Energies

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15 pages, 8804 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temporary Fault Ride-Through Method in Power Distribution Systems with Distributed Generations Based on PCS

by Jung-Hun Lee, Seung-Gyu Jeon, Dong-Kyu Kim, Joon-Seok Oh and Jae-Eon Kim

Energies 2020, 13(5), 1123; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13051123 - 02 Mar 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3030

The current practice of Distributed Generation (DG) disconnection for every fault in distribution systems has an adverse effect on utility and stable power trading when the penetration level of DGs is high. That is, in the process of fault detecting and Circuit Breaker [...] Read more.

The current practice of Distributed Generation (DG) disconnection for every fault in distribution systems has an adverse effect on utility and stable power trading when the penetration level of DGs is high. That is, in the process of fault detecting and Circuit Breaker (CB) reclosing when a temporary fault occurs, DGs should be disconnected from the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) before CB reclosing. Then all DGs should wait at least 5 minutes after restoration for reconnection and cannot supply the pre-bid power in power market during that period. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a control method that can keep operating without disconnection of DG. This control method is verified through modeling and simulation by the PSCAD/EMTDC software package for distribution systems with DGs based on PCS (Power Conditioning Systems) and CB reclosing protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics Applications in Renewable Energy Systems)

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13 pages, 3166 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Practical Application Study for Precision Improvement Plan for Energy Storage Devices Based on Iterative Methods

by Jaewan Suh, Minhan Yoon and Seungmin Jung

Energies 2020, 13(3), 656; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13030656 - 04 Feb 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1889

Abstract

In the aspect of power grid, attention is being given to conditions of environmental variation along with the need for precise prediction strategies based on control elements in recently designed large-scale distributed generation systems. With respect to distributed generators, an operational prediction system [...] Read more.

In the aspect of power grid, attention is being given to conditions of environmental variation along with the need for precise prediction strategies based on control elements in recently designed large-scale distributed generation systems. With respect to distributed generators, an operational prediction system is used to respond to the negative impacts that could be generated. As an active response plan, efforts are being made by system operators to cover fluctuations with utilization of battery-based storage devices. Solar or ocean energy that shares electrical structure with an energy storage system has recently being seen as a combined solution. Although this structure is supported by a state analysis plan, such methods must be performed within the range where the response is possible under consideration of the power requirements of the electronic devices. This paper focuses on an iterative based solution for enhancing response of storage that included in DC generation system, to check its availability in terms of possible calculation load. A previous storage management plan was utilized and tested using a commercially available transient electromagnetic simulation tool that focused on possible delays. Case studies were performed sequentially on the time delays based on utilizable inverter topologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics Applications in Renewable Energy Systems)

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23 pages, 2647 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Two-Stage Industrial Load Forecasting Scheme for Day-Ahead Combined Cooling, Heating and Power Scheduling

by Sungwoo Park, Jihoon Moon, Seungwon Jung, Seungmin Rho, Sung Wook Baik and Eenjun Hwang

Energies 2020, 13(2), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13020443 - 16 Jan 2020

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 3080

Abstract

Smart grid systems, which have gained much attention due to its ability to reduce operation and management costs of power systems, consist of diverse components including energy storage, renewable energy, and combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) systems. The CCHP has been investigated [...] Read more.

Smart grid systems, which have gained much attention due to its ability to reduce operation and management costs of power systems, consist of diverse components including energy storage, renewable energy, and combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) systems. The CCHP has been investigated to reduce energy costs by using the thermal energy generated during the power generation process. For efficient utilization of CCHP and numerous power generation systems, accurate short-term load forecasting (STLF) is necessary. So far, even though many single algorithm-based STLF models have been proposed, they showed limited success in terms of applicability and coverage. This problem can be alleviated by combining such single algorithm-based models in ways that take advantage of their strengths. In this paper, we propose a novel two-stage STLF scheme; extreme gradient boosting and random forest models are executed in the first stage, and deep neural networks are executed in the second stage to combine them. To show the effectiveness of our proposed scheme, we compare our model with other popular single algorithm-based forecasting models and then show how much electric charges can be saved by operating CCHP based on the schedules made by the economic analysis on the predicted electric loads. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics Applications in Renewable Energy Systems)

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13 pages, 2554 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Testing of a Low Voltage Solid-State Circuit Breaker for a DC Distribution System

by Leslie Tracy and Praveen Kumar Sekhar

Energies 2020, 13(2), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13020338 - 10 Jan 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3541

Abstract

In this study, a low voltage solid-state circuit breaker (SSCB) was implemented for a DC distribution system using commercially available components. The design process of the high-side static switch was enabled through a voltage bias. Detailed functional testing of the current sensor, high-side [...] Read more.

In this study, a low voltage solid-state circuit breaker (SSCB) was implemented for a DC distribution system using commercially available components. The design process of the high-side static switch was enabled through a voltage bias. Detailed functional testing of the current sensor, high-side switch, thermal ratings, analog to digital conversion (ADC) techniques, and response times of the SSCB was evaluated. The designed SSCB was capable of low-end lighting protection applications and tested at 50 V. A 15 A continuous current rating was obtained, and the minimum response time of the SSCB was nearly 290 times faster than that of conventional AC protection methods. The SSCB was implemented to fill the gap where traditional AC protection schemes have failed. DC distribution systems are capable of extreme faults that can destroy sensitive power electronic equipment. However, continued research and development of the SSCB is helping to revolutionize the power industry and change the current power distribution methods to better utilize clean renewable energy systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics Applications in Renewable Energy Systems)

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26 pages, 1426 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microgeneration of Electricity Using a Solar Photovoltaic System in Ireland

by Vinay Virupaksha, Mary Harty and Kevin McDonnell

Energies 2019, 12(23), 4600; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12234600 - 03 Dec 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5339

Abstract

Microgeneration of electricity using solar photovoltaic (PV) systems is a sustainable form of renewable energy, however uptake in Ireland remains very low. The aim of this study is to assess the potential of the community-based roof top solar PV microgeneration system to supply [...] Read more.

Microgeneration of electricity using solar photovoltaic (PV) systems is a sustainable form of renewable energy, however uptake in Ireland remains very low. The aim of this study is to assess the potential of the community-based roof top solar PV microgeneration system to supply electricity to the grid, and to explore a crowd funding mechanism for community ownership of microgeneration projects. A modelled microgeneration project was developed: the electricity load profiles of 68 residential units were estimated; a community-based roof top solar PV system was designed; an electricity network model, based on a real network supplying a town and its surrounding areas, was created; and power flow analysis on the electrical network for system peak and minimum loads was carried out. The embodied energy, energy payback time, GHG payback time, carbon credits and financial cost relating to the proposed solar PV system were calculated. Different crowdfunding models were assessed. Results show the deployment of community solar PV system projects have significant potential to reduce the peak demand, smooth the load profile, assist in the voltage regulation and reduce electrical losses and deliver cost savings to distribution system operator and the consumer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics Applications in Renewable Energy Systems)

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15 pages, 9903 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reduction of DC Current Ripples by Virtual Space Vector Modulation for Three-Phase AC–DC Matrix Converters

by Hoang-Long Dang, Eun-Su Jun and Sangshin Kwak

Energies 2019, 12(22), 4319; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12224319 - 13 Nov 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2458

Abstract

In this paper, the virtual space vector modulation for the AC–DC (alternating current–direct current) matrix converters is proposed to reduce the DC current ripples in the whole modulation index range. In the proposed method, each virtual vector is synthesized by the two nearest [...] Read more.

In this paper, the virtual space vector modulation for the AC–DC (alternating current–direct current) matrix converters is proposed to reduce the DC current ripples in the whole modulation index range. In the proposed method, each virtual vector is synthesized by the two nearest original active vectors. To synthesize the current reference vector, two virtual vectors and one zero vector are used in every switching period. The main principle of the proposed method is to reduce the dwelling period of the largest active current vector in each sector. In addition, the optimized switching patterns are proposed to further reduce the DC current ripples at both high- and low-power operation. Finally, simulation and experimental results are illustrated to validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics Applications in Renewable Energy Systems)

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16 pages, 5034 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Hybrid Converter Proposed for Multi-MW Wind Generator for Offshore Applications

by Muhammad Luqman, Gang Yao, Lidan Zhou, Tao Zhang and Anil Lamichhane

Energies 2019, 12(21), 4167; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12214167 - 01 Nov 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2485

Abstract

Modern multi-MW wind generators have used multi-level converter structures as well as parallel configuration of a back to back three-level neutral point clamped (3L-NPC) converters to reduce the voltage and current stress on the semiconductor devices. These configurations of converters for offshore wind [...] Read more.

Modern multi-MW wind generators have used multi-level converter structures as well as parallel configuration of a back to back three-level neutral point clamped (3L-NPC) converters to reduce the voltage and current stress on the semiconductor devices. These configurations of converters for offshore wind energy conversion applications results in high cost, low power density, and complex control circuitry. Moreover, a large number of power devices being used by former topologies results in an expensive and inefficient system. In this paper, a novel bi-directional three-phase hybrid converter that is based on a parallel combination of 3L-NPC and ‘n’ number of Vienna rectifiers have been proposed for multi-MW offshore wind generator applications. In this novel configuration, total power equally distributes by sharing of total reference current in each parallel-connected generator side power converter, which ensures the lower current stress on the semiconductor devices. Newly proposed topology has less number of power devices compared to the conventional configuration of parallel 3L-NPC converters, which results in cost-effective, compact in size, simple control circuitry, and good performance of the system. Three-phase electric grid is considered as a generator source for implementation of a proposed converter. The control scheme for a directly connected three-phase source with a novel configuration of a hybrid converter has been applied to ratify the equal power distribution in each parallel-connected module with good power factor and low current distortion. A parallel combination of a 3L-NPC and 3L-Vienna rectifier with a three-phase electric grid source has been simulated while using MATLAB and then implemented it on hardware. The simulation and experimental results ratify the performance and effectiveness of the proposed system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics Applications in Renewable Energy Systems)

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19 pages, 13942 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Modified DSC-Based Grid Synchronization Method for a High Renewable Penetrated Power System Under Distorted Voltage Conditions

by Tie Li, Yunlu Li, Junyou Yang, Weichun Ge and Bo Hu

Energies 2019, 12(21), 4040; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12214040 - 23 Oct 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2108

Abstract

With the increasing penetration of renewable energy, a weak grid with declining inertia and distorted voltage conditions becomes a significant problem for wind and solar energy integration. Grid frequency is prone to deviate from its nominal value. Grid voltages become more easily polluted [...] Read more.

With the increasing penetration of renewable energy, a weak grid with declining inertia and distorted voltage conditions becomes a significant problem for wind and solar energy integration. Grid frequency is prone to deviate from its nominal value. Grid voltages become more easily polluted by unbalanced and harmonic components. Grid synchronization technique, as a significant method used in wind and solar energy grid-connected converters, can easily become ineffective. As probably the most widespread grid synchronization technique, phase-locked loop (PLL) is required to detect the grid frequency and phase rapidly and precisely even under such undesired conditions. While the amount of filtering techniques can remove disturbances, they also deteriorate the dynamic performance of PLL, which may not meet the standard requirements of grid codes. The objective of this paper is to propose an effective PLL to tackle this challenge. The proposed PLL is based on quasi-type-1 PLL (QT1-PLL), which provides a good filtering capability by using a moving average filter (MAF). To accelerate the transient behavior when disturbance occurs, a modified delay signal cancellation (DSC) operator is proposed and incorporated into the filtering stage of QT1-PLL. By using modified DSCs and MAFs in a cascaded way, the settling time of the proposed method is reduced to around one cycle of grid fundamental frequency without degrading any disturbance rejection capability. To verify the performance, several test cases, which usually happen in high renewable penetrated power systems, are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed PLL. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics Applications in Renewable Energy Systems)

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15 pages, 5678 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accuracy Improvement Method of Energy Storage Utilization with DC Voltage Estimation in Large-Scale Photovoltaic Power Plants

by Yeuntae Yoo, Gilsoo Jang, Jeong-Hwan Kim, Iseul Nam, Minhan Yoon and Seungmin Jung

Energies 2019, 12(20), 3907; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12203907 - 15 Oct 2019

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2161

Abstract

In regard to electric devices, currently designed large-scale distributed generation systems require a precise prediction strategy based on the composition of internal component owing to an environmental fluctuating condition and forecasted power variation. A number of renewable resources, such as solar or marine [...] Read more.

In regard to electric devices, currently designed large-scale distributed generation systems require a precise prediction strategy based on the composition of internal component owing to an environmental fluctuating condition and forecasted power variation. A number of renewable resources, such as solar or marine based energies, are made up of a low voltage direct current (DC) network. In addition to actively considering a power compensation plan, these generation systems have negative effects, which can be induced to a connected power system. When a storage is connected to a DC-based generation system on an inner network along with other generators, a precise state analysis plan should back the utilization process. This paper presents a cooperative operating condition, consisting of the shared DC section, which includes photovoltaic (PVs) and energy storage devices. An active storage management plan with voltage-expectation is introduced and compared via a commercialized electro-magnetic transient simulation tool with designed environmental conditions. Owing to their complexity, the case studies were sequentially advanced by dividing state analysis verification and storage device operation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics Applications in Renewable Energy Systems)

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18 pages, 10999 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Deadbeat FC-MPC Based on the Discrete Space Vector Modulation Method with Efficient Computation for a Grid-Connected Three-Level Inverter System

by Ibrahim Mohd Alsofyani and Kyo-Beum Lee

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3111; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163111 - 13 Aug 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3037

Abstract

The utilization of three-level T-type (3L T-type) inverters in finite set-model predictive control (FS-MPC) of grid-connected systems yielded good performance in terms of current ripples and total harmonic distortions. To further improve the system’s performance, discrete space vector modulation (DSVM) was utilized to [...] Read more.

The utilization of three-level T-type (3L T-type) inverters in finite set-model predictive control (FS-MPC) of grid-connected systems yielded good performance in terms of current ripples and total harmonic distortions. To further improve the system’s performance, discrete space vector modulation (DSVM) was utilized to synthesize a higher number of virtual voltage vectors. A deadbeat control (DBC) method was used to alleviate the computational burden and provide the optimum voltage vector selection. However, 3L inverters are known to suffer from voltage deviation, owing to the imbalance of the neutral-point voltage. We have proposed a simplified control strategy for balancing the neutral point in the FS-MPC with DSVM and DBC of grid-connected systems, not requiring a weighting factor or additional cost function calculation. The effectiveness of the proposed method was validated using simulation and experiment results. Our experimental results show that the execution time of the proposed algorithm was significantly reduced, while its current quality performance was not affected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics Applications in Renewable Energy Systems)

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15 pages, 4538 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Design of Multistage Radial Turbines Based on Rotor Loss Characteristics under Variable Operating Conditions

by Zheming Tong, Zhewu Cheng and Shuiguang Tong

Energies 2019, 12(13), 2550; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12132550 - 02 Jul 2019

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4091

Abstract

The loading-to-flow diagram is a widely used classical method for the preliminary design of radial turbines. This study improves this method to optimize the design of radial turbines in the early design phase under variable operating conditions. The guide vane outlet flow angle [...] Read more.

The loading-to-flow diagram is a widely used classical method for the preliminary design of radial turbines. This study improves this method to optimize the design of radial turbines in the early design phase under variable operating conditions. The guide vane outlet flow angle is a key factor affecting the off-design performance of the radial turbine. To optimize the off-design performance of radial turbines in the early design phase, we propose a hypothesis that uses the ratio of the mean velocity of the fluid relative to the rotor passage with respect to the circumferential velocity of the rotor as an indicator to indirectly and qualitatively estimate the rotor loss, as it plays a key role in the off-design efficiency. Theoretical analysis of rotor loss characteristics under different types of variable operating conditions shows that a smaller design value of guide vane outlet flow angle results in a better off-design performance in the case of a reduced mass flow. In contrast, radial turbines with a larger design value of guide vane outlet flow angle can obtain a better off-design performance with increased mass flow. The above findings were validated with a mean-line model method. Furthermore, this study discusses the optimization of the design value of guide vane outlet flow angle based on the matching of rotor loss characteristics with specified variable operating conditions. It provides important guidance for the design optimization of multistage radial turbines with variable operating conditions in compressed air energy storage (CAES) systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics Applications in Renewable Energy Systems)

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21 pages, 6784 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Control Strategy of Modular Multilevel Converter with Integrated Battery Energy Storage System Based on Battery Side Capacitor Voltage Control

by Zhe Wang, Hua Lin and Yajun Ma

Energies 2019, 12(11), 2151; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12112151 - 05 Jun 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3947

Abstract

A modular multilevel converter with an integrated battery energy storage system (MMC-BESS) has been proposed for high-voltage applications for large-scale renewable energy resources. As capacitor voltage balance is key to the normal operation of the system, the conventional control strategy for the MMC [...] Read more.

A modular multilevel converter with an integrated battery energy storage system (MMC-BESS) has been proposed for high-voltage applications for large-scale renewable energy resources. As capacitor voltage balance is key to the normal operation of the system, the conventional control strategy for the MMC can be significantly simplified by controlling the individual capacitor voltage through a battery side converter in the MMC-BESS. However, the control strategy of the MMC-BESS under rectifier mode operation has not yet been addressed, where the conventional control strategy cannot be directly employed due to the additional power flow of batteries. For this defect, the rectifier mode operation of the MMC-BESS based on a battery side capacitor voltage control was analyzed in this paper, proposing a control strategy for this application scenario according to the equivalent circuit of MMC-BESS, avoiding passive impact on the state-of-charge (SOC) equalization of batteries. Furthermore, the implementation of a battery side converter control is proposed by simplifying the capacitor voltage filter scheme within phase arm, which enhances its performance and facilitates the realization of control strategy. Finally, simulation and experimental results validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics Applications in Renewable Energy Systems)

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18 pages, 858 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Floquet Multiplier Estimator to Determine Nonlinear Oscillatory Behavior in Power System Data Measurement

by Namki Choi, Hwanhee Cho and Byongjun Lee

Energies 2019, 12(10), 1824; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12101824 - 14 May 2019

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2807

Abstract

Measurement-based technology has been developed in the area of power transmission systems with phasor measurement units (PMU). Using high-resolution PMU data, the oscillatory behavior of power systems from general electromagnetic oscillations to sub-synchronous resonances can be observed. Studying oscillations in power systems is [...] Read more.

Measurement-based technology has been developed in the area of power transmission systems with phasor measurement units (PMU). Using high-resolution PMU data, the oscillatory behavior of power systems from general electromagnetic oscillations to sub-synchronous resonances can be observed. Studying oscillations in power systems is important to obtain information about the orbital stability of the system. Floquet multipliers calculation is based on a mathematical model to determine the orbital stability of a system with the existence of stable or unstable periodic solutions. In this paper, we have developed a model-free method to estimate Floquet multipliers using time series data. A comparative study between calculated and estimated Floquet multipliers has been performed to validate the proposed method. The results are provided for a sample three-bus power system network and the system integrated with a doubly fed induction generator. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics Applications in Renewable Energy Systems)

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16 pages, 8007 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coordinated Frequency and State-of-Charge Control with Multi-Battery Energy Storage Systems and Diesel Generators in an Isolated Microgrid

by Jae-Won Chang, Gyu-Sub Lee, Hyeon-Jin Moon, Mark B. Glick and Seung-Il Moon

Energies 2019, 12(9), 1614; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12091614 - 28 Apr 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3679

Abstract

Recently, isolated microgrids have been operated using renewable energy sources (RESs), diesel generators, and battery energy storage systems (BESSs) for an economical and reliable power supply to loads. The concept of the complementary control, in which power imbalances are managed by diesel generators [...] Read more.

Recently, isolated microgrids have been operated using renewable energy sources (RESs), diesel generators, and battery energy storage systems (BESSs) for an economical and reliable power supply to loads. The concept of the complementary control, in which power imbalances are managed by diesel generators in the long time scale and BESSs in the short time scale, is widely adopted in isolated microgrids for efficient and stable operation. This paper proposes a new complementary control strategy for regulating the frequency and state of charge (SOC) when the system has multiple diesel generators and BESSs. In contrast to conventional complementary control, the proposed control strategy enables the parallel operation of diesel generators and BESSs, as well as SOC management. Furthermore, diesel generators regulate the equivalent SOC of BESSs with hierarchical control. Additionally, BESSs regulate the frequency of the system with hierarchical control and manage their individual SOCs. We conducted a case study by using Simulink/MATLAB to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy in comparison with conventional complementary control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics Applications in Renewable Energy Systems)

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