Research

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18 pages, 2414 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Conceptualization of CO₂ Terminal for Offshore CCS Using System Engineering Process

by Hyonjeong Noh, Kwangu Kang, Cheol Huh, Seong-Gil Kang, Seong Jong Han and Hyungwoo Kim

Energies 2019, 12(22), 4350; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12224350 - 15 Nov 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4358

In this study, the basic configuration and operation concept of a CO₂ terminal were identified by conducting a system engineering process. The performance goal of a CO₂ terminal was determined by requirement analysis. Then, functions and timelines were derived by functional [...] Read more.

In this study, the basic configuration and operation concept of a CO₂ terminal were identified by conducting a system engineering process. The performance goal of a CO₂ terminal was determined by requirement analysis. Then, functions and timelines were derived by functional analysis to meet the performance goal. Equipment to perform the functions were defined and finally, a process flow block diagram of the CO₂ terminal was acquired. The CO₂ terminal in this study consisted of three parts. First, the CO₂ loading/unloading part is responsible for liquid CO₂ unloading from the carrier and loading vapor CO₂ onto the carrier. Secondly, the liquid CO₂ transmission part extracts liquid CO₂ from the storage tanks and increases the pressure until it satisfies the offshore pipeline transportation condition. The vapor-treatment part collects boil-off gas, generates vapor CO₂, and charges the storage tanks with vapor CO₂ to control the pressure of the storage tanks that discharge liquid CO₂. Finally, the study results were compared with a liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminal. The biggest difference between the CO₂ terminal in this study and the LNG terminal is that a vaporizer is essential in the CO₂ terminal due to the smaller storage capacity of the CO₂ terminal and, therefore, the lower amount of boil-off gas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilization)

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34 pages, 4277 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Characteristics of a Modern Oxy-Fuel Power Plant

by Janusz Kotowicz, Sebastian Michalski and Mateusz Brzęczek

Energies 2019, 12(17), 3374; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12173374 - 02 Sep 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2815

Abstract

This paper presents the thermodynamic and economic analyses of four variants of a supercritical oxy-type plant. These variants differed in terms of air separation units (ASU, variants: V1—cryogenic; V2—hybrid; equipped with a three-end (V3a) or four-end (V3b) high-temperature membrane) and boilers (V1 and [...] Read more.

This paper presents the thermodynamic and economic analyses of four variants of a supercritical oxy-type plant. These variants differed in terms of air separation units (ASU, variants: V1—cryogenic; V2—hybrid; equipped with a three-end (V3a) or four-end (V3b) high-temperature membrane) and boilers (V1 and V3a—lignite-fired fluidized-bed; V2 and V3b—hard-coal-fired pulverized-fuel). The gross power of steam turbine unit (STU) was 600 MW. The live and reheated steam parameters were 650 °C/30 MPa and 670 °C/6.5 MPa, respectively. The influence of the ASUs’ operating parameters on the ASUs’ auxiliary power rate and boiler efficiency (V3a and V3b only) was studied. The ASUs’ operating parameters for maximum net efficiency were then determined. The decrease in the net efficiency compared to a reference plant (with a classic fluidized-bed or pulverized-fuel boiler) fluctuated in the range 7.2 (V3b)–11.2 (V1) p.p. An analysis of the waste heat utilization was performed (fuel drying—V1 and V3a; STU steam-water heat exchangers replacing). Thus, the efficiency decreases fluctuated in the range 4.3 (V3b)–10.2 (V1) p.p. The economic analysis showed that in order for the variants to be economically viable, the unit CO₂ emission cost should be greater than 42.2 (V1) or 22.0 (V3b) EUR/MgCO₂. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilization)

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9 pages, 3677 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Utilization of Petroleum Coke Soot as Energy Storage Material

by Won-Ju Lee, Dae-Young Kim, Jae-Hyuk Choi, Ji-Woong Lee, Jun-Soo Kim, Kwangho Son, Min-Jae Ha and Jun Kang

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3195; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163195 - 20 Aug 2019

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4613

Abstract

Anode active materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) were produced by using waste soot generated after combustion in a plant using petroleum coke as fuel. The soot collected from the boilers in the plant was graphitized through annealing, and this annealed soot was [...] Read more.

Anode active materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) were produced by using waste soot generated after combustion in a plant using petroleum coke as fuel. The soot collected from the boilers in the plant was graphitized through annealing, and this annealed soot was applied to anode active materials. After annealing at 2700 °C, the soot was converted into highly crystalline graphite with ring shapes approximately 100 nm in diameter. The lithium ion coin cells produced using graphitized soot showed high discharge capacity and excellent life cycle with a reversible capacity of 250 mAh/g even after 300 cycles at a rate of 1 C. This study describes a new possibility of using environmentally harmful combustion wastes of petroleum coke as a low-price anode material for LIBs by converting them into a graphite multilayer structure with a unique ring shape through annealing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilization)

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12 pages, 2355 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Copper-Tin Alloys for the Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO₂ in an Imidazolium-Based Non-Aqueous Electrolyte

by Robert L. Sacci, Stephanie Velardo, Lu Xiong, Daniel A. Lutterman and Joel Rosenthal

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3132; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163132 - 15 Aug 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3536

Abstract

The ability to synthesize value-added chemicals directly from CO₂ will be an important technological advancement for future generations. Using solar energy to drive thermodynamically uphill electrochemical reactions allows for near carbon-neutral processes that can convert CO₂ into energy-rich carbon-based fuels. Here, [...] Read more.

The ability to synthesize value-added chemicals directly from CO₂ will be an important technological advancement for future generations. Using solar energy to drive thermodynamically uphill electrochemical reactions allows for near carbon-neutral processes that can convert CO₂ into energy-rich carbon-based fuels. Here, we report on the use of inexpensive CuSn alloys to convert CO₂ into CO in an acetonitrile/imidazolium-based electrolyte. Synergistic interactions between the CuSn catalyst and the imidazolium cation enables the electrocatalytic conversion of CO₂ into CO at −1.65 V versus the standard calomel electrode (SCE). This catalyst system is characterized by overpotentials for CO₂ reduction that are similar to more expensive Au- and Ag-based catalysts, and also shows that the efficacy of the CO₂ reduction reaction can be tuned by varying the CuSn ratio. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilization)

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12 pages, 3768 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Analysis of CO₂ Uptake and Mechanical Properties of Air Lime-Based Materials

by Sung-Hoon Kang, Yang-Hee Kwon and Juhyuk Moon

Energies 2019, 12(15), 2903; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12152903 - 28 Jul 2019

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3817

Abstract

In the cement industry, utilization of a sustainable binder that has a lower energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission than Portland cement is becoming increasingly important. Air lime is a binder that hardens by absorbing CO₂ from the atmosphere, [...] Read more.

In the cement industry, utilization of a sustainable binder that has a lower energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission than Portland cement is becoming increasingly important. Air lime is a binder that hardens by absorbing CO₂ from the atmosphere, and its raw material, hydrated lime, is manufactured at a lower temperature (around 900 °C) than cement (around 1450 °C). In this study, the amount and rate of CO₂ uptake by air lime-based materials are quantitatively evaluated under ambient curing conditions of 20 °C, 60% relative humidity, and 0.04% CO₂ concentration. In addition, the effects of the water-to-binder ratio (w/b) and silica fume addition on the material properties of the air lime mortar, such as strength, weight change, carbonation depth, and pore structure, are investigated. Unlike hydraulic materials, such as Portland cement, the air lime mortar did not set and harden under a sealed curing condition, however, once exposed to dry air, the mortar began to harden by absorbing CO₂. During the first week, most of the internal water evaporated, thus, the mortar weight was greatly reduced. After that, however, both the weight and the compressive strength consistently increased for at least 180 days due to the carbonation reaction. Based on the 91-day properties, replacing 10% of hydrated lime with silica fume improved the compressive and flexural strengths by 27% and 13% respectively, whereas increasing the w/b from 0.4 to 0.6 decreased both strengths by 29% due to the increased volume of the capillary pores. The addition of silica fume and the change in the w/b had no significant impact on the amount of CO₂ uptake, but these two factors were effective in accelerating the CO₂ uptake rate before 28 days. Lastly, the air lime-based material was evaluated to be capable of recovering half of the emitted CO₂ during the manufacture of hydrated lime within 3 months. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilization)

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16 pages, 4595 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon Dioxide Capture from Flue Gas Using Tri-Sodium Phosphate as an Effective Sorbent

by Tushar Sakpal, Asheesh Kumar, Zachary M. Aman and Rajnish Kumar

Energies 2019, 12(15), 2889; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12152889 - 26 Jul 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4474

Abstract

Fossil fuels are dominant as an energy source, typically producing carbon dioxide (CO₂) and enhancing global climate change. The present work reports the application of low-cost tri-sodium phosphate (TSP) to capture CO₂ from model flue gas (CO₂ + N [...] Read more.

Fossil fuels are dominant as an energy source, typically producing carbon dioxide (CO₂) and enhancing global climate change. The present work reports the application of low-cost tri-sodium phosphate (TSP) to capture CO₂ from model flue gas (CO₂ + N₂) mixture, in a batch mode and fixed-bed setup. It is observed that TSP has a high CO₂ capture capacity as well as high CO₂ selectivity. At ambient temperature, TSP shows a maximum CO₂ capture capacity of 198 mg CO₂/g of TSP. Furthermore, the CO₂ capture efficiency of TSP over a flue gas mixture was found to be more than 90%. Fresh and spent materials were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Preliminary experiments were also conducted to evaluate the performance of regenerated TSP. The spent TSP was regenerated using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and its recyclability was tested for three consecutive cycles. A conceptual prototype for post-combustion CO₂ capture based on TSP material has also been discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilization)

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17 pages, 3081 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Carbide Slag-Based, Ca₁₂Al₁₄O₃₃-Stabilized Sorbent Prepared by the Hydrothermal Template Method Enabling Efficient CO₂ Capture

by Xiaotong Ma, Yingjie Li, Yi Qian and Zeyan Wang

Energies 2019, 12(13), 2617; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12132617 - 08 Jul 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3612

Abstract

Calcium looping is a promising technology to capture CO₂ from the process of coal-fired power generation and gasification of coal/biomass for hydrogen production. The decay of CO₂ capture activities of calcium-based sorbents is one of the main problems holding back the [...] Read more.

Calcium looping is a promising technology to capture CO₂ from the process of coal-fired power generation and gasification of coal/biomass for hydrogen production. The decay of CO₂ capture activities of calcium-based sorbents is one of the main problems holding back the development of the technology. Taking carbide slag as a main raw material and Ca₁₂Al₁₄O₃₃ as a support, highly active CO₂ sorbents were prepared using the hydrothermal template method in this work. The effects of support ratio, cycle number, and reaction conditions were evaluated. The results show that Ca₁₂Al₁₄O₃₃ generated effectively improves the cyclic stability of CO₂ capture by synthetic sorbents. When the Al₂O₃ addition is 5%, or the Ca₁₂Al₁₄O₃₃ content is 10%, the synthetic sorbent possesses the highest cyclic CO₂ capture performance. Under harsh calcination conditions, the CO₂ capture capacity of the synthetic sorbent after 30 cycles is 0.29 g/g, which is 80% higher than that of carbide slag. The superiority of the synthetic sorbent on the CO₂ capture kinetics mainly reflects at the diffusion-controlled stage. The cumulative pore volume of the synthetic sorbent within the range of 10–100 nm is 2.4 times as high as that of calcined carbide slag. The structure of the synthetic sorbent reduces the CO₂ diffusion resistance, and thus leads to better CO₂ capture performance and reaction rate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilization)

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20 pages, 4004 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of the Thermodynamic Cycle to Assess the Energy Efficiency of Amine-Based Absorption of Carbon Capture

by Yaofeng Xu, Shuai Deng, Li Zhao, Xiangzhou Yuan, Jianxin Fu, Shuangjun Li, Yawen Liang, Junyao Wang and Jun Zhao

Energies 2019, 12(13), 2504; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12132504 - 28 Jun 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3280

Abstract

The thermodynamic cycle, as a significant tool derived from equilibrium, could provide a reasonable and rapid energy profile of complicated energy systems. Such a function could strongly promote an in-depth and direct understanding of the energy conversion mechanism of cutting-edge industrial systems, e.g., [...] Read more.

The thermodynamic cycle, as a significant tool derived from equilibrium, could provide a reasonable and rapid energy profile of complicated energy systems. Such a function could strongly promote an in-depth and direct understanding of the energy conversion mechanism of cutting-edge industrial systems, e.g., carbon capture system (CCS) However, such applications of thermodynamics theory have not been widely accepted in the carbon capture sector, which may be one of the reasons why intensive energy consumption still obstructs large-scale commercialization of CCS. In this paper, a kind of thermodynamic cycle was developed as a tool to estimate the lowest regeneration heat (Q_re) of a benchmark solvent (MEA) under typical conditions. Moreover, COP_CO₂, a new assessment indicator, was proposed firstly for energy-efficiency performance analysis of such a kind of CCS system. In addition to regeneration heat and second-law efficiency (η_2nd), the developed COP_CO₂ was also integrated into the existing performance analysis framework, to assess the energy efficiency of an amine-based absorption system. Through variable parameter analysis, the higher CO₂ concentration of the flue gas, the higher COP_CO₂, up to 2.80 in 16 vt% and the Q_re was 2.82 GJ/t, when R_des = 1 and ΔT_heat-ex = 10 K. The η_2nd was no more than 30% and decreased with the rise of the desorption temperature, which indicates the great potential of improvements of the energy efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilization)

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9 pages, 2296 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon Dioxide Absorption by Blast-Furnace Slag Mortars in Function of the Curing Intensity

by Miguel Ángel Sanjuán, Esteban Estévez and Cristina Argiz

Energies 2019, 12(12), 2346; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12122346 - 19 Jun 2019

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3026

Abstract

Climate change is one of the most important issues affecting the future of the planet. Then, a lot of resources are being used to actively work on climate change issues and greenhouse gas reduction. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are monitored by each country [...] Read more.

Climate change is one of the most important issues affecting the future of the planet. Then, a lot of resources are being used to actively work on climate change issues and greenhouse gas reduction. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are monitored by each country and reported yearly to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published the document entitled “2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories” to provide the calculation rules and the way to inform the UNFCCC of the national GHG emissions. Currently, this document does not give a procedure to calculate the net carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere due to the Portland cement clinker production. The purpose of this paper is to get reliable relationships to better calculate the CO₂ uptake by ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) mortars. The application of this material cured under controlled conditions could help minimize environmental impact. Carbonation coefficient versus 28-day compressive strength relationship of mortars elaborated with GGBFS and cured underwater for 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, or 28 days were obtained. The main finding is the extreme sensitivity of the GGBFS mortars to the curing intensity and, therefore, they can be used cured under controlled conditions to minimize carbon footprints. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilization)

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13 pages, 4939 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of the Energy Consumption of a Carbon Capture and Sequestration Related Carbon Dioxide Compression Processes

by Steven Jackson and Eivind Brodal

Energies 2019, 12(9), 1603; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12091603 - 26 Apr 2019

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 6057

Abstract

It is likely that the future availability of energy from fossil fuels, such as natural gas, will be influenced by how efficiently the associated CO₂ emissions can be mitigated using carbon capture and sequestration (CCS). In turn, understanding how CCS affects the [...] Read more.

It is likely that the future availability of energy from fossil fuels, such as natural gas, will be influenced by how efficiently the associated CO₂ emissions can be mitigated using carbon capture and sequestration (CCS). In turn, understanding how CCS affects the efficient recovery of energy from fossil fuel reserves in different parts of the world requires data on how the performance of each part of a particular CCS scheme is affected by both technology specific parameters and location specific parameters, such as ambient temperature. This paper presents a study into how the energy consumption of an important element of all CCS schemes, the CO₂ compression process, varies with compressor design, CO₂ pipeline pressure, and cooling temperature. Post-combustion, pre-combustion, and oxyfuel capture scenarios are each considered. A range of optimization algorithms are used to ensure a consistent approach to optimization. The results show that energy consumption is minimized by compressor designs with multiple impellers per stage and carefully optimized stage pressure ratios. The results also form a performance map illustrating the energy consumption for CO₂ compression processes that can be used in further study work and, in particular, CCS system models developed to study performance variation with ambient temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilization)

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Review

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17 pages, 1558 KiB

Open AccessReview

Alkaline Mineral Soil Amendment: A Climate Change ‘Stabilization Wedge’?

by Fatima Haque, Yi Wai Chiang and Rafael M. Santos

Energies 2019, 12(12), 2299; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12122299 - 16 Jun 2019

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5659

Abstract

Extreme climate change due to heat-trapping gases, especially carbon dioxide, necessitates its mitigation. In this context, the carbon dioxide sequestration technology of enhanced weathering has for years been investigated, with a possible implementation strategy via alkaline mineral soil amendment being more recently proposed. [...] Read more.

Extreme climate change due to heat-trapping gases, especially carbon dioxide, necessitates its mitigation. In this context, the carbon dioxide sequestration technology of enhanced weathering has for years been investigated, with a possible implementation strategy via alkaline mineral soil amendment being more recently proposed. Candidate materials for enhanced weathering include calcium and magnesium silicates, most notably those belonging to the olivine, pyroxene and serpentine groups of minerals, given their reactivity with CO₂ and global availability. When these finely crushed silicate rocks are applied to the soil, the alkaline earth metal cations released during mineral weathering gradually react with carbonate anions and results in the formation of pedogenic carbonates, which, over time, and under the right conditions, can accumulate in the soil. This review paper critically reviews the available literature on alkaline mineral soil amendments and its potential to sequester enough CO₂ to be considered a climate change ‘stabilization wedge’. Firstly, evidence of how agricultural soil can serve as a carbon sink in discussed, based on the observed accumulation of inorganic carbon in alkaline mineral-amended soils. Secondly, the impact of alkaline minerals on agricultural soil and crops, and the factors determining the rate of the weathering process are assessed. Lastly, the CO₂ sequestration potential via alkaline mineral soil amendment is quantified according to an idealized shrinking core model, which shows that it has the potential to serve as a climate change stabilization wedge. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilization)

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