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Design and Implementation of New Control Schemes for Renewable Energy...
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Design and Implementation of New Control Schemes for Renewable Energy Systems

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F: Electrical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 November 2021) | Viewed by 13881

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Mohsin Jamil

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (EN-3031), Faculty of Engineering & Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada
Interests: power electronic converters for smart grids; power and energy; instrumentation, controls and automation; mechatronics and intelligent systems; robotics; signal processing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The high penetration of distributed generators based upon renewable energy sources and new loads such as electric vehicles pose several challenges of stability and power quality to the power grid system. Furthermore, current power systems suffer from several limitations, such as the high cost of expansion and a high voltage alternating current (HVAC) transmission system. In contrast, renewable energy source based microgrids and high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems can help significantly in the electrical power system by improving stability, reliability, and transmission capacity. The grid can be strengthened by reinforcing the renewable energy source control using efficient power-electronic converters. The performance of the power-electronic converter system depends mainly upon the quality of the applied control technique. Different feedback control techniques are employed to achieve satisfactory performance in terms of disturbance rejection and steady-state error requirements for these converters. However, these control techniques are known for being sensitive to variations in system parameters and disturbance frequency, which in practice renders them either ineffective or unstable. This Special Issue aims at encouraging researchers to address these critical issues and other challenges related to the control of renewable energy systems and future smart grids.

Papers covering new topologies, control strategies, and analysis of existing and new emerging applications of grid integration of renewable energy systems are strongly welcomed. Contributions dealing with advancements made in the other areas of smart grids are also of interest.

Prof. Dr. Mohsin Jamil
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Control of power electronic converters
  • Renewable energy systems
  • Smart grids
  • Electronics and control systems
  • Electric vehicles
  • Virtual synchronous generator of renewable energy
  • Robust control
  • Intelligent control
  • Energy trading
  • Repetitive control
  • MPPT control
  • HVAC and HVDC systems

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 1205 KiB  
Article
Inverse Optimal Control Using Metaheuristics of Hydropower Plant Model via Forecasting Based on the Feature Engineering
by Marlene A. Perez-Villalpando, Kelly J. Gurubel Tun, Carlos A. Arellano-Muro and Fernando Fausto
Energies 2021, 14(21), 7356; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217356 - 05 Nov 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1420
Abstract
Optimal operation of hydropower plants (HP) is a crucial task for the control of several variables involved in the power generation process, including hydraulic level and power generation rate. In general, there are three main problems that an optimal operation approach must address: [...] Read more.
Optimal operation of hydropower plants (HP) is a crucial task for the control of several variables involved in the power generation process, including hydraulic level and power generation rate. In general, there are three main problems that an optimal operation approach must address: (i) maintaining a hydraulic head level which satisfies the energy demand at a given time, (ii) regulating operation to match with certain established conditions, even in the presence of system’s parametric variations, and (iii) managing external disturbances at the system’s input. To address these problems, in this paper we propose an approach for optimal hydraulic level tracking based on an Inverse Optimal Controller (IOC), devised with the purpose of regulating power generation rates on a specific HP infrastructure. The Closed–Loop System (CLS) has been simulated using data collected from the HP through a whole year of operation as a tracking reference. Furthermore, to combat parametric variations, an accumulative action is incorporated into the control scheme. In addition, a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) based on Feature Engineering (FE) techniques has been implemented to aid the system in the prediction and management of external perturbations. Besides, a landslide is simulated, causing the system’s response to show a deviation in reference tracking, which is corrected through the control action. Afterward, the RNN is including of the aforementioned system, where the trajectories tracking deviation is not perceptible, at the hand of, a better response with respect to use a single scheme. The results show the robustness of the proposed control scheme despite climatic variations and landslides in the reservoir operation process. This proposed combined scheme shows good performance in presence of parametric variations and external perturbations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Implementation of New Control Schemes for Renewable Energy Systems)
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12 pages, 4389 KiB  
Article
A Power Control Method for Hybrid Electrical Accommodation Systems
by Triet Nguyen-Van
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6681; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14206681 - 15 Oct 2021
Viewed by 1183
Abstract
This paper presents a power control method for a hybrid electrical system, which enhances a conventional main AC grid by adding a DC sub-grid in parallel. In this system, each prosumer connects to the sub-grid via a couple of half-bridge inverters of a [...] Read more.
This paper presents a power control method for a hybrid electrical system, which enhances a conventional main AC grid by adding a DC sub-grid in parallel. In this system, each prosumer connects to the sub-grid via a couple of half-bridge inverters of a device called a power router. All of the power routers connected to the sub-grid are controlled such that they maintain the voltage of the sub-grid equally, which is an essential feature of peer-to-peer power accommodation without synchronization. This paper proposes an adaptive hysteresis current-control technique for controlling sub-grid-connected inverters that maintains the voltage of the sub-grid while accommodating a given power. The proposed control method also balances currents between positive and negative lines of the sub-grid simultaneously. The proposed control method is implemented on a high-speed FPGA-based digital controller and is evaluated on three prototypes of the power router. The experimental results show that the proposed method yields fast and stable responses and enables the power router to accommodate power with a high accuracy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Implementation of New Control Schemes for Renewable Energy Systems)
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14 pages, 3071 KiB  
Article
Strategies to Increase the Transient Active Power of Photovoltaic Units during Low Voltage Ride Through
by Xiangwu Yan, Baixue Liang, Jiaoxin Jia, Waseem Aslam, Chenguang Wang, Shizheng Zhang and Hongbin Ma
Energies 2021, 14(17), 5236; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175236 - 24 Aug 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1723
Abstract
Due to a limitation in the magnitude of the three-phase output inverter currents, the output active power of the photovoltaic (PV) unit has been de-rated during low voltage ride through, which brings great instability risk to the power system. With the increase in [...] Read more.
Due to a limitation in the magnitude of the three-phase output inverter currents, the output active power of the photovoltaic (PV) unit has been de-rated during low voltage ride through, which brings great instability risk to the power system. With the increase in the penetration rate of new energy, the impact of the power shortage on the system transient stability increases. It is of great significance to analyze the impact of this transient power shortage on system stability. This article explores methods to improve the active power output capability of photovoltaic units during low-breakthrough periods. A transient simulation model of a grid-connected PV generator with low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) capability is presented, under the condition of meeting the overcurrent capacity of the PV inverter and the requirement of dynamic reactive power support supplied by the PV generator specified in the China grid codes (GB/T 19964-2012) during grid fault. An example system with high PV penetration is built. The change principle and influencing factors of PV transient active power output are analyzed. The simulation model is designed in PowerFactory/DIgSILENT, and several types of three-phase voltage sags are performed in simulation to assess the impact of the active current reference calculation method and the maximum inverter output current (Imax) limit value on the PV active power output. According to the three indexes, namely the maximum active power of PV unit during the fault, the power improvement gradient and the power surge after the fault is cleared. Simulation results showed that using the orthogonal decomposition method to calculate the active current reference can make full use of the current capacity of the converter. Setting Imax to 1.1 rated current of photovoltaic inverter (IN) can reduce the cost-effectiveness ratio of the transient active power output of the PV unit. Therefore, we aim to improve the unit’s transient active power output capacity and realize the optimal effect of improving the transient active power shortage of the system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Implementation of New Control Schemes for Renewable Energy Systems)
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25 pages, 9879 KiB  
Article
A Family of Transformerless Quadratic Boost High Gain DC-DC Converters
by Mohammad Zaid, Chang-Hua Lin, Shahrukh Khan, Javed Ahmad, Mohd Tariq, Arshad Mahmood, Adil Sarwar, Basem Alamri and Ahmad Alahmadi
Energies 2021, 14(14), 4372; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144372 - 20 Jul 2021
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 2411
Abstract
This paper presents three new and improved non-isolated topologies of quadratic boost converters (QBC). Reduced voltage stress across switching devices and high voltage gain with single switch operation are the main advantages of the proposed topologies. These topologies utilize voltage multiplier cells (VMC) [...] Read more.
This paper presents three new and improved non-isolated topologies of quadratic boost converters (QBC). Reduced voltage stress across switching devices and high voltage gain with single switch operation are the main advantages of the proposed topologies. These topologies utilize voltage multiplier cells (VMC) made of switched capacitors and switched inductors to increase the converter’s voltage gain. The analysis in continuous conduction mode is discussed in detail. The proposed converter’s voltage gain is higher than the conventional quadratic boost converter, and other recently introduced boost converters. The proposed topologies utilize only a single switch and have continuous input current and low voltage stress across switch, capacitors, and diodes, which leads to the selection of low voltage rating components. The converter’s non-ideal voltage gain is also determined by considering the parasitic capacitance and ON state resistances of switch and diodes. The efficiency analysis incorporating switching and conduction losses of the switching and passive elements is done using PLECS software (Plexim, Zurich, Switzerland). The hardware prototype of the proposed converters is developed and tested for verification. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Implementation of New Control Schemes for Renewable Energy Systems)
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26 pages, 13804 KiB  
Article
A Finite-Time Robust Distributed Cooperative Secondary Control Protocol for Droop-Based Islanded AC Microgrids
by Shafaat Ullah, Laiq Khan, Mohsin Jamil, Muhammad Jafar, Sidra Mumtaz and Saghir Ahmad
Energies 2021, 14(10), 2936; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14102936 - 19 May 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2004
Abstract
In this research work, a resilient finite-time consensus-based distributed secondary control protocol is presented for droop-based distributed generating (DG) units of an islanded AC microgrid (MG). Through a multi-agent control structure, the DG units of the microgrid adjust their active power outputs so [...] Read more.
In this research work, a resilient finite-time consensus-based distributed secondary control protocol is presented for droop-based distributed generating (DG) units of an islanded AC microgrid (MG). Through a multi-agent control structure, the DG units of the microgrid adjust their active power outputs so that they reach an agreed-upon value in a finite time. Concurrently, all the DG units are forced to operate with their frequencies regulated to the reference MG frequency in a finite time, despite time-varying load perturbations. Each DG unit is provided with a hierarchical control architecture, where the primary control is achieved using the droop control method, while the secondary control is established through the proposed distributed control protocol. The communication between DG units takes place over a sparse communication network. The proposed control protocol is robust to both small and sufficiently large communication latencies and it supports the plug-and-play feature of DG units. Different time-domain-based numerical simulations are carried out on a small as well as large microgrid testbenches in Matlab/Simulink and demonstrate the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed distributed control protocol. A comparative study is also presented with the existing distributed control protocol, and it is found that the proposed strategy is superior in its performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Implementation of New Control Schemes for Renewable Energy Systems)
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17 pages, 11070 KiB  
Article
Feedback-Linearization-Based Fuel-Cell Adaptive-Control Paradigm in a Microgrid Using a Wavelet-Entrenched NeuroFuzzy Framework
by Muhammad Awais, Laiq Khan, Saghir Ahmad and Mohsin Jamil
Energies 2021, 14(7), 1850; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14071850 - 26 Mar 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1724
Abstract
The article portrays an adaptive control paradigm for the swift response of a solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) in a grid-connected microgrid. The control scheme is based on an adaptive feedback-linearization-embedded fully recurrent NeuroFuzzy Laguerre wavelet control (FBL-FRNF-Lag-WC) framework. The nonlinear functions of feedback [...] Read more.
The article portrays an adaptive control paradigm for the swift response of a solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) in a grid-connected microgrid. The control scheme is based on an adaptive feedback-linearization-embedded fully recurrent NeuroFuzzy Laguerre wavelet control (FBL-FRNF-Lag-WC) framework. The nonlinear functions of feedback linearization (FBL) are estimated using a fully recurrent NeuroFuzzy Laguerre wavelet control (FRNF-Lag-WC) architecture with a recurrent Gaussian membership function in the antecedent part and a recurrent Laguerre wavelet in the consequent part, respectively. The performance of the proposed control scheme is validated for various stability, quality, and reliability factors obtained through a simulation testbed implemented in MATLAB/Simulink. The proposed scheme is compared against adaptive NeuroFuzzy, PID, and adaptive PID (aPID) control schemes using different performance parameters for a grid-connected load over 24 h. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Implementation of New Control Schemes for Renewable Energy Systems)
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13 pages, 643 KiB  
Article
Optimal Siting and Sizing of Distributed Generators by Strawberry Plant Propagation Algorithm
by Mohsin Shahzad, Waseem Akram, Muhammad Arif, Uzair Khan and Barkat Ullah
Energies 2021, 14(6), 1744; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061744 - 21 Mar 2021
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2005
Abstract
Increasing the unplanned penetration of Distributed Generators (DGs) has spurred active and reactive power losses in the distribution system. This article suggests using a novel Strawberry Plant Propagation Algorithm (SPPA) for planning the placement of the DGs with the aim of reducing the [...] Read more.
Increasing the unplanned penetration of Distributed Generators (DGs) has spurred active and reactive power losses in the distribution system. This article suggests using a novel Strawberry Plant Propagation Algorithm (SPPA) for planning the placement of the DGs with the aim of reducing the network (active) power losses and improving the overall voltage profile. The proposed method (SPPA) has been tested on 33 and 69 node radial systems in MATLAB. A cost analysis was also performed and compared with other contemporary methods. The results for the considered variables show the significance of the proposed method in comparison to various other counterparts, including the Mine Blast Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Implementation of New Control Schemes for Renewable Energy Systems)
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