Editorial

5 pages, 201 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Cyclodextrins: Properties and Applications

by Miguel A. Esteso and Carmen M. Romero

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(8), 4547; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25084547 - 21 Apr 2024

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Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides that contain at least six d–(+)–glucopyranose units linked by α–(1, 4) glucosidic bonds [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyclodextrins: Properties and Applications)

Research

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32 pages, 3676 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabricating Polymer/Surfactant/Cyclodextrin Hybrid Particles for Possible Nose-to-Brain Delivery of Ropinirole Hydrochloride: In Vitro and Ex Vivo Evaluation

by Elmina-Marina Saitani, Natassa Pippa, Diego Romano Perinelli, Aleksander Forys, Paraskevi Papakyriakopoulou, Nefeli Lagopati, Giulia Bonacucina, Barbara Trzebicka, Maria Gazouli, Stergios Pispas and Georgia Valsami

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(2), 1162; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25021162 - 18 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1685

Abstract

Ropinirole is a non-ergolinic dopamine agonist used to manage Parkinson’s disease and it is characterized by poor oral bioavailability. This study aimed to design and develop advanced drug delivery systems composed of poloxamer 407, a non-ionic surfactant (Tween 80), and cyclodextrins (methyl-β-CD or [...] Read more.

Ropinirole is a non-ergolinic dopamine agonist used to manage Parkinson’s disease and it is characterized by poor oral bioavailability. This study aimed to design and develop advanced drug delivery systems composed of poloxamer 407, a non-ionic surfactant (Tween 80), and cyclodextrins (methyl-β-CD or hydroxy-propyl-β-CD) for possible brain targeting of ropinirole after nasal administration for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. The hybrid systems were formed by the thin-film hydration method, followed by an extensive physicochemical and morphological characterization. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the systems on HEK293 cell lines was also tested. In vitro release and ex vivo mucosal permeation of ropinirole were assessed using Franz cells at 34 °C and with phosphate buffer solution at pH 5.6 in the donor compartment, simulating the conditions of the nasal cavity. The results indicated that the diffusion-controlled drug release exhibited a progressive increase throughout the experiment, while a proof-of-concept experiment on ex vivo permeation through rabbit nasal mucosa revealed a better performance of the prepared hybrid systems in comparison to ropinirole solution. The encouraging results in drug release and mucosal permeation indicate that these hybrid systems can serve as attractive platforms for effective and targeted nose-to-brain delivery of ropinirole with a possible application in Parkinson’s disease. Further ex vivo and in vivo studies to support the results of the present work are ongoing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyclodextrins: Properties and Applications)

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13 pages, 1415 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Silica–Cyclodextrin Hybrid Materials: Two Possible Synthesis Processes

by Marta Gallo, Barbara Onida, Luigi Manna and Mauro Banchero

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(2), 1108; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25021108 - 16 Jan 2024

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Abstract

Both cyclodextrin (CD) and porous silica possess interesting properties of adsorption and release. A silica–CD hybrid, therefore, could synergically merge the properties of the two components, giving rise to a material with appealing properties for both environmental and pharmaceutical applications. With this aim, [...] Read more.

Both cyclodextrin (CD) and porous silica possess interesting properties of adsorption and release. A silica–CD hybrid, therefore, could synergically merge the properties of the two components, giving rise to a material with appealing properties for both environmental and pharmaceutical applications. With this aim, in the present study, a first hybrid is obtained through one-pot sol–gel synthesis starting from CD and tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS) as a silica precursor. In particular, methyl-β-cyclodextrin (bMCD) is selected for this purpose. The obtained bMCD–silica hybrid is a dense material containing a considerable amount of bMCD (45 wt.%) in amorphous form and therefore represents a promising support. However, since a high specific surface area is desirable to increase the release/adsorption properties, an attempt is made to produce the hybrid material in the form of an aerogel. Both the synthesis of the gel and its drying in supercritical CO₂ are optimized in order to reach this goal. All the obtained samples are characterized in terms of their physico-chemical properties (infra-red spectroscopy, thermogravimetry) and structure (X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy) in order to investigate their composition and the interaction between the organic component (bMCD) and the inorganic one (silica). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyclodextrins: Properties and Applications)

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22 pages, 7070 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploration of the Conformational Scenario for α-, β-, and γ-Cyclodextrins in Dry and Wet Conditions, from Monomers to Crystal Structures: A Quantum-Mechanical Study

by Stefano Pantaleone, Cecilia Irene Gho, Riccardo Ferrero, Valentina Brunella and Marta Corno

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(23), 16826; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242316826 - 27 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 743

Abstract

Cyclodextrins (CDs) constitute a class of cyclic oligosaccharides that are well recognized and largely applied in the drug delivery field, thanks to their biocompatibility, low cost, and the possibility to be derivatized in order to tune and optimize the complexation/release of the specific [...] Read more.

Cyclodextrins (CDs) constitute a class of cyclic oligosaccharides that are well recognized and largely applied in the drug delivery field, thanks to their biocompatibility, low cost, and the possibility to be derivatized in order to tune and optimize the complexation/release of the specific drug. The conformational flexibility of these systems is one of their key properties and requires a cost-effective methodology to be studied by combining the accuracy of results with the possibility of exploring a large set of conformations. In the present paper, we have explored the conformational potential energy surface of the monomers and dimers of α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins (i.e., 6, 7, and 8 monomeric units, respectively) by means of fast but accurate semiempirical methods, which are then refined by state-of-the-art DFT functionals. Moreover, the crystal structure is considered for a more suitable comparison with the IR spectrum experimentally recorded. Calculations are carried out in the gas phase and in water environments, applying both implicit and explicit treatments. We show that the conformation of the studied molecules changes from the gas phase to the water, even if treated implicitly, thus modifying their complexation capability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyclodextrins: Properties and Applications)

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16 pages, 5598 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Folate-Appended Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin Induces Autophagic Cell Death in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells

by Yasushi Kubota, Toshimi Hoshiko, Taishi Higashi, Keiichi Motoyama, Seiji Okada and Shinya Kimura

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(23), 16720; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242316720 - 24 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1232

Abstract

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogenous myeloid neoplasm that remains challenging to treat. Because intensive conventional chemotherapy reduces survival rates in elderly patients, drugs with lower toxicity and fewer side effects are needed urgently. 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CyD) is used clinically as a pharmaceutical [...] Read more.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogenous myeloid neoplasm that remains challenging to treat. Because intensive conventional chemotherapy reduces survival rates in elderly patients, drugs with lower toxicity and fewer side effects are needed urgently. 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CyD) is used clinically as a pharmaceutical excipient for poorly water-soluble drugs. Previously, we showed that HP-β-CyD exerts antitumor activity by disrupting cholesterol homeostasis. Recently, we developed folate-conjugated HP-β-CyD (FA-HP-β-CyD) and demonstrated its potential as a new antitumor agent that induces not only apoptosis, but also autophagic cell death; however, we do not know whether FA-HP-β-CyD exerts these effects against AML. Here, we investigated the effects of FA-HP-β-CyD on folate receptor (FR)-expressing AML cells. We found that the cytotoxic activity of FA-HP-β-CyD against AML cells was stronger than that of HP-β-CyD. Also, FA-HP-CyD induced the formation of autophagosomes in AML cell lines. FA-HP-β-CyD increased the inhibitory effects of cytarabine and a BCL-2-selective inhibitor, Venetoclax, which are commonly used treat elderly AML patients. Notably, FA-HP-β-CyD suppressed the proliferation of AML cells in BALB/c nude recombinase-activating gene-2 (Rag-2)/Janus kinase 3 (Jak3) double-deficient mice with AML. These results suggest that FA-HP-β-CyD acts as a potent anticancer agent for AML chemotherapy by regulating autophagy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyclodextrins: Properties and Applications)

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15 pages, 3341 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of the Structural Chemistry of the Inclusion Complexation of 4-Phenylbutyrate and Related Compounds with Cyclodextrins in Solution: Differences in Inclusion Mode with Cavity Size Dependency

by Kindness L. Commey, Akari Nakatake, Airi Enaka, Ryota Nakamura, Koji Nishi, Kenji Tsukigawa, Hirohito Ikeda, Koki Yamaguchi, Daisuke Iohara, Fumitoshi Hirayama, Keishi Yamasaki and Masaki Otagiri

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(20), 15091; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242015091 - 11 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 824

Abstract

4-phenylbutyrate (PB) and structurally related compounds hold promise for treating many diseases, including cancers. However, pharmaceutical limitations, such as an unpleasant taste or poor aqueous solubility, impede their evaluation and clinical use. This study explores cyclodextrin (CD) complexation as a strategy to address [...] Read more.

4-phenylbutyrate (PB) and structurally related compounds hold promise for treating many diseases, including cancers. However, pharmaceutical limitations, such as an unpleasant taste or poor aqueous solubility, impede their evaluation and clinical use. This study explores cyclodextrin (CD) complexation as a strategy to address these limitations. The structural chemistry of the CD complexes of these compounds was analyzed using phase solubility, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic techniques, and molecular modeling to inform the choice of CD for such application. The study revealed that PB and its shorter-chain derivative form 1:1 αCD complexes, while the longer-chain derivatives form 1:2 (guest:host) complexes. αCD includes the alkyl chain of the shorter-chain compounds, depositing the phenyl ring around its secondary rim, whereas two αCD molecules sandwich the phenyl ring in a secondary-to-secondary rim orientation for the longer-chain derivatives. βCD includes each compound to form 1:1 complexes, with their alkyl chains bent to varying degrees within the CD cavity. γCD includes two molecules of each compound to form 2:1 complexes, with both parallel and antiparallel orientations plausible. The study found that αCD is more suitable for overcoming the pharmaceutical drawbacks of PB and its shorter-chain derivative, while βCD is better for the longer-chain derivatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyclodextrins: Properties and Applications)

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26 pages, 3952 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Complexation with β- and γ-Cyclodextrin on Bioactivity of Whey and Colostrum Peptides

by Tatsiana M. Halavach, Vladimir P. Kurchenko, Ekaterina I. Tarun, Natalia V. Dudchik, Mikalai M. Yatskou, Aleksey D. Lodygin, Ludmila R. Alieva, Ivan A. Evdokimov and Natasa Poklar Ulrih

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(18), 13987; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241813987 - 12 Sep 2023

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Abstract

Dairy protein hydrolysates possess a broad spectrum of bioactivity and hypoallergenic properties, as well as pronounced bitter taste. The bitterness is reduced by complexing the proteolysis products with cyclodextrins (CDs), and it is also important to study the bioactivity of the peptides in [...] Read more.

Dairy protein hydrolysates possess a broad spectrum of bioactivity and hypoallergenic properties, as well as pronounced bitter taste. The bitterness is reduced by complexing the proteolysis products with cyclodextrins (CDs), and it is also important to study the bioactivity of the peptides in inclusion complexes. Hydrolysates of whey and colostrum proteins with extensive hydrolysis degree and their complexes with β/γ-CD were obtained in the present study, and comprehensive comparative analysis of the experimental samples was performed. The interaction of CD with peptides was confirmed via different methods. Bioactivity of the initial hydrolysates and their complexes were evaluated. Antioxidant activity (AOA) was determined by fluorescence reduction of fluorescein in the Fenton system. Antigenic properties were studied by competitive enzyme immunoassay. Antimutagenic effect was estimated in the Ames test. According to the experimental data, a 2.17/2.78-fold and 1.45/2.14-fold increase in the AOA was found in the β/γ-CD interaction with whey and colostrum hydrolysates, respectively. A 5.6/5.3-fold decrease in the antigenicity of whey peptides in complex with β/γ-CD was detected, while the antimutagenic effect in the host–guest systems was comparable to the initial hydrolysates. Thus, bioactive CD complexes with dairy peptides were obtained. Complexes are applicable as a component of specialized foods (sports, diet). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyclodextrins: Properties and Applications)

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16 pages, 2240 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unravelling the Role of Uncommon Hydrogen Bonds in Cyclodextrin Ferrociphenol Supramolecular Complexes: A Computational Modelling and Experimental Study

by Pascal Pigeon, Feten Najlaoui, Michael James McGlinchey, Juan Sanz García, Gérard Jaouen and Stéphane Gibaud

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(15), 12288; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512288 - 31 Jul 2023

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Abstract

We sought to determine the cyclodextrins (CDs) best suited to solubilize a patented succinimido-ferrocidiphenol (SuccFerr), a compound from the ferrociphenol family having powerful anticancer activity but low water solubility. Phase solubility experiments and computational modelling were carried out on various CDs. For the [...] Read more.

We sought to determine the cyclodextrins (CDs) best suited to solubilize a patented succinimido-ferrocidiphenol (SuccFerr), a compound from the ferrociphenol family having powerful anticancer activity but low water solubility. Phase solubility experiments and computational modelling were carried out on various CDs. For the latter, several CD-SuccFerr complexes were built starting from combinations of one or two CD(s) where the methylation of CD oxygen atoms was systematically changed to end up with a database of ca. 13 k models. Modelling and phase solubility experiments seem to indicate the predominance of supramolecular assemblies of SuccFerr with two CDs and the superiority of randomly methylated β-cyclodextrins (RAMEβCDs). In addition, modelling shows that there are several competing combinations of inserted moieties of SuccFerr. Furthermore, the models show that ferrocene can contribute to high stabilization by making atypical hydrogen bonds between Fe and the hydroxyl groups of CDs (single bond with one OH or clamp with two OH of the same glucose unit). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyclodextrins: Properties and Applications)

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22 pages, 6134 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Silico Study of Novel Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes of Polycaprolactone and Its Correlation with Skin Regeneration

by René Gerardo Escobedo-González, Edgar Daniel Moyers-Montoya, Carlos Alberto Martínez-Pérez, Perla Elvia García-Casillas, René Miranda-Ruvalcaba and María Inés Nicolás Nicolás-Vázquez

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(10), 8932; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108932 - 18 May 2023

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Abstract

Three novel biomaterials obtained via inclusion complexes of β–cyclodextrin, 6-deoxi-6-amino-β–cyclodextrin and epithelial growth factor grafted to 6-deoxi-6-amino-β–cyclodextrin with polycaprolactone. Furthermore, some physicochemical, toxicological and absorption properties were predicted using bioinformatics tools. The electronic, geometrical and spectroscopical calculated properties agree with the properties obtained [...] Read more.

Three novel biomaterials obtained via inclusion complexes of β–cyclodextrin, 6-deoxi-6-amino-β–cyclodextrin and epithelial growth factor grafted to 6-deoxi-6-amino-β–cyclodextrin with polycaprolactone. Furthermore, some physicochemical, toxicological and absorption properties were predicted using bioinformatics tools. The electronic, geometrical and spectroscopical calculated properties agree with the properties obtained via experimental methods, explaining the behaviors observed in each case. The interaction energy was obtained, and its values were −60.6, −20.9 and −17.1 kcal/mol for β–cyclodextrin/polycaprolactone followed by the 6-amino-β–cyclodextrin-polycaprolactone complex and finally the complex of epithelial growth factor anchored to 6-deoxy-6-amino–β–cyclodextrin/polycaprolactone. Additionally, the dipolar moments were calculated, achieving values of 3.2688, 5.9249 and 5.0998 Debye, respectively, and in addition the experimental wettability behavior of the studied materials has also been explained. It is important to note that the toxicological predictions suggested no mutagenic, tumorigenic or reproductive effects; moreover, an anti-inflammatory effect has been shown. Finally, the improvement in the cicatricial effect of the novel materials has been conveniently explained by comparing the poly-caprolactone data obtained in the experimental assessments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyclodextrins: Properties and Applications)

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11 pages, 4286 KiB

Open AccessArticle

β-Cyclodextrin Polymer-Based Fluorescence Enhancement Strategy via Host–Guest Interaction for Sensitive Assay of SARS-CoV-2

by Shanshan Gao, Gege Yang, Xiaohui Zhang, Rui Shi, Rongrong Chen, Xin Zhang, Yuancheng Peng, Hua Yang, Ying Lu and Chunxia Song

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(8), 7174; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24087174 - 12 Apr 2023

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Abstract

Nucleocapsid protein (N protein) is an appropriate target for early determination of viral antigen-based severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We have found that β-cyclodextrin polymer (β-CDP) has shown a significant fluorescence enhancement effect for fluorophore pyrene via host–guest interaction. Herein, we [...] Read more.

Nucleocapsid protein (N protein) is an appropriate target for early determination of viral antigen-based severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We have found that β-cyclodextrin polymer (β-CDP) has shown a significant fluorescence enhancement effect for fluorophore pyrene via host–guest interaction. Herein, we developed a sensitive and selective N protein-sensing method that combined the host–guest interaction fluorescence enhancement strategy with high recognition of aptamer. The DNA aptamer of N protein modified with pyrene at its 3′ terminal was designed as the sensing probe. The added exonuclease I (Exo I) could digest the probe, and the obtained free pyrene as a guest could easily enter into the hydrophobic cavity of host β-CDP, thus inducing outstanding luminescent enhancement. While in the presence of N protein, the probe could combine with it to form a complex owing to the high affinity between the aptamer and the target, which prevented the digestion of Exo I. The steric hindrance of the complex prevented pyrene from entering the cavity of β-CDP, resulting in a tiny fluorescence change. N protein has been selectively analyzed with a low detection limit (11.27 nM) through the detection of the fluorescence intensity. Moreover, the sensing of spiked N protein from human serum and throat swabs samples of three volunteers has been achieved. These results indicated that our proposed method has broad application prospects for early diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyclodextrins: Properties and Applications)

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11 pages, 1547 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro and In Silico Study on the Molecular Encapsulation of α-Tocopherol in a Large-Ring Cyclodextrin

by Mattanun Sangkhawasi, Khanittha Kerdpol, Abbas Ismail, Bodee Nutho, Chonnikan Hanpiboon, Peter Wolschann, Kuakarun Krusong, Thanyada Rungrotmongkol and Supot Hannongbua

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(5), 4425; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054425 - 23 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1890

Abstract

α-tocopherol is the physiologically most active form of vitamin E, with numerous biological activities, such as significant antioxidant activity, anticancer capabilities, and anti-aging properties. However, its low water solubility has limited its potential use in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. One possible [...] Read more.

α-tocopherol is the physiologically most active form of vitamin E, with numerous biological activities, such as significant antioxidant activity, anticancer capabilities, and anti-aging properties. However, its low water solubility has limited its potential use in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. One possible strategy for addressing this issue is the use of a supramolecular complex with large-ring cyclodextrins (LR-CDs). In this study, the phase solubility of the CD26/α-tocopherol complex was investigated to assess the possible ratios between host and guest in the solution phase. Next, the host–guest association of the CD26/α-tocopherol complex at different ratios of 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 2:1, 4:1, and 6:1 was studied by all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. At 1:2 ratio, two α-tocopherol units interact spontaneously with CD26, forming an inclusion complex, as supported by the experimental data. In the 2:1 ratio, a single α-tocopherol unit was encapsulated by two CD26 molecules. In comparison, increasing the number of α-tocopherol or CD26 molecules above two led to self-aggregation and consequently limited the solubility of α-tocopherol. The computational and experimental results indicate that a 1:2 ratio could be the most suitable stoichiometry to use in the CD26/α-tocopherol complex to improve α-tocopherol solubility and stability in inclusion complex formation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyclodextrins: Properties and Applications)

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17 pages, 4220 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Solid-State Formation of a Potential Melphalan Delivery Nanosystem Based on β-Cyclodextrin and Silver Nanoparticles

by Rodrigo Sierpe, Orlando Donoso-González, Erika Lang, Michael Noyong, Ulrich Simon, Marcelo J. Kogan and Nicolás Yutronic

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(4), 3990; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043990 - 16 Feb 2023

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Abstract

Melphalan (Mel) is an antineoplastic widely used in cancer and other diseases. Its low solubility, rapid hydrolysis, and non-specificity limit its therapeutic performance. To overcome these disadvantages, Mel was included in β-cyclodextrin (βCD), which is a macromolecule that increases its aqueous solubility and [...] Read more.

Melphalan (Mel) is an antineoplastic widely used in cancer and other diseases. Its low solubility, rapid hydrolysis, and non-specificity limit its therapeutic performance. To overcome these disadvantages, Mel was included in β-cyclodextrin (βCD), which is a macromolecule that increases its aqueous solubility and stability, among other properties. Additionally, the βCD–Mel complex has been used as a substrate to deposit silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) through magnetron sputtering, forming the βCD–Mel–AgNPs crystalline system. Different techniques showed that the complex (stoichiometric ratio 1:1) has a loading capacity of 27%, an association constant of 625 M⁻¹, and a degree of solubilization of 0.034. Added to this, Mel is partially included, exposing the NH₂ and COOH groups that stabilize AgNPs in the solid state, with an average size of 15 ± 3 nm. Its dissolution results in a colloidal solution of AgNPs covered by multiple layers of the βCD–Mel complex, with a hydrodynamic diameter of 116 nm, a PDI of 0.4, and a surface charge of 19 mV. The in vitro permeability assays show that the effective permeability of Mel increased using βCD and AgNPs. This novel nanosystem based on βCD and AgNPs is a promising candidate as a Mel nanocarrier for cancer therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyclodextrins: Properties and Applications)

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16 pages, 3011 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interactions of Sodium Salicylate with β-Cyclodextrin and an Anionic Resorcin[4]arene: Mutual Diffusion Coefficients and Computational Study

by Diana M. Galindres, Nicolás Espitia-Galindo, Artur J. M. Valente, Sara P. C. Sofio, M. Melia Rodrigo, Ana M. T. D. P. V. Cabral, Miguel A. Esteso, Jhon Zapata-Rivera, Edgar F. Vargas and Ana C. F. Ribeiro

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(4), 3921; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043921 - 15 Feb 2023

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Abstract

The interaction between sodium salicylate (NaSal) and the two macrocycles 5,11,17,23-tetrakissulfonatomethylene-2,8,14,20-tetra(ethyl)resorcinarene (Na₄EtRA) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) has been studied by the determination of ternary mutual diffusion coefficients, and spectroscopic and computational techniques. The results obtained by the Job method suggest that the [...] Read more.

The interaction between sodium salicylate (NaSal) and the two macrocycles 5,11,17,23-tetrakissulfonatomethylene-2,8,14,20-tetra(ethyl)resorcinarene (Na₄EtRA) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) has been studied by the determination of ternary mutual diffusion coefficients, and spectroscopic and computational techniques. The results obtained by the Job method suggest that the complex formation is given in a 1:1 ratio for all systems. The mutual diffusion coefficients and the computational experiments have shown that the β-CD-NaSal system presents an inclusion process, whereas the Na₄EtRA-NaSal system forms an outer-side complex. This fact is also in line with the results obtained from the computational experiments, where the calculated solvation free energy has been found to be more negative for the Na₄EtRA-NaSal complex because of the partial entry of the drug inside the Na₄EtRA cavity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyclodextrins: Properties and Applications)

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24 pages, 4044 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Voriconazole Eye Drops: Enhanced Solubility and Stability through Ternary Voriconazole/Sulfobutyl Ether β-Cyclodextrin/Polyvinyl Alcohol Complexes

by Hay Man Saung Hnin Soe, Khanittha Kerdpol, Thanyada Rungrotmongkol, Patamaporn Pruksakorn, Rinrapas Autthateinchai, Sirawit Wet-osot, Thorsteinn Loftsson and Phatsawee Jansook

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 2343; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032343 - 25 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3377

Abstract

Voriconazole (VCZ) is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent used to treat ocular fungal keratitis. However, VCZ has low aqueous solubility and chemical instability in aqueous solutions. This study aimed to develop VCZ eye drop formulations using cyclodextrin (CD) and water-soluble polymers, forming CD complex [...] Read more.

Voriconazole (VCZ) is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent used to treat ocular fungal keratitis. However, VCZ has low aqueous solubility and chemical instability in aqueous solutions. This study aimed to develop VCZ eye drop formulations using cyclodextrin (CD) and water-soluble polymers, forming CD complex aggregates to improve the aqueous solubility and chemical stability of VCZ. The VCZ solubility was greatly enhanced using sulfobutyl ether β-cyclodextrin (SBEβCD). The addition of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) showed a synergistic effect on VCZ/SBEβCD solubilization and a stabilization effect on the VCZ/SBEβCD complex. The formation of binary VCZ/SBEβCD and ternary VCZ/SBEβCD/PVA complexes was confirmed by spectroscopic techniques and in silico studies. The 0.5% w/v VCZ eye drop formulations were developed consisting of 6% w/v SBEβCD and different types and concentrations of PVA. The VCZ/SBEβCD systems containing high-molecular-weight PVA prepared under freeze–thaw conditions (PVA-H hydrogel) provided high mucoadhesion, sustained release, good ex vivo permeability through the porcine cornea and no sign of irritation. Additionally, PVA-H hydrogel was effective against the filamentous fungi tested. The stability study revealed that our VCZ eye drops provide a shelf-life of more than 2.5 years at room temperature, while a shelf-life of only 3.5 months was observed for the extemporaneous Vfend^® eye drops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyclodextrins: Properties and Applications)

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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

30 pages, 2447 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review on Cyclodextrins/Estrogens Inclusion Complexes

by Szymon Kamil Araj and Łukasz Szeleszczuk

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(10), 8780; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108780 - 15 May 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1514

Abstract

This review focuses on the methods of preparation and biological, physiochemical, and theoretical analysis of the inclusion complexes formed between estrogens and cyclodextrins (CDs). Because estrogens have a low polarity, they can interact with some cyclodextrins’ hydrophobic cavities to create inclusion complexes, if [...] Read more.

This review focuses on the methods of preparation and biological, physiochemical, and theoretical analysis of the inclusion complexes formed between estrogens and cyclodextrins (CDs). Because estrogens have a low polarity, they can interact with some cyclodextrins’ hydrophobic cavities to create inclusion complexes, if their geometric properties are compatible. For the last forty years, estrogen-CD complexes have been widely applied in several fields for various objectives. For example, CDs have been used as estrogen solubilizers and absorption boosters in pharmaceutical formulations, as well as in chromatographic and electrophoretic procedures for their separation and quantification. Other applications include the removal of the endocrine disruptors from environmental materials, the preparation of the samples for mass spectrometric analysis, or solid-phase extractions based on complex formation with CDs. The aim of this review is to gather the most important outcomes from the works related to this topic, presenting the results of synthesis, in silico, in vitro, and in vivo analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyclodextrins: Properties and Applications)

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