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8 pages, 218 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Coal Mining Sustainable Development: Economics and Technological Outlook

by Sergey Zhironkin and Michal Cehlár

Energies 2021, 14(16), 5029; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14165029 - 16 Aug 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1928

Abstract

The modern paradigm of sustainable development is based on concepts and theories in which the needs of individuals and society, the limits of economic growth and the balance of industrial and natural systems are close to consistency [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coal Mining Sustainable Development)

Research

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10 pages, 3310 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Specific Energy Consumption of a Belt Conveyor System in a Continuous Surface Mine

by Witold Kawalec, Natalia Suchorab, Martyna Konieczna-Fuławka and Robert Król

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5214; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195214 - 07 Oct 2020

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 5211

Abstract

Belt conveyor (BC) transportation systems are considered to be the most effective for handling large volumes of bulk material. With regards to the rules of sustainable development, the improvement of belt conveyor technology is, in many cases, focused on environmental issues, which include [...] Read more.

Belt conveyor (BC) transportation systems are considered to be the most effective for handling large volumes of bulk material. With regards to the rules of sustainable development, the improvement of belt conveyor technology is, in many cases, focused on environmental issues, which include the idea of energy usage optimization. The key issue in an energy-efficient transportation system is reducing the value of specific energy consumption (SEC) by increasing conveyor capacity whilst decreasing belt conveyor motion resistance. The main idea of this paper is to conduct an analysis of the modernization of existing belt conveyor transportation systems operated in open-pit lignite mines, in order to achieve relatively small electric energy consumption for a considered transportation task. The first part of the paper investigates the relationship between a conveyor’s SEC and material flow rate for various conveyor design parameters. Then, based on multi-parameter simulations, an analysis of electric energy consumption for a belt conveyor transportation system is carried out. Finally, an energy-saving, environmentally friendly solution is presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coal Mining Sustainable Development)

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34 pages, 19403 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modelling of Hard Coal Beneficiation Process Utilising Negative Pressure Pneumatic Separator

by Kamil Stańczyk

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5174; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195174 - 05 Oct 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2449

Abstract

The dry separation methods for coal beneficiation have been regaining attention in the past decades. A number of improved or newly designed devices have been developed—one of them is a negative pressure pneumatic separator (NPPS). The said method of separation is based on [...] Read more.

The dry separation methods for coal beneficiation have been regaining attention in the past decades. A number of improved or newly designed devices have been developed—one of them is a negative pressure pneumatic separator (NPPS). The said method of separation is based on the differences in the physical properties between coal and gangue minerals, such as the grain density, size, and shape. The aim of the hereby presented work was to develop working models describing the operation of the NPPS. To validate the models, the calculation results were compared with experimental results of the tests carried out in the previous study on the topic. Based on the findings it can be inferred that the models accurately predict the separation results, i.e., the majority of results are within the range of estimated measurement uncertainties. Consequently, the models allow one to optimise the process to obtain the products with desirable properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coal Mining Sustainable Development)

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23 pages, 1242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing a Decision-Making Framework to Address Environmental Impacts of the South African Coalmining Industry

by Mashudu David Mbedzi, Huibrecht Margaretha van der Poll and John Andrew van der Poll

Energies 2020, 13(18), 4897; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184897 - 18 Sep 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3416

Abstract

The South African coalmining industry has a rich and long history and contributes significantly to the economic wellbeing of the country. Despite its importance in developing the economy, the industry is causing severe environmental challenges. For example, Emalahleni, a city situated in the [...] Read more.

The South African coalmining industry has a rich and long history and contributes significantly to the economic wellbeing of the country. Despite its importance in developing the economy, the industry is causing severe environmental challenges. For example, Emalahleni, a city situated in the Mpumalanga Province in South Africa, has been exposed for over a century to the continuous mining of coal. Challenges experienced include the sterilisation of land due to underground fires, water pollution, surface collapse, and acidification of topsoil. Previous work by the researchers formulated a conceptual framework aimed at addressing some of these challenges. In an extension of this work, the authors comprehensively enhance the preliminary framework on the strength of a set of qualitative propositions coupled with a parallel, exploratory survey. Interviews among various stakeholders were conducted, aimed at enhancing the components of the framework, followed by a focus group to validate the associations among the components of the framework. Aspects reinforced by the survey findings include the role of environmental management accounting, tools like material-flow cost accounting and life-cycle costing, and regulatory and accountability aspects. New aspects elicited from the interviews and the focus group include stakeholder education and training with respect to the value of environmental management accounting for the coalmining industry; adherence to risk management linked to environmental challenges; advanced technologies, for example, financial modelling; and an improved understanding of waste management aspects around acid mine drainage, volatile organic components, CO₂ emissions, and post-mine closure. The novelty of the work lies in the approach taken to address coalmining challenges. Previous authors concentrated mostly on scientific and engineering aspects, while this research looks at it from an accounting perspective using environmental management accounting tools to address these challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coal Mining Sustainable Development)

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12 pages, 3969 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on the Mechanical Properties of Rock Fracture after Grouting Reinforcement

by Bin Liu, Haomin Sang, Zhiqiang Wang and Yongshui Kang

Energies 2020, 13(18), 4814; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184814 - 15 Sep 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2133

Abstract

Grouting reinforcement plays an important role in repairing fractures and improving the strength of the surrounding rock. To address practical engineering challenges such as caving and chip off-falling of surrounding rock in deep roadways, normal splitting was adopted to prefabricate fractures on rock [...] Read more.

Grouting reinforcement plays an important role in repairing fractures and improving the strength of the surrounding rock. To address practical engineering challenges such as caving and chip off-falling of surrounding rock in deep roadways, normal splitting was adopted to prefabricate fractures on rock samples gathered from underground coal mines. This was done to better match the rock fracture specimen with actual conditions. Based on the elementary unit of a fracture surface, systematic experiments were conducted on the tensile properties of rock fractures after grouting reinforcement, and the shear properties were studied after considering the presence of gas. As per the results, the tensile strength of rock fractures increased with the increase in viscosity of grout, but the overall tensile strength was relatively low. The overall tensile effect of surrounding rock was improved less by grouting approach. When the presence of fracture gas in grouting was considered, the peak shear strength of fractures after grouting was 8.34–29.9% less than that without considering the fracture gas. The cemented pore surface produced by unsaturated cementation in the grouting reinforcement was the main cause of reduction in cohesion and frictional angle of rock fractures. The conclusions of this study have great significance for guiding engineering grouting and evaluating the grouting effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coal Mining Sustainable Development)

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22 pages, 8479 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Method of Combating Coal Spontaneous Combustion Hazard in Goafs—A Case Study

by Dawid Szurgacz, Magdalena Tutak, Jarosław Brodny, Leszek Sobik and Olga Zhironkina

Energies 2020, 13(17), 4538; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13174538 - 02 Sep 2020

Cited by 65 | Viewed by 3723

Abstract

One of the major natural hazards occurring during the process of mining exploitation are endogenous fires. They cause very large material losses and constitute a threat to the health and life of the workers. Such fires usually start and develop in the goafs. [...] Read more.

One of the major natural hazards occurring during the process of mining exploitation are endogenous fires. They cause very large material losses and constitute a threat to the health and life of the workers. Such fires usually start and develop in the goafs. The remaining coal and the oxygen-containing air flowing at a certain rate may lead to endogenous fires. The basic element of the assessment of the occurrence of an endogenous fire and the degree of its development is the chemical composition of the air flowing out of the longwall and the goafs. The monitoring of this composition also makes it possible to assess the severity of such a fire. The damage that can be caused by the endogenous fire requires scientific and experimental research being carried out on a wide scale in order to limit its occurrence and development. All papers and research mentioned in the paper aim to find a tool that will help to control the fires. The paper discusses the development of a new and original method of combating the threat of endogenous fires. It is based on the installation designed to feed an ash and water mixture or an ash and water mixture with carbon dioxide to goafs. The foundation of the paper is a method based on a vast depth of expertise and knowledge gained by the authors in the field of combating endogenous fires. The developed installation prepares and transports ash and water mixtures together with carbon dioxide to the zones with high probability of endogenous fires. The mixture is a preparation of the surface of a mine, and later, it is transported underground by pipelines to the goafs where a high level of the fire hazard was identified. The construction of the system and the composition of the mixture used are both original solutions; their practical application limited the process of spontaneous heating of coal. Monitoring the chemical composition of gases in the air of the goafs made it possible to control the effects of applied measures; it proved that carbon dioxide used as an inert gas disturbs the process of carbon oxidation, and the water and ash mixture limits the inflow of the air with oxygen. The advantage of the method is particularly evident in the case of the exploitation of deposits where coal has a short incubation time. This original approach allows for a better and more effective response to endogenous fires. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coal Mining Sustainable Development)

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21 pages, 3685 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Possibilities of Uranium Deposit Kuriskova Mining and Its Influence on the Energy Potential of Slovakia from Own Resources

by Marian Sofranko, Samer Khouri, Olga Vegsoova, Peter Kacmary, Tawfik Mudarri, Martin Koncek, Maxim Tyulenev and Zuzana Simkova

Energies 2020, 13(16), 4209; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13164209 - 14 Aug 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3506

Abstract

Uranium is one of the strategic minerals used mainly in energetics. The main purpose of uranium mining is to achieve maximum production to meet the rapidly growing demand for energies. It needs to become aware that technological progress in mining processes could significantly [...] Read more.

Uranium is one of the strategic minerals used mainly in energetics. The main purpose of uranium mining is to achieve maximum production to meet the rapidly growing demand for energies. It needs to become aware that technological progress in mining processes could significantly reduce the negative impacts associated with environmental, economic, and social risks. Uranium mining is one of the most controversial topics. It is dealt with by many experts and scientists around the world. Various methods and technologies of uranium mining are encountered in professional journals, as well as political or socio-economic decisions based on the impact and importance of the energy potential of uranium deposits, or the environmental impacts of uranium mining. The deposit of Kuriskova is one of the most perspective deposits not only in Slovakia but also in the world. The deposit is located near the town of Kosice (with near 240,000 inhabitants) and near the recreational area of Jahodna in the east of the Slovak Republic. The analysis and determination of the energy potential of the deposit of Kuriskova shows that uranium reserves from this deposit would be able to fully cover the needs for nuclear power plants for the production of nuclear fuel, in the Slovak Republic, even in the longer term. With the above-mentioned energy potential of the deposit of Kuriskova at the level of 600 TWh, nuclear power plants in the Slovak Republic are able to be supplied with raw materials from the deposit of Kuriskova for about 40 years with the current amount of electricity produced (approx. 15 TWh). Therefore, for the purposes of this research, a proposal for the extraction of uranium reserves at the deposit of Kuriskova was made. Based on it, it is possible to determine the amount of recoverable uranium reserves from the deposit. A methodology has been determined with mining this proposal, which takes into account the basic criteria of uranium deposit mining, which was used for the selection of a suitable mining technology for the uranium deposit of Kuriskova. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coal Mining Sustainable Development)

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25 pages, 7673 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of High Energy Mining-Induced Seismic Shocks from Different Mining Activity Regions on a Multiple-Support Road Viaduct

by Paweł Boroń, Joanna Maria Dulińska and Dorota Jasińska

Energies 2020, 13(16), 4045; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13164045 - 05 Aug 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2182

Abstract

In this paper, the dynamic responses of a large-scale multiple-support road viaduct to mining-induced seismic events registered in two regions of mining activity were compared. The regions differ in geological structure, which results in discrepancies in the dominant frequency content. Spatial variation of [...] Read more.

In this paper, the dynamic responses of a large-scale multiple-support road viaduct to mining-induced seismic events registered in two regions of mining activity were compared. The regions differ in geological structure, which results in discrepancies in the dominant frequency content. Spatial variation of ground motion causing the kinematic excitation non-uniformity was accounted for in the dynamic analyses of this large-scale structure. Non-uniform mining-induced kinematic excitation models were proposed, with respect to the specificity of mining origin quakes. The dynamic performance of the viaduct was determined using three different methods of calculation: the time history analysis, the response spectrum analysis, and the multiple support response spectrum analysis. Both the uniform and non-uniform kinematic excitation models were adopted for the dynamic performance assessment. The research revealed that the dynamic response of some members of the structure, determined using the non-uniform excitation model, was significantly greater than that obtained for the uniform one. Hence, in the dynamic analysis of multiple-support structures under mining-induced events, the effect of spatial variation of ground motion should be considered. The study pointed out that the commonly used response spectrum analysis may lead to the underestimation of the dynamic response of large-scale multiple-support structures. Instead, the multiple support response spectrum method, which takes into account the non-uniformity of ground motion, is recommended as a conservative approximation. This method provides a safe upper estimation of the full-dynamic analysis results of large-scale structures under mining-induced tremors. Finally, the research indicated that the dynamic performance of a structure strongly depends on the frequency range attributed to a specific mining region. The dynamic performance of identical engineering structures under tremors of similar maximal amplitudes may differ significantly due to discrepancies in frequency contents of shocks occurring in various mining regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coal Mining Sustainable Development)

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20 pages, 25798 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Combined Ice Storage (PCM) Heating System Installation with Special Kind of Solar Absorber in an Older House

by Peter Sivák, Peter Tauš, Radim Rybár, Martin Beer, Zuzana Šimková, František Baník, Sergey Zhironkin and Jana Čitbajová

Energies 2020, 13(15), 3878; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13153878 - 29 Jul 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2882

Abstract

The energy storage field is nowadays a highly ranking topic. This research deals with the installation and analysis of the ice storage system which combines heat pump, solar absorber, and ice storage tank (phase change material—PCM). This system uses a special kind of [...] Read more.

The energy storage field is nowadays a highly ranking topic. This research deals with the installation and analysis of the ice storage system which combines heat pump, solar absorber, and ice storage tank (phase change material—PCM). This system uses a special kind of solar absorber – header pipes (HDP), which have no thermal isolation compared to the common solar absorber. Thanks to that the HDP, pipes can absorb thermal energy not only from the sun but also from the environment. The rain or snow also affects heat exchange. All that is provided by one technical device. The system can store thermal energy gained from the solar absorber into the ice storage tank for future usage. Research works with data from the real operation, for a period of the year covering all working phases/modes of the system. The analysis of the data led to the identification of several specific modes of the system, especially from the processes taking place in the PCM storage tank during its charging and discharging at various time stages of operation of the whole system. The installation and analysis of the ice storage system probably took place for the first time in Slovakia and Slovak Republic’s conditions. Besides, this system was not installed on a new low-energy house, but on an older family house with thermal insulation. The aim of this installation was also to demonstrate the usability of the ice storage system in an older house and potentially reduce the homeowner’s fees thanks to new technology with higher efficiency. We managed to comprehensively analyze and describe the operation of this system, which also appears to be highly efficient even in a family house with a lower energy certificate, than today’s new low-energy buildings. The results showed a significant efficiency difference in favor of the ice storage system compared to conventional heating systems. The total analysis time was 1616 h and the total efficiency of this heating system—the seasonal coefficient of performance (SCOP) was 4.4. Compared to the average SCOP 3.0 of conventional heating systems for new low-energy houses, the total efficiency increased by 46.6%. These results could therefore be considered as beneficial, especially if we take into account that this system was installed on an approximately 40-year-old family house. The analyzed ice storage system is still working today. The main goals of this paper were to describe the heat pump’s duty cycle with ice storage (PCM) based on real-life data and bring a detailed description of the heat transfer medium behavior at various phases of storing/utilizing heat in the vertical ice storage’s profile for increasing efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coal Mining Sustainable Development)

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11 pages, 1923 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Economical Method of Determining the Geometric Characteristic of the Metal Foam Based on Image Analysis

by Martin Beer, Marcela Taušová, Radim Rybár and Michal Kaľavský

Energies 2020, 13(13), 3378; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133378 - 01 Jul 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1938

Abstract

The presented paper deals with the metal foams, which have a wide application potential ranging from power engineering, through catalysts to impact energy absorbers. The main aim of the paper is to propose an economical non-destructive method of determining the basic characteristics and [...] Read more.

The presented paper deals with the metal foams, which have a wide application potential ranging from power engineering, through catalysts to impact energy absorbers. The main aim of the paper is to propose an economical non-destructive method of determining the basic characteristics and dimensions using affordable devices. The basic principle of the proposed method lies in the image capture of metal foam and their subsequent analysis in image analysis software. An important element of the work is a comparison of results obtained by the proposed method with results obtained by high-resolution X-ray microtomography. The proposed method was evaluated in terms of measurement uncertainty and propagation of error in overall results. The use of the method is limited to the metal foams, characterized by an ordered structure, which are produced mainly by the electrophoretic deposition process. Based on the descriptive statistical analysis of results, it is possible to state, that the proposed method is in great agreement with accurate, but more expensive high-resolution X-ray microtomography. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coal Mining Sustainable Development)

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22 pages, 5800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Parameters of Transition from Deepening Longitudinal to Continuous Lateral Surface Mining Methods to Decrease Environmental Damage in Coal Clusters

by Sergey Zhironkin, Alexey Selyukov and Magerram Gasanov

Energies 2020, 13(13), 3305; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133305 - 28 Jun 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 1823

Abstract

The present paper deals with an original way to reduce the environmental damage caused to land and air resources by surface coal mines with external dumping, due to the transition to internal dumping with filling the worked out space of the surface mine [...] Read more.

The present paper deals with an original way to reduce the environmental damage caused to land and air resources by surface coal mines with external dumping, due to the transition to internal dumping with filling the worked out space of the surface mine with overburden. The basic principle of the proposed idea is the transition from the deepening longitudinal mining method for the development of inclined and steep coal seam strata to lateral ones. This article substantiates the choice of technology for a block-and-layer continuous lateral mining method, including the construction of a first-stage pit, the use of a combined transport and direct dumping technology for moving overburden to an internal dump when mining blocks using draglines. The advantage of the presented technology, along with filling the internal capacity of the surface mine field with overburden, is the possibility of leveling the relief within the boundaries of the pit allotment and the implementation of reclamation as the mining front moves forward, without waiting for the dump to be completely filled in the boundary contours. Attention is also paid to the economic benefits of block-layer technology and the continuous lateral mining method, in the transition to which the overburden transporting costs can be significantly reduced, while the limitations of the proposed method’s implementation concern specific coal deposits that make up a small part of the fields being developed today by surface mining. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coal Mining Sustainable Development)

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12 pages, 3428 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Numerical Study of the Novel Manifold Header for the Evacuated Tube Solar Collector

by Martin Beer, Radim Rybár, Michal Cehlár, Sergey Zhironkin and Peter Sivák

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2450; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102450 - 13 May 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2662

Abstract

The presented paper dealt with the concept of an innovative manifold header for evacuated tube solar collectors. The proposed concept eliminates the drawbacks of conventional manifold headers, especially the serial connection of heat pipes that operate under uneven conditions. The advantage of the [...] Read more.

The presented paper dealt with the concept of an innovative manifold header for evacuated tube solar collectors. The proposed concept eliminates the drawbacks of conventional manifold headers, especially the serial connection of heat pipes that operate under uneven conditions. The advantage of the proposed design of the manifold header is also an increase in the heat exchange surface and the possibility of conducting the heat transfer media flow in a parallel flow arrangement, which increases the overall efficiency. The concept of the manifold header was evaluated on five variations of design with the use of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. The results of the CFD analysis confirmed the functionality of the concept and also enabled the selection of the most suitable design elements, which were incorporated into the final design of a manifold header in the pre-prototype phase of manufacturing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coal Mining Sustainable Development)

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21 pages, 11903 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigations of Damage Characteristics in Rock Material Subjected to the Joint Effect of Cyclic Loading and Impact

by Yanlong Chen, Haoshuai Wu, Hai Pu, Kai Zhang, Feng Ju, Yu Wu and Jiangfeng Liu

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2154; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092154 - 01 May 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2320

Abstract

Investigation of the damage characteristics of rock material under the combined effect of cyclic load and impact load is extremely crucial for many mining engineering applications. Based on energy dissipation theory, we considered factors such as circulation times, the cyclic stress of a [...] Read more.

Investigation of the damage characteristics of rock material under the combined effect of cyclic load and impact load is extremely crucial for many mining engineering applications. Based on energy dissipation theory, we considered factors such as circulation times, the cyclic stress of a uniaxial cyclic load test, and the impact pressure (strain rate) of a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test, studying the damage mechanism of red sandstone under the combined action of a uniaxial cyclic and impact loads. We found that when the load stress is 60%, 70%, and 80% of the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of red sandstone, the stress can still promote the development of microcracks and the generation of new cracks in the rock, increasing the inner damage of the rock so that it reduces the rock strength. As the cyclic time increases, the energy dissipation ratio presented a trend of decreasing dramatically and then maintaining basically no change, and the peak strain and the damage variable of the rock both increased first and then tended to remain relatively constant. The damage variable of the rock specimen under the combined action of the uniaxial cyclic loading and impact load had a significant corresponding relationship with the initial damage. As the rock specimen initial damage increases, the damage variable and the peak stress of the rock specimen both decreases almost linearly with initial damage. Meanwhile, the average particle diameter of the rock specimen after breakage gradually increased, showing a positively correlated tendency. The ratio between the fragment quality of the bigger particle diameter in the total rock specimen quality gradually increased. Under the conditions of the same initial damage, a higher impact pressure resulted in smaller rock fragment average particle diameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coal Mining Sustainable Development)

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17 pages, 4901 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Performance Simulation and Stable Current Collection Analysis of a Pantograph Catenary System for Trolley Wire Overhead Electrically Actuated LHD

by Yinping Li, Tianxu Jin, Li Liu and Kun Yuan

Energies 2020, 13(5), 1015; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13051015 - 25 Feb 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3317

Abstract

The pantograph catenary system plays an important role in the power performance of electric mining vehicles. A pantograph catenary system combining both a pantograph and a catenary is one of the most promising solutions. As a case study, this paper discusses the dynamic [...] Read more.

The pantograph catenary system plays an important role in the power performance of electric mining vehicles. A pantograph catenary system combining both a pantograph and a catenary is one of the most promising solutions. As a case study, this paper discusses the dynamic performance and the stable current collection of a pantograph catenary system for a 14 ton underground overhead wire electrical actuated load, haul, dump machine (LHD). First, based on the optimized finite element simulation process, finite element models of the pantograph system and the catenary system are established. Second, the motion equation of the catenary is improved, and the finite element model of the pantograph catenary system is established. Finally, a dynamic simulation experiment is performed to determine the dynamic performance of the pantograph catenary system. The results show that when the radius of the contact wire is set to 0.00564 m and the tension of contact wire is set to 30 KN, the current collection indexes of the pantograph catenary system meet the requirements of stable current collection and are superior to the simulation results of related references. Therefore, the validity of the finite element model is verified; thus, the pantograph catenary system can stably charge and supply energy for the trolley wire overhead electrically actuated LHD and ensure sufficient power. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coal Mining Sustainable Development)

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