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 2355 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Whole Blood Thromboelastometry by ROTEM and Thrombin Generation by Genesia According to the Genotype and Clinical Phenotype in Congenital Fibrinogen Disorders

by Timea Szanto, Riitta Lassila, Marja Lemponen, Elina Lehtinen, Marguerite Neerman-Arbez and Alessandro Casini

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(5), 2286; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052286 - 25 Feb 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2327

Abstract

The outcome of congenital fibrinogen defects (CFD) is often unpredictable. Standard coagulation assays fail to predict the clinical phenotype. We aimed to assess the pheno- and genotypic associations of thrombin generation (TG) and ROTEM in CFD. We measured fibrinogen (Fg) activity and antigen, [...] Read more.

The outcome of congenital fibrinogen defects (CFD) is often unpredictable. Standard coagulation assays fail to predict the clinical phenotype. We aimed to assess the pheno- and genotypic associations of thrombin generation (TG) and ROTEM in CFD. We measured fibrinogen (Fg) activity and antigen, prothrombin fragments F1+2, and TG by ST Genesia^® with both Bleed- and ThromboScreen in 22 patients. ROTEM was available for 11 patients. All patients were genotyped for fibrinogen mutations. Ten patients were diagnosed with hypofibrinogenemia, nine with dysfibrinogenemia, and three with hypodysfibrinogenemia. Among the 17 mutations, eight were affecting the Fg γ chain, four the Fg Bβ chain, and five the Fg Aα chain. No statistical difference according to the clinical phenotypes was observed among FGG and FGA mutations. Median F1+2 and TG levels were normal among the different groups. Fg levels correlated negatively with F1+2 and peak height, and positively with lag time and time to peak. The pheno- and genotypes of the patients did not associate with TG. FIBTEM by ROTEM detected hypofibrinogenemia. Our study suggests an inverse link between low fibrinogen activity levels and enhanced TG, which could modify the structure–function relationship of fibrin to support hemostasis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibrinogen/Fibrin, Factor XIII and Fibrinolysis in Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2596 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fibrinogen Replacement Therapy for Traumatic Coagulopathy: Does the Fibrinogen Source Matter?

by Gael B. Morrow, Molly S. A. Carlier, Sruti Dasgupta, Fiona B. Craigen, Nicola J. Mutch and Nicola Curry

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(4), 2185; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042185 - 22 Feb 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4256

Abstract

Fibrinogen is the first coagulation protein to reach critically low levels during traumatic haemorrhage. There have been no differential effects on clinical outcomes between the two main sources of fibrinogen replacement: cryoprecipitate and fibrinogen concentrate (Fg-C). However, the constituents of these sources are [...] Read more.

Fibrinogen is the first coagulation protein to reach critically low levels during traumatic haemorrhage. There have been no differential effects on clinical outcomes between the two main sources of fibrinogen replacement: cryoprecipitate and fibrinogen concentrate (Fg-C). However, the constituents of these sources are very different. The aim of this study was to determine whether these give rise to any differences in clot stability that may occur during trauma haemorrhage. Fibrinogen deficient plasma (FDP) was spiked with fibrinogen from cryoprecipitate or Fg-C. A panel of coagulation factors, rotational thromboelastography (ROTEM), thrombin generation (TG), clot lysis and confocal microscopy were performed to measure clot strength and stability. Increasing concentrations of fibrinogen from Fg-C or cryoprecipitate added to FDP strongly correlated with Clauss fibrinogen, demonstrating good recovery of fibrinogen (r² = 0.99). A marked increase in Factor VIII, XIII and α₂-antiplasmin was observed in cryoprecipitate (p < 0.05). Increasing concentrations of fibrinogen from both sources were strongly correlated with ROTEM parameters (r² = 0.78–0.98). Cryoprecipitate therapy improved TG potential, increased fibrinolytic resistance and formed more homogeneous fibrin clots, compared to Fg-C. In summary, our data indicate that cryoprecipitate may be a superior source of fibrinogen to successfully control bleeding in trauma coagulopathy. However, these different products require evaluation in a clinical setting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibrinogen/Fibrin, Factor XIII and Fibrinolysis in Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 8108 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Role of Shear Stress and tPA Concentration in the Fibrinolytic Potential of Thrombi

by Claire S. Whyte, Hadj Ahmed. Mostefai, Kim M. Baeten, Andrew J. Lucking, David E. Newby, Nuala A. Booth and Nicola J. Mutch

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(4), 2115; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042115 - 20 Feb 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2387

Abstract

The resolution of arterial thrombi is critically dependent on the endogenous fibrinolytic system. Using well-established and complementary whole blood models, we investigated the endogenous fibrinolytic potential of the tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and the intra-thrombus distribution of fibrinolytic proteins, formed ex vivo under [...] Read more.

The resolution of arterial thrombi is critically dependent on the endogenous fibrinolytic system. Using well-established and complementary whole blood models, we investigated the endogenous fibrinolytic potential of the tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and the intra-thrombus distribution of fibrinolytic proteins, formed ex vivo under shear. tPA was present at physiologically relevant concentrations and fibrinolysis was monitored using an FITC-labelled fibrinogen tracer. Thrombi were formed from anticoagulated blood using a Chandler Loop and from non-anticoagulated blood perfused over specially-prepared porcine aorta strips under low (212 s⁻¹) and high shear (1690 s⁻¹) conditions in a Badimon Chamber. Plasminogen, tPA and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) concentrations were measured by ELISA. The tPA–PAI-1 complex was abundant in Chandler model thrombi serum. In contrast, free tPA was evident in the head of thrombi and correlated with fibrinolytic activity. Badimon thrombi formed under high shear conditions were more resistant to fibrinolysis than those formed at low shear. Plasminogen and tPA concentrations were elevated in thrombi formed at low shear, while PAI-1 concentrations were augmented at high shear rates. In conclusion, tPA primarily localises to the thrombus head in a free and active form. Thrombi formed at high shear incorporate less tPA and plasminogen and increased PAI-1, thereby enhancing resistance to degradation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibrinogen/Fibrin, Factor XIII and Fibrinolysis in Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1500 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Validation of an Automated Fluorogenic Factor XIII Activity Assay Based on Isopeptidase Activity

by Martina Leitner, Christian Büchold, Ralf Pasternack, Nikolaus B. Binder and Gary W. Moore

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(3), 1002; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031002 - 20 Jan 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2740

Abstract

Hereditary factor XIII (FXIII) deficiency is a rare autosomal bleeding disorder which can cause life-threatening bleeding. Acquired deficiency can be immune-mediated or due to increased consumption or reduced synthesis. The most commonly used screening test is insensitive, and widely used quantitative assays have [...] Read more.

Hereditary factor XIII (FXIII) deficiency is a rare autosomal bleeding disorder which can cause life-threatening bleeding. Acquired deficiency can be immune-mediated or due to increased consumption or reduced synthesis. The most commonly used screening test is insensitive, and widely used quantitative assays have analytical limitations. The present study sought to validate Technofluor FXIII Activity, the first isopeptidase-based assay available on a routine coagulation analyser, the Ceveron s100. Linearity was evidenced throughout the measuring range, with correlation coefficients of >0.99, and coefficients of variation for repeatability and reproducibility were <5% and <10%, respectively. A normally distributed reference range of 47.0–135.5 IU/dL was derived from 154 normal donors. Clinical samples with Technofluor FXIII Activity results between 0 and 167.0 IU/dL were assayed with Berichrom^® FXIII Activity, a functional ammonia release assay, and the HemosIL^™ FXIII antigen assay, generating correlations of 0.950 and 0.980, respectively. Experiments with a transglutaminase inhibitor showed that Technofluor FXIII Activity can detect inhibition of enzymatic activity. No interference was exhibited by high levels of haemolysis and lipaemia, and interference by bilirubin was evident at 18 mg/dL, a level commensurate with severe liver disease. Technofluor FXIII Activity is a rapid, accurate and precise assay suitable for routine diagnostic use with fewer interferents than ammonia release FXIII activity assays. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibrinogen/Fibrin, Factor XIII and Fibrinolysis in Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 5232 KiB

Open AccessArticle

NMR-Based Structural Characterization of a Two-Disulfide-Bonded Analogue of the FXIIIa Inhibitor Tridegin: New Insights into Structure–Activity Relationships

by Thomas Schmitz, Ajay Abisheck Paul George, Britta Nubbemeyer, Charlotte A. Bäuml, Torsten Steinmetzer, Oliver Ohlenschläger, Arijit Biswas and Diana Imhof

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(2), 880; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020880 - 17 Jan 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2572

Abstract

The saliva of blood-sucking leeches contains a plethora of anticoagulant substances. One of these compounds derived from Haementeria ghilianii, the 66mer three-disulfide-bonded peptide tridegin, specifically inhibits the blood coagulation factor FXIIIa. Tridegin represents a potential tool for antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy. We [...] Read more.

The saliva of blood-sucking leeches contains a plethora of anticoagulant substances. One of these compounds derived from Haementeria ghilianii, the 66mer three-disulfide-bonded peptide tridegin, specifically inhibits the blood coagulation factor FXIIIa. Tridegin represents a potential tool for antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy. We recently synthesized two-disulfide-bonded tridegin variants, which retained their inhibitory potential. For further lead optimization, however, structure information is required. We thus analyzed the structure of a two-disulfide-bonded tridegin isomer by solution 2D NMR spectroscopy in a combinatory approach with subsequent MD simulations. The isomer was studied using two fragments, i.e., the disulfide-bonded N-terminal (Lys1–Cys37) and the flexible C-terminal part (Arg38–Glu66), which allowed for a simplified, label-free NMR-structure elucidation of the 66mer peptide. The structural information was subsequently used in molecular modeling and docking studies to provide insights into the structure–activity relationships. The present study will prospectively support the development of anticoagulant-therapy-relevant compounds targeting FXIIIa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibrinogen/Fibrin, Factor XIII and Fibrinolysis in Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 5308 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Venous Thrombosis and Thrombocyte Activity in Zebrafish Models of Quantitative and Qualitative Fibrinogen Disorders

by Richard J. Fish, Cristina Freire, Corinne Di Sanza and Marguerite Neerman-Arbez

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(2), 655; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020655 - 11 Jan 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3115

Abstract

Venous thrombosis occurs in patients with quantitative and qualitative fibrinogen disorders. Injury-induced thrombosis in zebrafish larvae has been used to model human coagulopathies. We aimed to determine whether zebrafish models of afibrinogenemia and dysfibrinogenemia have different thrombotic phenotypes. Laser injuries were used to [...] Read more.

Venous thrombosis occurs in patients with quantitative and qualitative fibrinogen disorders. Injury-induced thrombosis in zebrafish larvae has been used to model human coagulopathies. We aimed to determine whether zebrafish models of afibrinogenemia and dysfibrinogenemia have different thrombotic phenotypes. Laser injuries were used to induce venous thrombosis and the time-to-occlusion (TTO) and the binding and aggregation of fluorescent Tg(itga2b:EGFP) thrombocytes measured. The fga^−/− larvae failed to support occlusive venous thrombosis and showed reduced thrombocyte binding and aggregation at injury sites. The fga^+/− larvae were largely unaffected. When genome editing zebrafish to produce fibrinogen Aα R28C, equivalent to the human Aα R35C dysfibrinogenemia mutation, we detected in-frame skipping of exon 2 in the fga mRNA, thereby encoding Aα^Δ19–56. This mutation is similar to Fibrinogen Montpellier II which causes hypodysfibrinogenemia. Aα^+/Δ19–56 fish had prolonged TTO and reduced thrombocyte activity, a dominant effect of the mutation. Finally, we used transgenic expression of fga R28C cDNA in fga knock-down or fga^−/− mutants to model thrombosis in dysfibrinogenemia. Aα R28C expression had similar effects on TTO and thrombocyte activity as Aα^+/Δ19–56. We conclude that thrombosis assays in larval zebrafish can distinguish between quantitative and qualitative fibrinogen disorder models and may assist in anticipating a thrombotic phenotype of novel fibrinogen mutations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibrinogen/Fibrin, Factor XIII and Fibrinolysis in Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 2730 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accelerated Spatial Fibrin Growth and Impaired Contraction of Blood Clots in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

by Alina D. Peshkova, Tatiana A. Evdokimova, Timur B. Sibgatullin, Fazoil I. Ataullakhanov, Rustem I. Litvinov and John W. Weisel

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(24), 9434; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249434 - 11 Dec 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2272

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease associated with thrombotic complications. To elucidate pathogenic mechanisms, hemostatic disorders in RA were correlated with other laboratory and clinical manifestations. Hemostasis was assessed using relatively new complementary tests, the spatial growth of a plasma clot (Thrombodynamics [...] Read more.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease associated with thrombotic complications. To elucidate pathogenic mechanisms, hemostatic disorders in RA were correlated with other laboratory and clinical manifestations. Hemostasis was assessed using relatively new complementary tests, the spatial growth of a plasma clot (Thrombodynamics assay), and contraction of whole blood clots. Platelet functionality was assessed with flow cytometry that quantified the expression of P-selectin and the fibrinogen-binding capacity of platelets before and after activation with a thrombin receptor-activating peptide. Parameters of fibrin clot growth and the kinetics of contraction of blood clots were significantly altered in patients with RA compared to the control group. In Thrombodynamics measurements, an increase in the clot growth rate, size, and optical density of plasma clots altogether indicated chronic hypercoagulability. The rate and extent of blood clot contraction in patients with RA was significantly reduced and associated with platelet dysfunction revealed by an impaired response to activation. Changes in the parameters of clot growth and contraction correlated with the laboratory signs of systemic inflammation, including hyperfibrinogenemia. These results confirm the pathogenic role of hemostatic disorders in RA and support the validity of fibrin clot growth and the blood clot contraction assay as indicators of a (pro)thrombotic state. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibrinogen/Fibrin, Factor XIII and Fibrinolysis in Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 268 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relation of α₂-Antiplasmin Genotype and Genetic Determinants of Fibrinogen Synthesis and Fibrin Clot Formation with Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Level in Axial Spondyloarthritis

by Berthold Hoppe, Christian Schwedler, Hildrun Haibel, Maryna Verba, Fabian Proft, Mikhail Protopopov, Hans-Gert Heuft, Valeria Rios Rodriguez, Anke Edelmann, Martin Rudwaleit, Joachim Sieper and Denis Poddubnyy

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(24), 9383; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249383 - 09 Dec 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1965

Abstract

Objective: Coagulation and fibrinolysis are interrelated with the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which frequently is increased in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). We tested whether (i) α₂-antiplasmin (A2AP) Arg6Trp, (ii) fibrinogen, factor XIII A-subunit or B-subunit genotypes are associated with [...] Read more.

Objective: Coagulation and fibrinolysis are interrelated with the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which frequently is increased in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). We tested whether (i) α₂-antiplasmin (A2AP) Arg6Trp, (ii) fibrinogen, factor XIII A-subunit or B-subunit genotypes are associated with VEGF levels and assessed whether the known association between elevated VEGF and radiographic spinal progression in axSpA depends on genetic background. Methods: One hundred and eighty-six axSpA patients from the German Spondyloarthritis Inception Cohort were genotyped, characterized for VEGF levels, and statistically analyzed. The association between VEGF and radiographic spinal progression was assessed in dependence on genetic background in stratified analyses. Results: A2AP 6Trp carriage was associated with VEGF elevation (OR: 2.37, 95% CI: 1.06–5.29) and VEGF levels (6Trp, 455 ± 334 pg/mL; 6Arg/Arg, 373 ± 293 pg/mL; p < 0.008). Association between elevated VEGF and radiographic spinal progression in axSpA (OR: 3.11, 95% CI: 1.02–8.82) depended remarkably on the fibrinogen (FGA) genotype. When considering axSpA patients with elevated VEGF, in FGA rs6050A>G wild types, 42.1% of patients (8 of 19) progressed, while in G-allele carriers, no radiographic progression happened (0 of 13) (p < 0.04). Conclusions: The A2AP Arg6Trp genotype seems to influence VEGF levels in axSpA. The predictive value of VEGF elevations in respect of radiographic spinal progression in axSpA depends on FGA genotypes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibrinogen/Fibrin, Factor XIII and Fibrinolysis in Diseases)

15 pages, 3590 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Terminal Phase Components of the Clotting Cascade in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease Undergoing Hemodiafiltration or Hemodialysis Treatment

by Krisztina Pénzes, Boglárka Hurják, Éva Katona, Gergely Becs, József Balla and László Muszbek

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(22), 8426; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228426 - 10 Nov 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2089

Abstract

Hemostasis disorder in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is frequently associated with bleeding diathesis but it may also manifest in thrombotic complications. Analysis of individual coagulation and fibrinolytic factors may shed light on the background of this paradox situation. Here we explored [...] Read more.

Hemostasis disorder in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is frequently associated with bleeding diathesis but it may also manifest in thrombotic complications. Analysis of individual coagulation and fibrinolytic factors may shed light on the background of this paradox situation. Here we explored components essential for fibrin formation/stabilization in ESRD patients being on maintenance hemodiafiltration (HDF) or hemodialysis (HD). Pre-dialysis fibrinogen, factor XIII (FXIII) antigen concentrations and FXIII activity were elevated, while α₂-plasmin inhibitor (α₂PI) activity decreased. The inflammatory status, as characterized by C-reactive protein (CRP) was a key determinant of fibrinogen concentration, but not of FXIII and α₂PI levels. During a 4-h course of HDF or HD, fibrinogen concentration and FXIII levels gradually elevated. When compensated for the change in plasma water, i.e., normalized for plasma albumin concentration, only FXIII elevation remained significant. There was no difference between HDF and HD treatments. Individual HDF treatment did not influence α₂PI activity, however after normalization it decreased significantly. HD treatment had a different effect, α₂PI activities became elevated but the elevation disappeared after normalization. Elevated fibrinogen and FXIII levels in ESRD patients might contribute to the increased thrombosis risk, while decreased α₂PI activity might be associated with elevated fibrinolytic potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibrinogen/Fibrin, Factor XIII and Fibrinolysis in Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2384 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Diabetes Mellitus on Fibrin Clot Structure and Mechanics in a Model of Acute Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) Formation

by Judith J. de Vries, Tamara Hoppenbrouwers, Cristina Martinez-Torres, Rezin Majied, Behiye Özcan, Mandy van Hoek, Frank W.G. Leebeek, Dingeman C. Rijken, Gijsje H. Koenderink and Moniek P.M. de Maat

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(19), 7107; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197107 - 26 Sep 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2716

Abstract

Subjects with diabetes mellitus (DM) have an increased risk of arterial thrombosis, to which changes in clot structure and mechanics may contribute. Another contributing factor might be an increased formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in DM. NETs are mainly formed during the [...] Read more.

Subjects with diabetes mellitus (DM) have an increased risk of arterial thrombosis, to which changes in clot structure and mechanics may contribute. Another contributing factor might be an increased formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in DM. NETs are mainly formed during the acute phase of disease and form a network within the fibrin matrix, thereby influencing clot properties. Previous research has shown separate effects of NETs and DM on clot properties, therefore our aim was to study how DM affects clot properties in a model resembling an acute phase of disease with NETs formation. Clots were prepared from citrated plasma from subjects with and without DM with the addition of NETs, induced in neutrophils by S. aureus bacteria or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Structural parameters were measured using scanning electron microscopy, mechanical properties using rheology, and sensitivity to lysis using a fluorescence-based fibrinolysis assay. Plasma clots from subjects with DM had significantly thicker fibers and fewer pores and branch points than clots from subjects without DM. In addition, fibrinolysis was significantly slower, while mechanical properties were similar between both groups. In conclusion, in a model of acute NETs formation, DM plasma shows prothrombotic effects on fibrin clots. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibrinogen/Fibrin, Factor XIII and Fibrinolysis in Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Research

21 pages, 12383 KiB

Open AccessReview

Factor XIII-A: An Indispensable “Factor” in Haemostasis and Wound Healing

by Fahad S. M. Alshehri, Claire S. Whyte and Nicola J. Mutch

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(6), 3055; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22063055 - 17 Mar 2021

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 4926

Abstract

Factor XIII (FXIII) is a transglutaminase enzyme that catalyses the formation of ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysyl isopeptide bonds into protein substrates. The plasma form, FXIIIA₂B₂, has an established function in haemostasis, with fibrin being its principal substrate. A deficiency in FXIII manifests [...] Read more.

Factor XIII (FXIII) is a transglutaminase enzyme that catalyses the formation of ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysyl isopeptide bonds into protein substrates. The plasma form, FXIIIA₂B₂, has an established function in haemostasis, with fibrin being its principal substrate. A deficiency in FXIII manifests as a severe bleeding diathesis emphasising its crucial role in this pathway. The FXIII-A gene (F13A1) is expressed in cells of bone marrow and mesenchymal lineage. The cellular form, a homodimer of the A subunits denoted FXIII-A, was perceived to remain intracellular, due to the lack of a classical signal peptide for its release. It is now apparent that FXIII-A can be externalised from cells, by an as yet unknown mechanism. Thus, three pools of FXIII-A exist within the circulation: plasma where it circulates in complex with the inhibitory FXIII-B subunits, and the cellular form encased within platelets and monocytes/macrophages. The abundance of this transglutaminase in different forms and locations in the vasculature reflect the complex and crucial roles of this enzyme in physiological processes. Herein, we examine the significance of these pools of FXIII-A in different settings and the evidence to date to support their function in haemostasis and wound healing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibrinogen/Fibrin, Factor XIII and Fibrinolysis in Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1125 KiB

Open AccessReview

Assessing Plasmin Generation in Health and Disease

by Adam Miszta, Dana Huskens, Demy Donkervoort, Molly J. M. Roberts, Alisa S. Wolberg and Bas de Laat

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(5), 2758; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052758 - 09 Mar 2021

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5646

Abstract

Fibrinolysis is an important process in hemostasis responsible for dissolving the clot during wound healing. Plasmin is a central enzyme in this process via its capacity to cleave fibrin. The kinetics of plasmin generation (PG) and inhibition during fibrinolysis have been poorly understood [...] Read more.

Fibrinolysis is an important process in hemostasis responsible for dissolving the clot during wound healing. Plasmin is a central enzyme in this process via its capacity to cleave fibrin. The kinetics of plasmin generation (PG) and inhibition during fibrinolysis have been poorly understood until the recent development of assays to quantify these metrics. The assessment of plasmin kinetics allows for the identification of fibrinolytic dysfunction and better understanding of the relationships between abnormal fibrin dissolution and disease pathogenesis. Additionally, direct measurement of the inhibition of PG by antifibrinolytic medications, such as tranexamic acid, can be a useful tool to assess the risks and effectiveness of antifibrinolytic therapy in hemorrhagic diseases. This review provides an overview of available PG assays to directly measure the kinetics of plasmin formation and inhibition in human and mouse plasmas and focuses on their applications in defining the role of plasmin in diseases, including angioedema, hemophilia, rare bleeding disorders, COVID-19, or diet-induced obesity. Moreover, this review introduces the PG assay as a promising clinical and research method to monitor antifibrinolytic medications and screen for genetic or acquired fibrinolytic disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibrinogen/Fibrin, Factor XIII and Fibrinolysis in Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 701 KiB

Open AccessReview

Thrombin–Fibrin(ogen) Interactions, Host Defense and Risk of Thrombosis

by Anne-Marije Hulshof, H. Coenraad Hemker, Henri M. H. Spronk, Yvonne M. C. Henskens and Hugo ten Cate

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(5), 2590; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052590 - 04 Mar 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3836

Abstract

Fibrinogen is a well-known risk factor for arterial and venous thrombosis. Its function is not restricted to clot formation, however, as it partakes in a complex interplay between thrombin, soluble plasma fibrinogen, and deposited fibrin matrices. Fibrinogen, like thrombin, participates predominantly in hemostasis [...] Read more.

Fibrinogen is a well-known risk factor for arterial and venous thrombosis. Its function is not restricted to clot formation, however, as it partakes in a complex interplay between thrombin, soluble plasma fibrinogen, and deposited fibrin matrices. Fibrinogen, like thrombin, participates predominantly in hemostasis to maintain vascular integrity, but executes some important pleiotropic effects: firstly, as observed in thrombin generation experiments, fibrin removes thrombin from free solution by adsorption. The adsorbed thrombin is protected from antithrombins, notably α2-macroglobulin, and remains physiologically active as it can activate factors V, VIII, and platelets. Secondly, immobilized fibrinogen or fibrin matrices activate monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils via Mac-1 interactions. Immobilized fibrin(ogen) thereby elicits a pro-inflammatory response with a reciprocal stimulating effect of the immune system on coagulation. In contrast, soluble fibrinogen prohibits recruitment of these immune cells. Thus, while fibrin matrices elicit a procoagulant response, both directly by protecting thrombin and indirectly through the immune system, high soluble fibrinogen levels might protect patients due to its immune diminutive function. The in vivo influence of the ‘protective’ plasma fibrinogen versus the ‘pro-thrombotic’ fibrin matrices on thrombosis should be explored in future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibrinogen/Fibrin, Factor XIII and Fibrinolysis in Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 4764 KiB

Open AccessReview

Plasminogen Receptors and Fibrinolysis

by Lindsey A. Miles, Lina Ny, Malgorzata Wilczynska, Yue Shen, Tor Ny and Robert J. Parmer

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(4), 1712; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041712 - 08 Feb 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3006

Abstract

The ability of cells to promote plasminogen activation on their surfaces is now well recognized, and several distinct cell surface proteins have been demonstrated to function as plasminogen receptors. Here, we review studies demonstrating that plasminogen bound to cells, in addition to plasminogen [...] Read more.

The ability of cells to promote plasminogen activation on their surfaces is now well recognized, and several distinct cell surface proteins have been demonstrated to function as plasminogen receptors. Here, we review studies demonstrating that plasminogen bound to cells, in addition to plasminogen directly bound to fibrin, plays a major role in regulating fibrin surveillance. We focus on the ability of specific plasminogen receptors on eukaryotic cells to promote fibrinolysis in the in vivo setting by reviewing data obtained predominantly in murine models. Roles for distinct plasminogen receptors in fibrin surveillance in intravascular fibrinolysis, immune cell recruitment in the inflammatory response, wound healing, and lactational development are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibrinogen/Fibrin, Factor XIII and Fibrinolysis in Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 1501 KiB

Open AccessReview

Factor XIII and Fibrin Clot Properties in Acute Venous Thromboembolism

by Michał Ząbczyk, Joanna Natorska and Anetta Undas

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(4), 1607; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041607 - 05 Feb 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3250

Abstract

Coagulation factor XIII (FXIII) is converted by thrombin into its active form, FXIIIa, which crosslinks fibrin fibers, rendering clots more stable and resistant to degradation. FXIII affects fibrin clot structure and function leading to a more prothrombotic phenotype with denser networks, characterizing patients [...] Read more.

Coagulation factor XIII (FXIII) is converted by thrombin into its active form, FXIIIa, which crosslinks fibrin fibers, rendering clots more stable and resistant to degradation. FXIII affects fibrin clot structure and function leading to a more prothrombotic phenotype with denser networks, characterizing patients at risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Mechanisms regulating FXIII activation and its impact on fibrin structure in patients with acute VTE encompassing pulmonary embolism (PE) or deep vein thrombosis (DVT) are poorly elucidated. Reduced circulating FXIII levels in acute PE were reported over 20 years ago. Similar observations indicating decreased FXIII plasma activity and antigen levels have been made in acute PE and DVT with their subsequent increase after several weeks since the index event. Plasma fibrin clot proteome analysis confirms that clot-bound FXIII amounts associated with plasma FXIII activity are decreased in acute VTE. Reduced FXIII activity has been associated with impaired clot permeability and hypofibrinolysis in acute PE. The current review presents available studies on the role of FXIII in the modulation of fibrin clot properties during acute PE or DVT and following these events. Better understanding of FXIII’s involvement in the pathophysiology of acute VTE might help to improve current therapeutic strategies in patients with acute VTE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibrinogen/Fibrin, Factor XIII and Fibrinolysis in Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 755 KiB

Open AccessReview

Role, Laboratory Assessment and Clinical Relevance of Fibrin, Factor XIII and Endogenous Fibrinolysis in Arterial and Venous Thrombosis

by Vassilios P. Memtsas, Deepa R. J. Arachchillage and Diana A. Gorog

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(3), 1472; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031472 - 02 Feb 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5853

Abstract

Diseases such as myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke, peripheral vascular disease and venous thromboembolism are major contributors to morbidity and mortality. Procoagulant, anticoagulant and fibrinolytic pathways are finely regulated in healthy individuals and dysregulated procoagulant, anticoagulant and fibrinolytic pathways lead to arterial and venous [...] Read more.

Diseases such as myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke, peripheral vascular disease and venous thromboembolism are major contributors to morbidity and mortality. Procoagulant, anticoagulant and fibrinolytic pathways are finely regulated in healthy individuals and dysregulated procoagulant, anticoagulant and fibrinolytic pathways lead to arterial and venous thrombosis. In this review article, we discuss the (patho)physiological role and laboratory assessment of fibrin, factor XIII and endogenous fibrinolysis, which are key players in the terminal phase of the coagulation cascade and fibrinolysis. Finally, we present the most up-to-date evidence for their involvement in various disease states and assessment of cardiovascular risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibrinogen/Fibrin, Factor XIII and Fibrinolysis in Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 699 KiB

Open AccessReview

Factor XIII-A in Diseases: Role Beyond Blood Coagulation

by Katalin Dull, Fruzsina Fazekas and Dániel Törőcsik

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(3), 1459; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031459 - 01 Feb 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4154

Abstract

Multidisciplinary research from the last few decades has revealed that Factor XIII subunit A (FXIII-A) is not only involved in blood coagulation, but may have roles in various diseases. Here, we aim to summarize data from studies involving patients with mutations in the [...] Read more.

Multidisciplinary research from the last few decades has revealed that Factor XIII subunit A (FXIII-A) is not only involved in blood coagulation, but may have roles in various diseases. Here, we aim to summarize data from studies involving patients with mutations in the F13A1 gene, performed in FXIII-A knock-out mice models, clinical and histological studies assessing correlations between diseases severity and FXIII-A levels, as well as from in vitro experiments. By providing a complex overview on its possible role in wound healing, chronic inflammatory bowel diseases, athe-rosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic inflammatory lung diseases, chronic rhinosinusitis, solid tumors, hematological malignancies, and obesity, we also demonstrate how the field evolved from using FXIII-A as a marker to accept and understand its active role in inflammatory and malignant diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibrinogen/Fibrin, Factor XIII and Fibrinolysis in Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

32 pages, 1631 KiB

Open AccessReview

Carboxypeptidase U (CPU, TAFIa, CPB2) in Thromboembolic Disease: What Do We Know Three Decades after Its Discovery?

by Karen Claesen, Joachim C. Mertens, Dorien Leenaerts and Dirk Hendriks

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(2), 883; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020883 - 17 Jan 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3592

Abstract

Procarboxypeptidase U (proCPU, TAFI, proCPB2) is a basic carboxypeptidase zymogen that is converted by thrombin(-thrombomodulin) or plasmin into the active carboxypeptidase U (CPU, TAFIa, CPB2), a potent attenuator of fibrinolysis. As CPU forms a molecular link between coagulation and fibrinolysis, the development of [...] Read more.

Procarboxypeptidase U (proCPU, TAFI, proCPB2) is a basic carboxypeptidase zymogen that is converted by thrombin(-thrombomodulin) or plasmin into the active carboxypeptidase U (CPU, TAFIa, CPB2), a potent attenuator of fibrinolysis. As CPU forms a molecular link between coagulation and fibrinolysis, the development of CPU inhibitors as profibrinolytic agents constitutes an attractive new concept to improve endogenous fibrinolysis or to increase the efficacy of thrombolytic therapy in thromboembolic diseases. Furthermore, extensive research has been conducted on the in vivo role of CPU in (the acute phase of) thromboembolic disease, as well as on the hypothesis that high proCPU levels and the Thr/Ile325 polymorphism may cause a thrombotic predisposition. In this paper, an overview is given of the methods available for measuring proCPU, CPU, and inactivated CPU (CPUi), together with a summary of the clinical data generated so far, ranging from the current knowledge on proCPU concentrations and polymorphisms as potential thromboembolic risk factors to the positioning of different CPU forms (proCPU, CPU, and CPUi) as diagnostic markers for thromboembolic disease, and the potential benefit of pharmacological inhibition of the CPU pathway. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibrinogen/Fibrin, Factor XIII and Fibrinolysis in Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Fibrinogen/Fibrin, Factor XIII and Fibrinolysis in Diseases

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Special Issue Information

Published Papers (20 papers)

Research

Review

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI