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Internal Combustion Engine Performance 2022

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "I: Energy Fundamentals and Conversion".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 April 2023) | Viewed by 10551

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical Engineering Educators, School of Pedagogical and Technological Education (ASPETE), 14121 Heraklion, Greece
Interests: I.C. engine performance modelling; I.C. engine pollutant emissions; I.C. engine heat transfer; I.C. engine exhaust heat recuperation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
American Bureau of Shipping Hellenic Single Member Limited Liability Company, Houston, TX 77389, USA
Interests: I.C. engine performance modeling; I.C. engine gas exchange systems; I.C. engine second law analyses
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Thermodynamics and Internal Combustion Engines, Propulsion and Thermal Systems Laboratory, Aeronautical Sciences Department, Hellenic Air Force Academy, Acharnes Attikis, 13671 Tatoi, Greece
Interests: I.C. engine performance modeling; I.C. engine gas exchange systems; applicaton of alternative fuels and new combustion systems in I.C. engines
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The internal combustion (IC) engine is one of the most important and successful technological developments of the last century. Its application throughout all these years to today has essentially influenced almost every aspect of human life, used either as the prime mover in land, sea, and air transportation, as the source of electrical power production, or as an emergency safety installation in hospitals or in factories.

The main reasons for this enormous distribution and success are the high energy density of liquid hydrocarbon fuels combined with the ability of the IC engine to efficiently cover the whole area of energy demand from a fraction of a W up to several dozen MW.

The world energy crisis and the environmental impact have played a major role in the development of the internal combustion engine during the last few decades. At this time, it has become obvious that a closer understanding of the thermodynamic processes occurring within the engine is necessary. As a result, research on IC engines has expanded enormously, both on simulation and experimental bases. Today, the main objectives are the improvement of engine performance, the minimization of fuel consumption/CO2 emissions, and the reduction of the level of exhaust pollutants. To this aim, various alternative combustion techniques have been developed or are under development (e.g., direct injection SI engines, HCCI operation), and in parallel, various internal and after-treatment exhaust measures are also being examined.

The present Special Issue of Energies aims to gather innovative research and include some of the latest developments on internal combustion engines. More specifically, topics of interest for the Special Issue include (but are not limited to):

  • Combustion mechanisms in spark and compression ignition engines;
  • Fuel injection and spray formation;
  • Pollutant formation (particulate matter, NOx, CO, HC, noise);
  • Exhaust after-treatment systems (three-way catalysts, oxidation catalysts, diesel and gasoline particulate filters, SCR, NOx adsorbers);
  • Internal measures for emission control (EGR, water injection, etc.);
  • Exhaust heat recuperation systems (Rankine cycle, turbocompound, etc.);
  • Engine downsizing;
  • Effects on engine structure and design due to increased performance demands;
  • Special problems associated with large scale two-stroke engine performance and emission reduction;
  • Alternative fuel and biofuel effects on engine performance and emissions (ethanol, butanol, biodiesel, etc.);
  • Recent advances in internal combustion engine experimentation;
  • Novel combustion systems (HCCI, PCCI and RCCI).

Prof. Dr. Georgios Mavropoulos
Dr. E.C. Andritsakis
Dr. Roussos G. Papagiannakis
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 5927 KiB  
Article
Comparative Assessment of sCO2 Cycles, Optimal ORC, and Thermoelectric Generators for Exhaust Waste Heat Recovery Applications from Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines
by Menaz Ahamed, Apostolos Pesyridis, Jabraeil Ahbabi Saray, Amin Mahmoudzadeh Andwari, Ayat Gharehghani and Srithar Rajoo
Energies 2023, 16(11), 4339; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16114339 - 25 May 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1305
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the potential of supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2), organic Rankine cycle (ORC), and thermoelectric generator (TEG) systems for application in automotive exhaust waste heat recovery (WHR) applications. More specifically, this paper focuses on heavy-duty diesel engines applications such as [...] Read more.
This study aimed to investigate the potential of supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2), organic Rankine cycle (ORC), and thermoelectric generator (TEG) systems for application in automotive exhaust waste heat recovery (WHR) applications. More specifically, this paper focuses on heavy-duty diesel engines applications such as marine, trucks, and locomotives. The results of the simulations show that sCO2 systems are capable of recovering the highest amount of power from exhaust gases, followed by ORC systems. The sCO2 system recovered 19.5 kW at the point of maximum brake power and 10.1 kW at the point of maximum torque. Similarly, the ORC system recovered 14.7 kW at the point of maximum brake power and 7.9 kW at the point of maximum torque. Furthermore, at a point of low power and torque, the sCO2 system recovered 4.2 kW of power and the ORC system recovered 3.3 kW. The TEG system produced significantly less power (533 W at maximum brake power, 126 W at maximum torque, and 7 W at low power and torque) at all three points of interest due to the low system efficiency in comparison to sCO2 and ORC systems. From the results, it can be concluded that sCO2 and ORC systems have the biggest potential impact in exhaust WHR applications provided the availability of heat and that their level of complexity does not become prohibitive. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Internal Combustion Engine Performance 2022)
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11 pages, 3082 KiB  
Article
Diesel Spray Liquid Length Imaging at High Pressure
by Panos Sphicas and Apostolos Pesyridis
Energies 2023, 16(6), 2874; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16062874 - 20 Mar 2023
Viewed by 1122
Abstract
Engine efficiency and emissions depend on the fuel atomization and dispersion. The fuel atomization and dispersion depend heavily on the ambient pressure and temperature. In this work, to study Diesel sprays in engine conditions, an electrically heated, constant-volume, pressurized vessel was designed and [...] Read more.
Engine efficiency and emissions depend on the fuel atomization and dispersion. The fuel atomization and dispersion depend heavily on the ambient pressure and temperature. In this work, to study Diesel sprays in engine conditions, an electrically heated, constant-volume, pressurized vessel was designed and manufactured. The controlling electronics and software were developed and tested to ensure safe and precise operation. A commercial Bosch six-hole automotive Diesel injector was used. The spray spatial and temporal development were studied. In the literature, spray liquid length and cone angle are extensively used to quantify fuel dispersion. In this work, these parameters were quantified using a high-speed shadowgraph technique. Models were derived to describe the temporal evolution of the liquid core. Such models can be used to predict the Diesel spray behaviour and the engine performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Internal Combustion Engine Performance 2022)
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16 pages, 14116 KiB  
Article
A Comprehensive Study on Effect of Biofuel Blending Obtained from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Olive Mill Waste Water in Internal Combustion Engine
by Fatma Zohra Aklouche, Loubna Hadhoum, Khaled Loubar and Mohand Tazerout
Energies 2023, 16(6), 2534; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16062534 - 07 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1261
Abstract
The production of biofuel from olive mill wastewater (OMWW) may be one of the promising techniques for use in diesel engines. In this study, biofuel was produced from the hydrothermal liquefaction of OMWW using a methanol-water co-solvent. Biofuel blends of 10% (B10), 20% [...] Read more.
The production of biofuel from olive mill wastewater (OMWW) may be one of the promising techniques for use in diesel engines. In this study, biofuel was produced from the hydrothermal liquefaction of OMWW using a methanol-water co-solvent. Biofuel blends of 10% (B10), 20% (B20) and 30% (B30) by volume of biofuel, were prepared. The chemical and physical properties of biofuel blends are mostly similar to those of conventional diesel fuel. The engine speed was kept constant (1500 rpm) throughout the tests under different engine loads (25, 50, 75 and 100%). The effects of biofuel-diesel blends on exhaust emissions and engine performance were investigated. The results show that the in-cylinder pressure follows almost the same trend for all fuels. However, at high loads, with increasing biofuel blend, the combustion duration tends to become longer. The B10 blend provided close results to diesel fuel in terms of performance and polluting emissions. Moreover, the use of B10 resulted in reduced emission levels, with 11% of unburned hydrocarbons, 12% of particles and 26% of carbon dioxide compared to the other blends. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Internal Combustion Engine Performance 2022)
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30 pages, 6667 KiB  
Article
Open-Source Energy, Entropy, and Exergy 0D Heat Release Model for Internal Combustion Engines
by Christopher Depcik, Jonathan Mattson and Shah Saud Alam
Energies 2023, 16(6), 2514; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16062514 - 07 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1849
Abstract
Internal combustion engines face increased market, societal, and governmental pressures to improve performance, requiring researchers to utilize modeling tools capable of a thorough analysis of engine performance. Heat release is a critical aspect of internal combustion engine diagnostic analysis, but is prone to [...] Read more.
Internal combustion engines face increased market, societal, and governmental pressures to improve performance, requiring researchers to utilize modeling tools capable of a thorough analysis of engine performance. Heat release is a critical aspect of internal combustion engine diagnostic analysis, but is prone to variability in modeling validity, particularly as engine operation is pushed further from conventional combustion regimes. To that end, this effort presents a comprehensive open-source, zero-dimensional equilibrium heat release model. This heat release analysis is based on a combined mass, energy, entropy, and exergy formulation that improves upon well-established efforts constructed around the ratio of specific heats. Furthermore, it incorporates combustion using an established chemical kinetics mechanism to endeavor to predict the global chemical species in the cylinder. Future efforts can augment and improve the chemical kinetics reactions for specific combustion conditions based on the radical pyrolysis of the fuel. In addition, the incorporation of theoretical calculations of energy and exergy based on the change in chemical species allows for cross-checking of combustion model validity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Internal Combustion Engine Performance 2022)
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14 pages, 6854 KiB  
Article
Measurement of Cyclic Variation of the Air-to-Fuel Ratio of Exhaust Gas in an SI Engine by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
by Yuji Ikeda and Nobuyuki Kawahara
Energies 2022, 15(9), 3053; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093053 - 21 Apr 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1581
Abstract
Temporally and spatially resolved laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was applied to a four-stroke, single-cylinder test engine’s cyclic exhaust gas to demonstrate engine performance. The LIBS technique provided quantitative air-to-fuel ratio (A/F) measurements by generating localized breakdown plasma during the compression and exhaust strokes. [...] Read more.
Temporally and spatially resolved laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was applied to a four-stroke, single-cylinder test engine’s cyclic exhaust gas to demonstrate engine performance. The LIBS technique provided quantitative air-to-fuel ratio (A/F) measurements by generating localized breakdown plasma during the compression and exhaust strokes. The results showed that the timing and duration settings of the emission energy ionization and molecular spectra affect the intensity peaks. Optimum measurements performed between 200 ns and 10 ms after breakdown resulted in observed atomic spectra of CI (248 nm), Hβ (485 nm), Hα (656 nm), NI (745, 824 nm), and OI (777, 844 nm). The intensities of CI (248 nm) and Hα (656 nm) decreased with increasing A/F, whereas the intensity ratios of NI and OI remained constant. A decrease in the intensity ratio of C/O and Hα/O was observed as the A/F increased. This study is a major step toward defining a means of using LIBS to control the A/F ratio in gasoline engines by focusing on the exhaust gas rather than the flame. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Internal Combustion Engine Performance 2022)
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16 pages, 6240 KiB  
Article
The Interaction between In-Cylinder Turbulent Flow and Flame Front Propagation in an Optical SI Engine Measured by High-Speed PIV
by Yuji Ikeda
Energies 2022, 15(8), 2783; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15082783 - 11 Apr 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1958
Abstract
The relationship between the flow field and flame propagation is essential in determining the dynamics and effects of turbulent flow in an optical SI engine. In this study, high turbulence flow at stable operations was achieved using 12,000 rpm engine speed, 60 kPa [...] Read more.
The relationship between the flow field and flame propagation is essential in determining the dynamics and effects of turbulent flow in an optical SI engine. In this study, high turbulence flow at stable operations was achieved using 12,000 rpm engine speed, 60 kPa absolute intake pressure, 14.7 A/F, and 15 deg. BTDC spark timing. The turbulent flow field and flame propagation interplay were analyzed through the simultaneous high-speed PIV measurements of the in-cylinder flow and flame front propagation under firing conditions. The intensity of the seeder used was optimized by changing the crank angle. Successful simultaneous detection of the flame front and turbulent flow was demonstrated. Strong turbulence was produced at the flame front simultaneously with the flame movement. After ignition timing, the flame accelerated in the unburned region, and a vital turbulence region occurred. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Internal Combustion Engine Performance 2022)
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