International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Research

15 pages, 3204 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oral Microcosm Biofilms Grown under Conditions Progressing from Peri-Implant Health, Peri-Implant Mucositis, and Peri-Implantitis

by Vanessa Sousa, Dave Spratt, Mehmet Davrandi, Nikos Mardas, Víctor Beltrán and Nikolaos Donos

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(21), 14088; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114088 - 28 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1863

Abstract

Peri-implantitis is a disease influenced by dysbiotic microbial communities that play a role in the short- and long-term outcomes of its clinical treatment. The ecological triggers that establish the progression from peri-implant mucositis to peri-implantitis remain unknown. This investigation describes the development of [...] Read more.

Peri-implantitis is a disease influenced by dysbiotic microbial communities that play a role in the short- and long-term outcomes of its clinical treatment. The ecological triggers that establish the progression from peri-implant mucositis to peri-implantitis remain unknown. This investigation describes the development of a novel in vitro microcosm biofilm model. Biofilms were grown over 30 days over machined titanium discs in a constant depth film fermentor (CDFF), which was inoculated (I) with pooled human saliva. Following longitudinal biofilm sampling across peri-implant health (PH), peri-implant mucositis (PM), and peri-implantitis (PI) conditions, the characterisation of the biofilms was performed. The biofilm analyses included imaging by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), selective and non-selective culture media of viable biofilms, and 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing. Bacterial qualitative shifts were observed by CLSM and SEM across conditions, which were defined by characteristic phenotypes. A total of 9 phyla, 83 genera, and 156 species were identified throughout the experiment. The phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, and Actinobacteria showed the highest prevalence in PI conditions. This novel in vitro microcosm model provides a high-throughput alternative for growing microcosm biofilms resembling an in vitro progression from PH–PM–PI conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases)

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10 pages, 2223 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Peri-Implant Disease: A Retrospective Case-Control Study in Western China

by Rui Zhao, Wen Zhao, Jin Huang, Ming Fang, Yan Dong, Jihua Chen, Zhaohua Ji and Min Tian

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(19), 12667; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912667 - 03 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1536

Abstract

Background: The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of peri-implant disease and identify potential disease risk factors in western China. Methods: The present retrospective study was conducted in 131 consecutive patients receiving 248 dental implants treated with implant-supported prostheses with a mean [...] Read more.

Background: The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of peri-implant disease and identify potential disease risk factors in western China. Methods: The present retrospective study was conducted in 131 consecutive patients receiving 248 dental implants treated with implant-supported prostheses with a mean follow-up of 2.52 years. Several patient-related, implant-related, and oral hygiene maintenance factors were analyzed. Results: Peri-implant disease developed in 68 (51.91%) patients and 110 (44.35%) implants. The prevalence of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis were 45.80% and 7.63%, respectively, at the subject level, and 36.69% and 7.66%, respectively, at the implant level. Multivariate analysis exhibited that male [odds ratio (OR) = 1.91; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02–3.57; p = 0.04], implant length < 10mm (OR = 7.87; 95% CI:1.62–38.46; p = 0.01), poor proximal contact of the prosthesis (OR = 1.90; 95% CI: 1.06–3.42; p = 0.03), tooth brushing once a day (OR = 3.11; 95% CI: 1.26–7.68; p = 0.04) and moderate periodontitis (OR = 13.00; 95% CI: 4.38–38.60; p < 0.01) were independent risk factors for peri-implant disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases)

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9 pages, 1002 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Histological and Immunohistochemical Analysis of Peri-Implant Soft and Hard Tissues in Patients with Peri-Implantitis

by Valentina Flores, Bernardo Venegas, Wendy Donoso, Camilo Ulloa, Alejandra Chaparro, Vanessa Sousa and Víctor Beltrán

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(14), 8388; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148388 - 08 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1792

Abstract

Currently, researchers are focused on the study of cytokines as predictive biomarkers of peri-implantitis (PI) in order to obtain an early diagnosis and prognosis, and for treatment of the disease. The aim of the study was to characterize the peri-implant soft and hard [...] Read more.

Currently, researchers are focused on the study of cytokines as predictive biomarkers of peri-implantitis (PI) in order to obtain an early diagnosis and prognosis, and for treatment of the disease. The aim of the study was to characterize the peri-implant soft and hard tissues in patients with a peri-implantitis diagnosis. A descriptive observational study was conducted. Fifteen soft tissue (ST) samples and six peri-implant bone tissue (BT) samples were obtained from 13 patients who were diagnosed with peri-implantitis. All the samples were processed and embedded in paraffin for histological and immunohistochemical analyses. A descriptive and quantitative analysis of mast cells and osteocytes, A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), B-cell activating factor (BAFF), osteonectin (ON), and ∝-smooth muscle actin (∝-SMA) was performed. We observed the presence of mast cells in peri-implant soft tissue in all samples (mean 9.21 number of mast cells) and osteocytes in peri-implant hard tissue in all samples (mean 37.17 number of osteocytes). The expression of APRIL-ST was 32.17% ± 6.39%, and that of APRIL-BT was 7.09% ± 5.94%. The BAFF-ST expression was 17.26 ± 12.90%, and the BAFF-BT was 12.16% ± 6.30%. The mean percentage of ON was 7.93% ± 3.79%, and ∝-SMA was 1.78% ± 3.79%. It was concluded that the expression of APRIL and BAFF suggests their involvement in the bone resorption observed in peri-implantitis. The lower expression of osteonectin in the peri-implant bone tissue can also be associated with a deficiency in the regulation of bone remodeling and the consequent peri-implant bone loss. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases)

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13 pages, 1083 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Gingivitis on Circulating Neutrophil Reactivity and Gingival Crevicular Fluid Inflammatory Proteins

by Helen M. Roberts, Zehra Yonel, Alpdogan Kantarci, Melissa M. Grant and Iain L. C. Chapple

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(10), 6339; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106339 - 23 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2185

Abstract

Gingivitis is an extremely common oral inflammatory condition and can be induced in humans using an acute 21-day experimental gingivitis model. Neutrophils are known to be highly prevalent in the gingival crevice during gingival inflammation; however, the effect of gingivitis and the associated [...] Read more.

Gingivitis is an extremely common oral inflammatory condition and can be induced in humans using an acute 21-day experimental gingivitis model. Neutrophils are known to be highly prevalent in the gingival crevice during gingival inflammation; however, the effect of gingivitis and the associated biofilm on peripheral blood neutrophils (PBN) is not well characterised. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the impact of inflammation induced by experimental gingivitis and its resolution upon the function of PBN. Fifteen systemically healthy volunteers undertook a split-mouth 21-day experimental gingivitis study followed by a resolution phase of 14 days. PBN function, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) release, directional chemotactic accuracy and expression of host mediators in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), were measured at baseline (day 0), on day 21 and on day 35. NET formation and ROS production were significantly elevated at day 21. Chemotactic speed was also elevated in response to bacterial peptide fMLP at day 21. At day 35, ROS production in response to an Fcgamma stimulant, opsonised Staphylococcus aureus, remained elevated. The data presented suggest a lasting biological impact of the experimental gingivitis on PBN function even after clinical symptoms have abated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases)

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12 pages, 2319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Peri-Implant Surgical Treatment Downregulates the Expression of sTREM-1 and MMP-8 in Patients with Peri-Implantitis: A Prospective Study

by Glaucia Schuindt Teixeira Neves, Gayathiri Elangovan, Mayla Kezy Silva Teixeira, João Martins de Mello-Neto, Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla, Eduardo José Veras Lourenço, Daniel Moraes Telles and Carlos Marcelo Figueredo

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(6), 3627; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063627 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2038

Abstract

sTREM-1 and its ligand PGLYRP1 play an essential role in the inflammatory process around teeth and implants. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of peri-implant treatment on the salivary levels of the sTREM-1/PGLYRP-1/MMP-8 axis after 3 months. A total of [...] Read more.

sTREM-1 and its ligand PGLYRP1 play an essential role in the inflammatory process around teeth and implants. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of peri-implant treatment on the salivary levels of the sTREM-1/PGLYRP-1/MMP-8 axis after 3 months. A total of 42 participants (with a mean age of 61 years old ± 7.3) were enrolled in this longitudinal study, 24 having peri-implant mucositis (MU) and 18 having peri-implantitis (PI). Clinical peri-implant parameters, such as probing pocket depth (PPD), % of plaque, and bleeding on probing (BOP), and the whole unstimulated saliva samples were evaluated at baseline and 3 months after treatment. The MU group received nonsurgical peri-implant treatment, while the PI group received open-flap procedures. The levels of sTREM-1, PGLYRP-1, MMP-8, and TIMP-1 were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. BOP, plaque levels, and PPD significantly reduced after treatment in both groups. A significant decrease in the salivary levels of sTREM-1, MMP-8, and TIMP-1 in the PI group and PGLYRP1 and TIMP-1 in the MU group were observed. Salivary levels of sTREM-1 were significantly reduced in patients with PI but not with MU. Additionally, peri-implant treatment had a significantly higher impact on MMP-8 reduction in patients with PI than in those with MU. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases)

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11 pages, 350 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Global DNA Methylation in Dental Implant Failure Due to Peri-Implantitis: An Exploratory Clinical Pilot Study

by Ismael Khouly, Simon Pardiñas López, Silvia María Díaz Prado, Luca Ferrantino, Josephine Kalm, Lena Larsson and Farah Asa’ad

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(2), 1020; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19021020 - 17 Jan 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2165

Abstract

Background: Peri-implantitis (PIT) is highly prevalent in patients with dental implants and is a challenging condition to treat due to the limited outcomes reported for non-surgical and surgical therapies. Therefore, epigenetic therapeutics might be of key importance to treat PIT. However, developing epigenetic [...] Read more.

Background: Peri-implantitis (PIT) is highly prevalent in patients with dental implants and is a challenging condition to treat due to the limited outcomes reported for non-surgical and surgical therapies. Therefore, epigenetic therapeutics might be of key importance to treat PIT. However, developing epigenetic therapeutics is based on understanding the relationship between epigenetics and disease. To date, there is still scarce knowledge about the relationship between epigenetic modifications and PIT, which warrants further investigations. Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of global DNA methylation associated with implant failure (IF) due to PIT compared to periodontally healthy (PH) patients. Material and Methods: A total of 20 participants were initially enrolled in this pilot, exploratory, single-blinded, cross-sectional clinical human study in two groups: 10 in the PH group and 10 in the IF group. In the participants who have completed the study, gingival tissue and bone samples were harvested from each participant and were used to perform global DNA methylation analysis. The percentage of global DNA methylation (5-mC%) was compared (1) between groups (PH and IF); (2) between the subgroups of gingival tissue and bone separately; (3) in the whole sample, comparing gingival tissue and bone; (4) within groups, comparing gingival tissue and bone. Demographic, periodontal, and peri-implant measurements as well as periodontal staging, were also recorded. All statistical comparisons were made at the 0.05 significance level. Results: Out of the initially enrolled 20 patients, only 19 completed the study and, thus, were included in the final analysis; 10 patients in the PH group and 9 patients in the IF group, contributing to a total of 38 samples. One patient from the IF group was excluded from the study due to systemic disease. The mean implant survival time was 10.8 years (2.17–15.25 years). Intergroup comparison, stratified by group, indicated a similar 5-mC% between the PH and IF groups in both gingival tissue and bone (p = 0.599), only in bone (p = 0.414), and only in gingival tissue (p = 0.744). Intragroup comparison, stratified by the type of sample, indicated a significantly higher 5-mC% in gingival tissue samples compared to bone in both the PH and IF groups (p = 0.001), in the PH group (p = 0.019), and in the IF group (p = 0.009). Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, higher global DNA methylation levels were found in gingival tissue samples compared to bone, regardless of the study groups. However, similar global DNA methylation levels were observed overall between the IF and PH groups. Yet, differences in the global DNA methylation levels between gingival tissues and bone, regardless of the study group, could reflect a different epigenetic response between various tissues within the same microenvironment. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the present findings and to evaluate the role of epigenetic modifications in IF due to PIT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases)

11 pages, 1292 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of Salivary miRNAs That Predict Chronic Periodontitis Progression: A Cohort Study

by Kohei Fujimori, Toshiki Yoneda, Takaaki Tomofuji, Daisuke Ekuni, Tetsuji Azuma, Takayuki Maruyama, Yoshio Sugiura and Manabu Morita

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(15), 8010; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158010 - 29 Jul 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2455

Abstract

The aim of this two-year cohort study was to investigate salivary microRNAs (miRNAs) that predict periodontitis progression. A total of 120 patients who underwent supportive periodontal therapy were recruited. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected at baseline. Two years later, 44 patients were followed [...] Read more.

The aim of this two-year cohort study was to investigate salivary microRNAs (miRNAs) that predict periodontitis progression. A total of 120 patients who underwent supportive periodontal therapy were recruited. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected at baseline. Two years later, 44 patients were followed up (median age, 67.1 years) and divided into two groups: progression group (n = 22), with one or more sites with clinical attachment level (CAL) progression (>3 mm compared with baseline) or tooth extraction due to periodontitis progression; and the control group (n = 22), which did not exhibit CAL progression. In the microarray analysis of salivary miRNAs, hsa-miR-5571-5p, hsa-miR-17-3p, hsa-let-7f-5p, hsa-miR-4724-3p, hsa-miR-99a-5p, hsa-miR-200a-3p, hsa-miR-28-5p, hsa-miR-320d, and hsa-miR-31-5p showed fold change values <0.5 or ≥2.0 in the progression group compared with the control group (p < 0.05). On receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, areas under the curves of hsa-miR-5571-5p, hsa-let-7f-5p, hsa-miR-99a-5p, hsa-miR-28-5p, and hsa-miR-320d were >0.7, indicating fair discrimination power. The expressions of salivary hsa-miR-5571-5p, hsa-let-7f-5p, hsa-miR-99a-5p, hsa-miR-28-5p, and hsa-miR-320d were associated with periodontitis progression in patients with chronic periodontitis. These salivary miRNAs may be new biomarkers for progression of periodontitis, and monitoring them may contribute to new diagnostics and precision medicine for periodontitis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases)

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12 pages, 1703 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Complications in the Use of Deepithelialized Free Gingival Graft vs. Connective Tissue Graft: A One-Year Randomized Clinical Trial

by Silvestre Ripoll, Ángela Fernández de Velasco-Tarilonte, Beatriz Bullón, Blanca Ríos-Carrasco and Ana Fernández-Palacín

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(9), 4504; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094504 - 23 Apr 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5051

Abstract

In the treatment of gingival recession, different surgical options have been described: free gingival grafts (FGG), connective tissue Grafts (CTG), and a more recent technique, de-epithelialized free gingival graft (DFGG). They are not procedures exempt from the appearance of complications. Most publications refer [...] Read more.

In the treatment of gingival recession, different surgical options have been described: free gingival grafts (FGG), connective tissue Grafts (CTG), and a more recent technique, de-epithelialized free gingival graft (DFGG). They are not procedures exempt from the appearance of complications. Most publications refer to postoperative complications, and there is limited literature regarding the development of late complications (weeks or months). Our working group carried out a study to describe the development of late complications associated with the use of DFGG in comparison with CTG, providing an incidence rate and a classification. Sixty-eight patients with mucogingival problems were selected, and divided into two groups: the Test Group, for which we used DFGG + Coronal Advancement Flap (CAF), and the Control Group (CTG + CAF). All patients were treated at the University of Seville’s dental school to solve mucogingival problems for aesthetic and/or functional reasons. A classification is proposed based on its severity; Major and Minor. Major complications included reepithelialization of the graft, epithelial bands, cul-de-sac, epithelial cysts, and bone exostoses. Minor complications included the graft´s color changes and superficial revascularization. Late major complications were only associated with the use of the DFGG, and the late minor complications developed with the use of the DFGG were much higher than those associated with CTG. CTG appears to be a safer procedure than DFGG in terms of late complications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases)

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11 pages, 2063 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Surgical Flap Design (Envelope and Szmyd) for Removal of Impacted Mandibular Third Molars on Clinical Periodontal Parameters: A Clinical Trial

by Muhtada Ahmad, Zafar Ali Khan, Tahir Ullah Khan, Montaser N. Alqutub, Sameer A. Mokeem, Abdulrahman M. AlMubarak, Mehmood Haider, Mansour Al-Askar, Naseer Ahmed, Nada Aldahiyan, Fahim Vohra and Tariq Abduljabbar

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(9), 4465; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094465 - 22 Apr 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2905

Abstract

The aim of the study was to assess the influence of flap designs (Envelope flap (EF) and Szmyd flap (SF)) for impacted mandibular third molar extraction, on periodontal pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL) and bone levels (BL) of second molar. Sixty [...] Read more.

The aim of the study was to assess the influence of flap designs (Envelope flap (EF) and Szmyd flap (SF)) for impacted mandibular third molar extraction, on periodontal pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL) and bone levels (BL) of second molar. Sixty patients indicated for third molar extractions with healthy second molars were allocated into two groups: EF and SF (n = 30). Third molars were assessed for angulation, root patterns, depth of impactions and relation with ramus (Pell and Gregory classification). Extraction of third molars was performed and PPD, CAL and BL around second molars at 0, 3 and 6 month (mon) follow-ups (FU) were assessed clinically and radiographically. ANOVA, Chi-square and Fisher’s exact test were employed to compare periodontal factors between EF and SF groups, considering p ≤ 0.05 as significant. Sixty participants with a mean age of 23.22 ± 3.17 were included in the study. Based on angulation, the most common impaction in the EF and SF groups was mesio-angular (EF, 50%; SF, 36.7%). Buccal and distal PPD showed a significant increase (p < 0.001) in both EF and SF patients from baseline to 6 mon. EF patients showed significantly higher distal and buccal CAL (6.67 ± 0.18 mm; 6.91 ± 0.17 mm) and BL (7.64 ± 0.16 mm; 7.90 ± 0.15 mm) as compared to SF patients (CAL, 6.76 ± 0.26 mm; 6.91 ± 0.17 mm-BL, 7.42 ± 0.38 mm; 7.34 ± 0.34 mm) at 6 mon FU. SF showed better soft tissue attachment (PPD and CAL) and bone stability (less bone loss) around second molars compared to EF after third molar extractions regardless of the patient, tooth and operator factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases)

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10 pages, 329 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dental Anxiety and Higher Sensory Processing Sensitivity in a Sample of German Soldiers with Inflammatory Periodontal Disease

by Thomas Eger, Felix Wörner, Ursula Simon, Sandra Konrad and Anne Wolowski

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(4), 1584; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041584 - 08 Feb 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2423

Abstract

(1) Background: Dental anxiety with disease value usually leads to avoidance of dental treatment. For the initial diagnosis of the level of anxiety, questionnaires such as the Hierarchical Anxiety Questionnaire (HAQ) are suitable. The construct of sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) describes a general [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Dental anxiety with disease value usually leads to avoidance of dental treatment. For the initial diagnosis of the level of anxiety, questionnaires such as the Hierarchical Anxiety Questionnaire (HAQ) are suitable. The construct of sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) describes a general trait in which people with a higher degree of SPS perceive information more strongly and process it more thoroughly. (2) Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated the relationship between dental anxiety and higher levels of SPS in 116 soldiers referred with different stages of periodontitis for mandatory dental fitness before military deployment. (3) Results: The proportion of patients with periodontitis in stage III + IV was 39% and in stage I + II was 27%. The mean cumulative values of the questionnaires were 20.9 ± 10.6 for HAQ and 27.7 ± 16.0 for SPS. Eleven moderately anxious patients had a SPS value of 37.4 ± 13.5 and 10 highly anxious patients had a value of 36.3 ± 14.1. Patients diagnosed with stage III + IV periodontitis showed significantly higher values on the SPS subscale Low Sensory Threshold (LST), which describes overstimulation by external sensory stimuli, compared to patients with stage I + II periodontitis. Dental anxiety showed moderately significant correlations with the SPS subscale Ease of Excitation (EOE), which measures emotional reactivity to physiological stimuli. (4) Conclusions: Due to the frequency of dental anxiety and higher sensitivity in patients with severe periodontitis, it is useful to record said frequency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases)

9 pages, 547 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Knowledge and Attitude towards Retrograde Peri-Implantitis among Italian Implantologists: A Cross-Sectional Survey

by Bianca Di Murro, Nicola Pranno, Andrea Raco, Roberto Pistilli, Giorgio Pompa and Piero Papi

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(22), 8356; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228356 - 12 Nov 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2030

Abstract

Background: Retrograde peri-implantitis (RPI) is a pathological entity with an unclear etiology (e.g., overheating during implant insertion, residual infection of the tooth replaced by the implant or the endodontic lesion of neighboring teeth) and an extremely low prevalence and has been scarcely investigated. [...] Read more.

Background: Retrograde peri-implantitis (RPI) is a pathological entity with an unclear etiology (e.g., overheating during implant insertion, residual infection of the tooth replaced by the implant or the endodontic lesion of neighboring teeth) and an extremely low prevalence and has been scarcely investigated. Therefore, the aim of this cross-sectional survey was to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of Italian implantologists regarding RPI. Methods: An anonymous questionnaire was sent via email to implantologists randomly selected, including a section about demographic information and questions related to RPI origin, radiographic representation, symptoms and treatment options. All questions were multiple answer and close-ended. Binomial logistic regression was performed to investigate the relationship between correct answers and the following independent variables: age, years of experience and number of dental implants placed per year. Results: In total, 475 implantologists completed the questionnaire, with a response rate of 46.3%. Based on the results of the study, incorrect answers were associated with less experienced participants (<80 implants/year) for all questions evaluated, with the exception of treatment strategies. Furthermore, 26.7% of the survey takers did not recognize radiographic representation of RPI and 35.5% picked “implant removal” when asked about treatment modality. Conclusions: The majority of participants were able to recognize symptoms and indicated the probable causes of RPI; however, around 30% of them showed very limited knowledge of available management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

14 pages, 1318 KiB

Open AccessReview

Efficacy of MMP-8 Level in Gingival Crevicular Fluid to Predict the Outcome of Nonsurgical Periodontal Treatment: A Systematic Review

by Sarhang Sarwat Gul, Faraedon Mostafa Zardawi, Ali Abbas Abdulkareem, Muhammad Saad Shaikh, Natheer Hashim Al-Rawi and Muhammad Sohail Zafar

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(5), 3131; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19053131 - 07 Mar 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2651

Abstract

Purpose: To explore whether baseline matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 level in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) (exposure) can predict the outcome (reduction in probing pocket depth (PPD) (outcome)) of nonsurgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) (manual or ultrasonic or both) in patients with periodontitis (population/problem) after 3 [...] Read more.

Purpose: To explore whether baseline matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 level in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) (exposure) can predict the outcome (reduction in probing pocket depth (PPD) (outcome)) of nonsurgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) (manual or ultrasonic or both) in patients with periodontitis (population/problem) after 3 months. Methods: Six databases (PubMed, Cochrane library, ProQuest, Ovid, Scopus, EBSCO) were searched for relevant articles published until 30 July 2021. Retrieved articles were passed through a three-phase filtration process on the basis of the eligibility criteria. The primary outcome was the change in PPD after 3 months. Quality of the selected articles was assessed using Cochrane Risk of Bias tool (RoB2) and Risk of Bias In Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tools. Results: From 1306 articles, five were selected for analysis. The results showed high variations in the level of GCF MMP-8 level at baseline. The average amount of reduction in PPD was 1.20 and 2.30 mm for pockets with initial depth of 4–6 mm and >6 mm, respectively. Conclusion: On the basis of available evidence, it was not possible to reach a consensus on the ability of baseline GCF MMP-8 to forecast the outcome of NSPT. This could have been due to variation in clinical and laboratory techniques used. However, consistency in mean PPD reduction after 3 months was shown. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases)

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18 pages, 1559 KiB

Open AccessReview

Association of IL-10 and TNF-α Polymorphisms with Dental Peri-Implant Disease Risk: A Meta-Analysis, Meta-Regression, and Trial Sequential Analysis

by Ladan Jamshidy, Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla, Parsia Choubsaz, Masoud Sadeghi and Jyothi Tadakamadla

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(14), 7697; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147697 - 20 Jul 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2546

Abstract

Genetic susceptibility has been reported to be an important risk factor for peri-implant disease (PID). The aim of this meta-analysis was to assess the association between TNF-α and IL-10 polymorphisms and PID susceptibility. The Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and PubMed/Medline databases [...] Read more.

Genetic susceptibility has been reported to be an important risk factor for peri-implant disease (PID). The aim of this meta-analysis was to assess the association between TNF-α and IL-10 polymorphisms and PID susceptibility. The Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and PubMed/Medline databases were searched for studies published until 12 April 2021. RevMan 5.3, CMA 2.0, SPSS 22.0, and trial sequential analysis software were used. Twelve studies were included in our analysis. The pooled ORs for the association of TNF-α (−308 G > A), IL-10 (−1082 A > G), IL-10 (−819 C > T), and IL-10 (−592 A > C) polymorphisms were 1.12, 0.93, 1.35, and 0.77 for allelic; 1.42, 0.95, 3.41, and 0.34 for homozygous; 1.19, 1.88, 1.23, and 0.49 for heterozygous, 1.53, 1.12, 1.41, and 0.39 for recessive; and 1.16, 1.87, 2.65, and 0.75 for dominant models, respectively, with all the estimates being insignificant. The results showed an association between TNF-α (−308 G > A) polymorphism and the risk of PID in patients of Asian ethnicity (OR = 1.59; p = 0.03). The present meta-analysis illustrated that TNF-α (−308 G > A), IL-10 (−1082 A > G), IL-10 (−819 C > T), and IL-10 (−592 A > C) polymorphisms were not associated with the risk of PID, whereas TNF-α (−308 G > A) polymorphism was associated with an elevated risk of PID in Asian patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases)

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15 pages, 3116 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mini-Implant-Retained Overdentures for the Rehabilitation of Completely Edentulous Maxillae: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Serena Vi, Damon Pham, Yu Yian Marina Du, Himanshu Arora and Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(8), 4377; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084377 - 20 Apr 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3185

Abstract

Purpose: Mini-dental implants (MDIs) have been used to support and retain overdentures, providing patients with a less invasive placement procedure. Although lucrative, the use of MDIs to retain a maxillary overdenture is still not an established treatment modality. This systematic review aims to [...] Read more.

Purpose: Mini-dental implants (MDIs) have been used to support and retain overdentures, providing patients with a less invasive placement procedure. Although lucrative, the use of MDIs to retain a maxillary overdenture is still not an established treatment modality. This systematic review aims to answer the question: Do mini-implant-retained maxillary overdentures provide a satisfactory treatment outcome for complete edentulism? Methods: A systematic search for relevant articles was conducted to include articles published until April 2021 in the following electronic databases: CINAHL, Cochrane, EMBASE, PubMed, and Web of Science. All empirical studies evaluating the biological, survival, or patient-reported outcomes after placing mini-implant-retained overdentures in maxilla were considered for inclusion. The risk of bias was assessed by utilizing the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist. Study screening and data extraction were conducted by three reviewers independently. Results: The electronic search retrieved 1276 titles after omitting duplicates. Twenty articles were considered for full-text review, of which six studies were included in this systematic review. The included studies evaluated a total of 173 participants with a mean age of 66.3 years. The overall mini-implant survival rate was 77.1% (95% CI: 64.7–89.5%) with a mean follow-up time of 1.79 years (range: 6 months to 3 years). Implant survival differed significantly when comparing complete and partial palatal coverage overdentures. Those with complete palatal coverage exhibited less bone loss overall compared to partial coverage overdentures. Participants of all studies reported an increase in the quality of life and in satisfaction after rehabilitation treatment with MDIs. Conclusions: The survival rate of mini-implants retaining an overdenture in the maxilla was observed to be lower than the values reported for traditional implants in the literature. Improvements were observed in all aspects in terms of patient satisfaction, quality of life, oromyofunction, and articulation after the treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases)

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24 pages, 737 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Biomarker Expression of Peri-Implantitis Lesions before and after Treatment: A Systematic Review

by Haniyeh Moaven, Annesi Giacaman, Víctor Beltrán, Ye Han Sam, Daniel Betancur, Giuseppe Mainas, Seyed Ali Tarjomani, Nikolaos Donos and Vanessa Sousa

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(21), 14085; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114085 - 28 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1905

Abstract

The need to predict, diagnose and treat peri-implant diseases has never been greater. We present a systematic review of the literature on the changes in the expression of biomarkers in peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) before and after treatment of peri-implantitis. Bacterial composition, clinical [...] Read more.

The need to predict, diagnose and treat peri-implant diseases has never been greater. We present a systematic review of the literature on the changes in the expression of biomarkers in peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) before and after treatment of peri-implantitis. Bacterial composition, clinical and radiographic parameters, and systemic biomarkers before and after treatment are reported as secondary outcomes. A total of 17 studies were included. Treatment groups were non-surgical treatment or surgical treatment, either alone or with adjunctive therapy. Our findings show that non-surgical treatment alone does not influence biomarker levels or clinical outcomes. Both adjunctive photodynamic therapy and local minocycline application resulted in a reduction of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-10 twelve months after treatment. Non-surgical treatments with adjunctive use of lasers or antimicrobials were more effective at improving the clinical outcomes in the short-term only. Access flap debridement led to matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 and tumour necrosis factor-α reduction twelve months post-surgery. Surgical debridement with adjunctive antimicrobials achieved a decrease in MMP-8 at three months. Adjunctive use of Emdogain^™ (EMD) was associated with a reduction in 40 PICF proteins compared to access flap surgery alone. Surgical interventions were more effective at reducing probing pocket depth and bleeding on probing both in the short- and long-term. Surgical treatment in combination with EMD was found to be more effective in resolving inflammation up to twelve months. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases)

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12 pages, 1017 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Immunological Traits of Patients with Coexistent Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Periodontal Disease: A Systematic Review

by João Martins de Mello-Neto, Jessica Gomes Rodrigues Nunes, Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla and Carlos Marcelo da Silva Figueredo

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(17), 8958; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18178958 - 25 Aug 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2775

Abstract

This systematic review assessed studies that evaluated the immunological traits of patients with both inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and periodontal disease. An electronic search for literature was conducted on PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane and Web of Science. Studies that evaluated the immunological response [...] Read more.

This systematic review assessed studies that evaluated the immunological traits of patients with both inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and periodontal disease. An electronic search for literature was conducted on PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane and Web of Science. Studies that evaluated the immunological response in patients with IBD and periodontal disease were considered eligible for inclusion. A total of 6 cross-sectional studies of 275 patients were included. Immunological analyses were performed in gingival crevicular fluid, saliva, serum, intestinal and gingival biopsies. Four studies identified that the presence of IBD and periodontal disease was associated with higher levels of prostaglandin E2, aMMP8, IL-18 and S100A12, respectively, when compared to patients without the coexistence of both diseases. Furthermore, another study identified higher aMMP-8 levels with increasing severity of periodontitis in Crohn’s disease patients. The quality of overall evidence ranged from high to low due to the observational nature of contributing studies. The coexistence of IBD and periodontal disease seems to be associated with a more responsive inflammatory reaction compared with individuals having one or the other. More randomized controlled studies evaluating the coexistence of IBD and periodontitis are required to better explore the immunological interplay between them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases)

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10 pages, 4897 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Non-Incised Papilla Surgical Approach and Leukocyte Platelet-Rich Fibrin in Periodontal Reconstruction of Deep Intrabony Defects: A Case Series

by Guillermo Pardo-Zamora, José Antonio Moreno-Rodríguez and Antonio J. Ortiz-Ruíz

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(5), 2465; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052465 - 03 Mar 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5333

Abstract

We present the preliminary results of the treatment of teeth with a deep, non-contained periodontal residual defect, vestibular bone dehiscence, and soft tissue recession, by combining an apical non-incised papilla surgical approach (NIPSA) to the defect and leukocyte platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) in the [...] Read more.

We present the preliminary results of the treatment of teeth with a deep, non-contained periodontal residual defect, vestibular bone dehiscence, and soft tissue recession, by combining an apical non-incised papilla surgical approach (NIPSA) to the defect and leukocyte platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) in the vestibular aspect. Four patients (upper left first premolar, upper left central incisor, upper right central incisor and upper right lateral incisor) have been treated. At one year of follow up, all cases showed a considerable reduction in the periodontal pocket depth, a gain in clinical attachment and no bleeding on probing, as well as an improvement in the marginal soft tissue minimizing soft tissue contraction (recession and/or loss of papilla) and improving soft tissue architecture. NIPSA plus L-PRF seem to improve clinical outcomes in deep non-contained intrabony defects associated with soft tissue recession. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases)

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