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Fabrication of Carbon and Related Materials/Metal Hybrids and Composites (Volume...
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Fabrication of Carbon and Related Materials/Metal Hybrids and Composites (Volume II)

A special issue of Crystals (ISSN 2073-4352). This special issue belongs to the section "Hybrid and Composite Crystalline Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2022) | Viewed by 18530

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Walid M. Daoush

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Guest Editor
1. Department of Production Technology, Faculty of Technology and Education, Helwan University, Saray–El Qoupa, El Sawah Street, Cairo 11281, Egypt
2. Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Othman ibn Affan St., P.O. Box 5701, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia
Interests: fabrication of carbon fiber and carbon nanotube–metal matrix composites by powder technology; sintering; evaluation of the physical, chemical, biological activity, and mechanical properties of nanomaterials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Fawad Inam

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Engineering & Construction, School of Architecture, Computing and Engineering, University of East London, London E16 2RD, United Kingdom
Interests: graphene; carbon nanotube; ceramics; polymers; nanocomposite; smart materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Mostafa Ghasemi Baboli

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Chemical Engineering Section, Faculty of Engineering, Sohar University, Sohar 311, Oman
Interests: waste treatment; desalination; microbial fuel cell; polymeric membrane; renewable energy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Maha M. Khayyat

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Nanotechnology & Semiconductors Center, Materials Science Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City of Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Interests: semiconductors; non-destructrive tests (indentation at micro & nano scales); solar cells; nanowires; thin flexible materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue entitled “Fabrication of Carbon and related materials/ Metal Hybrids and Composites” focuses on novel developments and new processing methodologies in the fabrication and modification of carbon and its structure-related materials and surface functionalization to improve its surface activities and catalytic applications and to increase its adhesion to metals and its consolidation and sinterability for different applications. We invite high-quality submissions addressing current challenges in the preparation of carbon/metal-based materials, including, but not limited to, the topics as listed below.

  • Hybrid carbon/metallic materials;
  • Graphene and graphene oxide hybrid materials;
  • Functionalization and surface treatment of carbon materials;
  • Carbon/metal hybrid materials for the removal of waste dyes;
  • Carbon materials for catalytic applications;
  • Carbon materials for energy storage applications;
  • Carbon materials for water treatment applications;
  • Carbon/metal hybrid materials for the removal of waste dyes;
  • Carbon fibers/metal matrix composites;
  • Carbon nanotube/metal matrix composites;
  • Graphite/metal matrix composites;
  • Diamond and related materials/metal matrix composites;
  • Biologically active nanomaterials.

Prof. Dr. Walid M. Daoush
Prof. Dr. Fawad Inam
Dr. Mostafa Ghasemi Baboli
Prof. Dr. Maha M. Khayyat
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Crystals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Hybrid carbon/metallic materials
  • Graphene and graphene oxide hybrid materials
  • Functionalization and surface treatment of carbon materials
  • Carbon/metal hybrid materials for the removal of waste dyes
  • Carbon materials for catalytic applications
  • Carbon materials for energy storage applications
  • Carbon materials for water treatment applications
  • Carbon fibers/metal matrix composites
  • Carbon nanotube/metal matrix composites
  • Graphite/metal matrix composites
  • Diamond and related materials/metal matrix composites
  • Biopolymers
  • Bioactive carbon/metal composites

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 6025 KiB  
Article
Study of the Unstable Rotational Dynamics of a Tor-Fullerene Molecular System
by Vladislav Borodin, Mikhail Bubenchikov, Alexey Bubenchikov, Dmitriy Mamontov, Sergey Azheev and Alexandr Azheev
Crystals 2023, 13(2), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13020181 - 20 Jan 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1115
Abstract
This work is devoted to modeling the dynamics of large molecules. The key issue in modeling the dynamics of real molecular systems is to correctly represent the temperature of the system using the available theoretical tools. In most works on molecular dynamics, vibrations [...] Read more.
This work is devoted to modeling the dynamics of large molecules. The key issue in modeling the dynamics of real molecular systems is to correctly represent the temperature of the system using the available theoretical tools. In most works on molecular dynamics, vibrations of atoms inside a molecule are modeled with enviable persistence, which has nothing to do with physical temperature. These vibrations represent the energy internal to the molecule. Therefore, it should not be present in problems in the dynamics of inert molecular systems. In this work, by means of classical mechanics, it is shown that the simplest system containing only three molecular bodies, due to multiple acts of pair interactions of these bodies, reproduces the temperature even in an extremely complex unstable motion of the system. However, at the same time, it is necessary to separate the stochastic part of the movement from the deterministic one. Calculations also show that translational fluctuations in the motion of molecules make the greatest contribution to temperature. The contribution of rotational energy to the total energy of fluctuation motions is small. It follows from these results that the thermal state of the system is determined only by the translational temperature. The latter, in turn, opens up possibilities for a simplified description of many complex systems composed of carbon molecules such as fullerenes and nanotori. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fabrication of Carbon and Related Materials/Metal Hybrids and Composites (Volume II))
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11 pages, 2240 KiB  
Article
Numerical Study of the Passage of Natural Gas Components through C60 Fullerite in the Low-Temperature Phase
by Vladislav I. Borodin, Alexey M. Bubenchikov, Mikhail A. Bubenchikov, Vyacheslav A. Ovchinnikov and Anna S. Chelnokova
Crystals 2022, 12(11), 1653; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12111653 - 17 Nov 2022
Viewed by 1005
Abstract
The movement of natural gas components through a crystalline fragment of C60 fullerite in a simple cubic phase is numerically investigated. The methods of classical molecular physics, the Monte Carlo and Euler approaches, and a step-by-step numerical method of a high order [...] Read more.
The movement of natural gas components through a crystalline fragment of C60 fullerite in a simple cubic phase is numerically investigated. The methods of classical molecular physics, the Monte Carlo and Euler approaches, and a step-by-step numerical method of a high order of accuracy are used to study the effects arising from the passage of the particles through the C60 fullerite. The influence of the characteristics of incoming particles on the permeability of fullerite was analyzed using the results of the performed calculations. The application of the fast integral approach based on the smoothed spherical potential is discussed and compared with the Monte Carlo method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fabrication of Carbon and Related Materials/Metal Hybrids and Composites (Volume II))
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12 pages, 1651 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Laminations on the Mechanical Strength of Carbon-Fiber Composites for Prosthetic Foot Fabrication
by Bakhtawar Sehar, Asim Waris, Syed Omer Gilani, Umar Ansari, Shafaq Mushtaq, Niaz B. Khan, Mohammed Jameel, M. Ijaz Khan, Omar T. Bafakeeh and El Sayed Mohamed Tag-ElDin
Crystals 2022, 12(10), 1429; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12101429 - 10 Oct 2022
Cited by 56 | Viewed by 3327
Abstract
Carbon-fiber composites are considered to be one of the suitable materials for the fabrication of prosthetic feet. However, commercially available composites-based prosthetic foot designs present several problems for lower limb amputees, such as low tensile strength, reduced impact resistance, high cost, and weight [...] Read more.
Carbon-fiber composites are considered to be one of the suitable materials for the fabrication of prosthetic feet. However, commercially available composites-based prosthetic foot designs present several problems for lower limb amputees, such as low tensile strength, reduced impact resistance, high cost, and weight structure. Modulating the mechanical properties of carbon-fiber composites using a simplified method can help reduce these issues. Therefore, our present research aims to identify the impact of increasing the concentration of carbon fiber in the fabrication of carbon-fiber composites by using the hand layup method without the vacuum bagging technique. To improve the mechanical strength of carbon-fiber laminates, an increasing number of carbon-fiber layers are used in sample preparation. This study aims to determine the tensile strength of the laminates with a different number of carbon-fiber laminations. For the preparation of the sample specimen, black 100% 3 K 200 gsm carbon fiber with a cloth thickness of 0.2 mm and tensile strength of 4380 Mpa was laminated with two parts of epoxy resin Araldite® LY556 and Aradur hardener at a ratio of 100:30 to make the test specimen. The results indicated an overall improvement in the tensile strength of carbon-fiber laminates owing to the increase in the number of carbon-fiber layers in successive samples. The maximum achieved tensile strength through the present experimental protocol is 576.079 N/mm2, depicted by a prepared specimen of 10 layers of carbon fiber. Secondly, an increase in the deformation rate has also been observed by increasing the loading rate from 2 mm/min to 5 mm/min during the tensile testing of fabricated samples. These sample carbon-fiber composites can be used in the fabrication of prosthetic feet by controlling the experimental conditions. The fabricated prosthetic foot will assist in rehabilitating lower-limb amputees. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fabrication of Carbon and Related Materials/Metal Hybrids and Composites (Volume II))
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11 pages, 3334 KiB  
Article
Fullerene Movement in a Carbon Nanocontainer
by Alexey M. Bubenchikov, Mikhail A. Bubenchikov, Anna S. Chelnokova, Dmitriy V. Mamontov and Alexander V. Lun-Fu
Crystals 2022, 12(8), 1179; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12081179 - 22 Aug 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1225
Abstract
The character of C60 fullerene motion inside a cylindrical carbon nanocontainer with flat graphene covers has been studied. A new trajectory approach to describe the three-dimensional motion of fullerene is presented, based on the use of motion equations for its center of [...] Read more.
The character of C60 fullerene motion inside a cylindrical carbon nanocontainer with flat graphene covers has been studied. A new trajectory approach to describe the three-dimensional motion of fullerene is presented, based on the use of motion equations for its center of mass in the field of van der Waals forces, as well as the rotational motion equations written in the absolute basis. A high-precision computational technology for implementing this approach is described. Calculations have shown the components of the C60 angular velocity change stepwise. This character of the change in rotation is determined by the impacts of the fullerene on the wall of the container. As a result of these impacts, the energy of rotation changes abruptly. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fabrication of Carbon and Related Materials/Metal Hybrids and Composites (Volume II))
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10 pages, 3934 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticle-Polydimethylsiloxane (Ag-NP-PDMS) Stretchable Conductive Nanocomposites
by Abdul Rauf Jamali, Jahanzeb Bhatti, Waseem Khan, Faheem Akther, Madiha Batool, Razia Batool and Walid M. Daoush
Crystals 2022, 12(8), 1098; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12081098 - 05 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1846
Abstract
A number of different research methodologies have been developed to increase the conductivity and mechanical properties of stretchable or flexible conductors. One of the promising techniques recommended for applying metallic nanoparticles (NPs) to PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) substrate is to develop a thin-film that gives [...] Read more.
A number of different research methodologies have been developed to increase the conductivity and mechanical properties of stretchable or flexible conductors. One of the promising techniques recommended for applying metallic nanoparticles (NPs) to PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) substrate is to develop a thin-film that gives possible conductivity and good mechanical strain. This article discusses the preparation of silver nanoparticles using the chemical reduction method with silver nitrate as the precursor, and uses glucose as a reducing agent. In addition, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) is used to prevent the nanoparticles’ oxidation and agglomeration once they have been synthesized successfully. Moreover, we utilize the power of diethylamine to accelerate the evolution of nanoparticles, and deionized water is used to prevent any possible contamination. The prepared Ag-NPs are then deposited on the solidified PDMS substrate through sintering. A multimeter is used to measure the electrical resistance. Ag-NPs are confirmed by UV-Vis at a 400-nm peak. Furthermore, we discuss the surface morphologies, particle sizes and thicknesses of the film and substrate when studied using different microscopy techniques. The prepared stretchable conductor is found to be suitable to use in biosensing and electronic devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fabrication of Carbon and Related Materials/Metal Hybrids and Composites (Volume II))
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12 pages, 1392 KiB  
Article
Computational Studies of the Excitonic and Optical Properties of Armchair SWCNT and SWBNNT for Optoelectronics Applications
by Yahaya Saadu Itas, Abdussalam Balarabe Suleiman, Chifu E. Ndikilar, Abdullahi Lawal, Razif Razali, Ismail Ibrahim Idowu, Mayeen Uddin Khandaker, Pervaiz Ahmad, Nissren Tamam, Abdelmoneim Sulieman and Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque
Crystals 2022, 12(6), 870; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12060870 - 20 Jun 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 1621
Abstract
In this study, the optical refractive constants of the (5, 5) SWBNNT and (5, 5) SWCNT systems were calculated in both parallel and perpendicular directions of the tube axis by using Quantum ESPRESSO and YAMBO code. It also extended the optical behaviors of [...] Read more.
In this study, the optical refractive constants of the (5, 5) SWBNNT and (5, 5) SWCNT systems were calculated in both parallel and perpendicular directions of the tube axis by using Quantum ESPRESSO and YAMBO code. It also extended the optical behaviors of (5, 5) SWCNT and (5, 5) SWBNNT to both perpendicular and parallel directions instead of the parallel directions reported in the literature. It also looked at the effects of the diameter of the nanotube on the optical properties instead of chiral angles. From our results, the best optical reflection was found for (5, 5) SWBNNT, while the best optical refraction was found with (5, 5) SWCNT. It was observed that the SWCNT demonstrates refraction in both parallel and perpendicular directions, while (5, 5) SWBNNT shows perfect absorption in perpendicular direction. These new features that appeared for both nanotubes in perpendicular directions were due to new optical band gaps, which appear in the perpendicular directions to both nanotubes’ axis. The electron energy loss (EEL) spectrum of SWBNNT revealed the prominent π- and π + δ- Plasmon peaks, which demonstrates themselves in the reflectivity spectrum. Furthermore, little effect of diameter was observed for the perpendicular direction to both nanotubes’ axis; as such, the combined properties of (5, 5) SWBNNT and (5, 5) SWCNT materials/systems for transmitting light offer great potential for applications in mobile phone touch screens and mobile network antennas. In addition, the studies of optical properties in the perpendicular axis will help bring ultra-small nanotubes such as SWCNT and SWBNNT to the applications of next-generation nanotechnology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fabrication of Carbon and Related Materials/Metal Hybrids and Composites (Volume II))
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12 pages, 6393 KiB  
Article
Dye Sequestration Using Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles Adsorbent in Aqueous Solutions
by Madiha Batool, Walid M. Daoush and Muhammad Khalid Hussain
Crystals 2022, 12(5), 662; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12050662 - 05 May 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2284
Abstract
Nanomaterials have gained much attention in the field of environmental remediation, largely due to their high surface area-to-volume ratio and other unique physical, chemical, and biological characteristics that emerge due to its size effects. Metallic nanoparticles are traditionally manufactured using wet chemical processes; [...] Read more.
Nanomaterials have gained much attention in the field of environmental remediation, largely due to their high surface area-to-volume ratio and other unique physical, chemical, and biological characteristics that emerge due to its size effects. Metallic nanoparticles are traditionally manufactured using wet chemical processes; however, the chemicals utilized are generally hazardous and combustible. The biosynthesis of nanoparticles using a variety of plant resources is considered a green technology because it does not use toxic chemicals. This work focuses on the green synthesis of biogenetic silver nanoparticles and their use in the sequestration of colorants from aqueous solution. The extract of aquatic macrophyte Salvinia molesta (water hyacinth) has been employed to prepare silver nanoparticles by chemical reduction reaction. In the UV-visible spectrum of the synthesized silver nanoparticles, the absorbance peak was detected in the 420–430 nm range. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were used to sequester methylene blue (MB) dye in aqueous solution. About 121.04 mg/g was found as the highest adsorption capacity of methylene blue dye on the silver nanoparticles according to the Langmuir isotherm. It was observed that the experimental results and the pseudo-second order kinetics are in good agreement. As a result, the biosynthesized silver nanoparticle might be a potential adsorbent material in the field of environmental rehabilitation and cleanup. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fabrication of Carbon and Related Materials/Metal Hybrids and Composites (Volume II))
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10 pages, 11449 KiB  
Article
Fullerene in a Magnetic Field
by Alexandr Lun-Fu, Vladislav Borodin, Mikhail Bubenchikov, Alexey Bubenchikov and Dmitriy Mamontov
Crystals 2022, 12(4), 521; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12040521 - 08 Apr 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1457
Abstract
The manuscript presents a trajectory method for describing the rotations of surface crystals such as fullerenes, nanotubes, and nanotori. This method does not require the implementation of successive rotations of the considered molecular structures around the axes of the selected basis. Therefore, it [...] Read more.
The manuscript presents a trajectory method for describing the rotations of surface crystals such as fullerenes, nanotubes, and nanotori. This method does not require the implementation of successive rotations of the considered molecular structures around the axes of the selected basis. Therefore, it is free from the shortcomings of the approaches of Euler and Hamilton. On its basis, an efficient algorithm for calculating the motions of a magneto-susceptible fullerene in an alternating magnetic field has been developed. The nature of rotation of fullerenes in fields of various configurations has been studied. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fabrication of Carbon and Related Materials/Metal Hybrids and Composites (Volume II))
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9 pages, 24330 KiB  
Article
Electrical and Structural Properties of CVD-Graphene Oxidized Using KMnO4/H2SO4 Solution
by Jin-Seok Choi, Ki-Sik Im, Tae-Kyun Lee, Yeo-Jin Choi and Sung-Jin An
Crystals 2022, 12(4), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12040439 - 22 Mar 2022
Viewed by 1671
Abstract
We report the electrical properties of graphene grown via chemical vapor deposition (CVD-graphene) and oxidized using a KMnO4/dilute H2SO4 mixture. CVD-graphene was successfully oxidized without any pores or peeling off from the substrates. When the H2SO [...] Read more.
We report the electrical properties of graphene grown via chemical vapor deposition (CVD-graphene) and oxidized using a KMnO4/dilute H2SO4 mixture. CVD-graphene was successfully oxidized without any pores or peeling off from the substrates. When the H2SO4 concentration was increased, the electrical resistance of the oxidized graphene (OG) increased. In particular, OG-20 shows a nonlinear current–voltage curve similar to that of a diode owing to direct tunneling through the interfaces between the nanosized sp2 and sp3 regions. The changes in electrical properties occurred because of structural evolution. As the H2SO4 concentration increased, the number of oxygen functional groups (epoxide/hydroxyl and carboxyl groups) in the OG increased. In addition, a reduction in the average distance between defects in the OG was determined using Raman spectroscopy. Oxidation using a KMnO4/dilute H2SO4 mixture results in CVD-graphene with modified electrical properties for graphene-based applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fabrication of Carbon and Related Materials/Metal Hybrids and Composites (Volume II))
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11 pages, 1526 KiB  
Article
The Exchange-Correlation Effects on the Electronic Bands of Hybrid Armchair Single-Walled Carbon Boron Nitride Nanostructure
by Yahaya Saadu Itas, Abdussalam Balarabe Suleiman, Chifu E. Ndikilar, Abdullahi Lawal, Razif Razali, Mayeen Uddin Khandaker, Pervaiz Ahmad, Nissren Tamam and Abdelmoneim Sulieman
Crystals 2022, 12(3), 394; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12030394 - 14 Mar 2022
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 1987
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of exchange-correlation on the electronic properties of hybridized hetero-structured nanomaterials, called single-walled carbon boron nitride nanotubes (SWCBNNT). A first principles (ab initio) method implemented in Quantum ESPRESSO codes, together with different parametrizations (local density approximation (LDA) formulated by [...] Read more.
This study investigates the effect of exchange-correlation on the electronic properties of hybridized hetero-structured nanomaterials, called single-walled carbon boron nitride nanotubes (SWCBNNT). A first principles (ab initio) method implemented in Quantum ESPRESSO codes, together with different parametrizations (local density approximation (LDA) formulated by Perdew Zunga (PZ) and the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) proposed by Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE) and Perdew–Wang 91 (PW91)), were used in this study. It has been observed that the disappearance of interface states in the band gap was due to the discontinuity of the π–π bonds in some segments of SWCNT, which resulted in the asymmetric distribution in the two segments. This work has successfully created a band gap in SWCBNNT, where the PBE exchange-correlation functional provides a well-agreed band gap value of 1.8713 eV. Effects of orbitals on electronic properties have also been studied elaborately. It has been identified that the Py orbital gives the largest contribution to the electrical properties of our new hybrid SWCBNNT nanostructures. This study may open a new avenue for tailoring bandgap in the hybrid heterostructured nanomaterials towards practical applications with next-generation optoelectronic devices, especially in LED nanoscience and nanotechnology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fabrication of Carbon and Related Materials/Metal Hybrids and Composites (Volume II))
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