Editorial

5 pages, 216 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Advances in Measurement and Data Analysis of Surfaces with Functionalized Coatings

by Przemysław Podulka

Coatings 2022, 12(9), 1331; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12091331 - 13 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1087

Coatings, taking comprehensive studies into account, cannot be considered without their functional performance [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Measurement and Data Analysis of Surfaces with Functionalized Coatings)

Research

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15 pages, 4628 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improvement of Methods and Devices for Multi-Parameter High-Voltage Testing of Dielectric Coatings

by Vladimir Syasko, Alexey Musikhin and Igor Gnivush

Coatings 2024, 14(4), 427; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14040427 - 01 Apr 2024

Viewed by 613

Abstract

Currently, the high voltage testing method is widely used to detect pinholes and porosity defects in dielectric coatings. However, most modern coatings also have requirements for the minimum allowable coating thickness. Conducting tolerance tests on the thickness of dielectric coatings concurrently along with [...] Read more.

Currently, the high voltage testing method is widely used to detect pinholes and porosity defects in dielectric coatings. However, most modern coatings also have requirements for the minimum allowable coating thickness. Conducting tolerance tests on the thickness of dielectric coatings concurrently along with monitoring integrity within a single technological process appears promising. Additionally, mitigating the impact of various interfering parameters is crucial. This paper conducts a theoretical and experimental examination of spark formation processes in both gas and dielectrics. This analysis takes place during the identification of both through and non-through defects in dielectric coatings on conductive substrates. The principles of selecting the test voltage for the investigated dielectric coatings, considering the need to detect both through defects and inadmissible thinning, are theoretically and experimentally justified. It is suggested to utilize a probabilistic approach for evaluating the detectability of the mentioned defects. It is demonstrated that, when the dielectric strength of the coating is known, it is feasible to identify both through and non-through defects in coatings with a calculated probability under a specified test voltage. The conditions of occurrence of partial discharges in the process of testing are investigated, and measures to suppress their influence on the inspection results are proposed. The influence of the substrate surface roughness on the magnitude of the breakdown voltage during testing is considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Measurement and Data Analysis of Surfaces with Functionalized Coatings)

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22 pages, 10506 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Approach for Determining Rubber Enveloping on Pavement and Its Implications for Friction Estimation

by Di Yun, Cheng Tang, Ulf Sandberg, Maoping Ran, Xinglin Zhou, Jie Gao and Liqun Hu

Coatings 2024, 14(3), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14030301 - 29 Feb 2024

Viewed by 725

Abstract

The depth to which the pavement texture is enveloped by the tire tread rubber (d) is an important parameter related to contact performance. This study presents a new method (S-BAC), which relies on the ratio between the real contact area and the nominal [...] Read more.

The depth to which the pavement texture is enveloped by the tire tread rubber (d) is an important parameter related to contact performance. This study presents a new method (S-BAC), which relies on the ratio between the real contact area and the nominal tire-pavement contact area (S) and the bearing area curve (BAC), to measure the depth on pavements. The tire-pavement contact was simulated by contact between a non-patterned rubber block and pavement specimens. After analyzing the affecting factors, the new method was compared with previous methods by the d values and the application on the relationship between pavement texture parameters and friction. The results reveal that though there is a linear regression between the d obtained with the S-BAC and previous methods, the d values obtained with different methods differ. Applying the S-BAC method can strengthen the relationship between texture parameters and friction more than other methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Measurement and Data Analysis of Surfaces with Functionalized Coatings)

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21 pages, 14430 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Surface Topography Changes during Friction Testing in Cold Metal Forming of DC03 Steel Samples

by Tomasz Trzepieciński, Krzysztof Szwajka and Marek Szewczyk

Coatings 2023, 13(10), 1738; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13101738 - 07 Oct 2023

Viewed by 846

Abstract

Predicting changes in the surface roughness caused by friction allows the quality of the product and the suitability of the surface for final treatments of varnishing or painting to be assessed. The results of changes in the surface roughness of DC03 steel sheets [...] Read more.

Predicting changes in the surface roughness caused by friction allows the quality of the product and the suitability of the surface for final treatments of varnishing or painting to be assessed. The results of changes in the surface roughness of DC03 steel sheets after friction testing are presented in this paper. Strip drawing tests with a flat die and forced oil pressure lubrication were carried out. The experiments were conducted under various contact pressures and lubricant pressures, and lubrication was carried out using various oils intended for deep-drawing operations. Multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) were used to find relationships between friction process parameters and other parameters (Sa, Ssk and Sku). The following statistical measures of contact force were used as inputs in MLPs: the average value of contact force, standard deviation, kurtosis and skewness. Many analyses were carried out in order to find the best network. It was found that the lubricant pressure and lubricant viscosity most significantly affected the value of the roughness parameter, Sa, of the sheet metal after the friction process. Increasing the lubricant pressure reduced the average roughness parameter (Sa). In contrast, skewness (Ssk) increased with increasing lubrication pressure. The kurtosis (Sku) of the sheet surface after the friction process was the most affected by the value of contact force and lubricant pressure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Measurement and Data Analysis of Surfaces with Functionalized Coatings)

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19 pages, 39012 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Resolving Selected Problems in Surface Topography Analysis by Application of the Autocorrelation Function

by Przemysław Podulka

Coatings 2023, 13(1), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13010074 - 31 Dec 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1972

Abstract

In this paper, the validity of the application of an autocorrelation function for resolving some surface topography measurement problems was presented. Various types of surfaces were considered: plateau-honed, honed with burnished dimples, ground, turned, milled, laser-textured, or isotropic. They were measured with stylus [...] Read more.

In this paper, the validity of the application of an autocorrelation function for resolving some surface topography measurement problems was presented. Various types of surfaces were considered: plateau-honed, honed with burnished dimples, ground, turned, milled, laser-textured, or isotropic. They were measured with stylus and non-contact (optical) methods. Extraction of selected features, such as form and waviness (defined as an L-surface) and high-frequency measurement noise (S-surface) from raw measured data, was supported with an autocorrelation function. It was proposed to select the analysis procedures with an application of the autocorrelation function for both profile (2D) and areal (3D) analysis. Moreover, applications of various types of regular (available in the commercial software) analysis methods, such as least-square-fitted polynomial planes, selected Gaussian (regression and robust) functions, median filter, spline approach, and fast Fourier transform scheme, were proposed for the evaluation of surface topography parameters from ISO 25178 standards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Measurement and Data Analysis of Surfaces with Functionalized Coatings)

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15 pages, 4937 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction Model of Aluminized Coating Thicknesses Based on Monte Carlo Simulation by X-ray Fluorescence

by Zhuoyue Li, Cheng Wang, Haijuan Ju, Xiangrong Li, Yi Qu and Jiabo Yu

Coatings 2022, 12(6), 764; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12060764 - 02 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1384

Abstract

An aluminized coating can improve the high-temperature oxidation resistance of turbine blades, but the inter-diffusion of elements renders the coating’s thickness difficult to achieve in non-destructive testing. As a typical method for coating thickness inspection, X-ray fluorescence mainly includes the fundamental parameter method [...] Read more.

An aluminized coating can improve the high-temperature oxidation resistance of turbine blades, but the inter-diffusion of elements renders the coating’s thickness difficult to achieve in non-destructive testing. As a typical method for coating thickness inspection, X-ray fluorescence mainly includes the fundamental parameter method and the empirical coefficient method. The fundamental parameter method has low accuracy for such complex coatings, while it is difficult to provide sufficient reference samples for the empirical coefficient method. To achieve accurate non-destructive testing of aluminized coating thickness, we analyzed the coating system of aluminized blades, simulated the spectra of reference samples using the open-source software XMI-MSIM, established the mapping between elemental spectral intensity and coating thickness based on partial least squares and back-propagation neural networks, and validated the model with actual samples. The experimental results show that the model’s prediction error based on the back-propagation neural network is 4.45% for the Al-rich layer and 16.89% for the Al-poor layer. Therefore, the model is more suitable for predicting aluminized coating thickness. Furthermore, the Monte Carlo simulation method can provide a new way of thinking for materials that have difficulty in fabricating reference samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Measurement and Data Analysis of Surfaces with Functionalized Coatings)

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21 pages, 24217 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Proposals of Frequency-Based and Direction Methods to Reduce the Influence of Surface Topography Measurement Errors

by Przemysław Podulka

Coatings 2022, 12(6), 726; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12060726 - 25 May 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1629

Abstract

Various methods, based on both surface frequency and direction, can be alternatively proposed to reduce the influence of high-frequency measurement and data analysis errors. Various types of details were studied, e.g., cylinder liners after the plateau-honing process, plateau-honed cylinder liners with additionally burnished [...] Read more.

Various methods, based on both surface frequency and direction, can be alternatively proposed to reduce the influence of high-frequency measurement and data analysis errors. Various types of details were studied, e.g., cylinder liners after the plateau-honing process, plateau-honed cylinder liners with additionally burnished oil pockets (dimples), turned, ground, milled or laser-textured. They were measured with stylus or non-contact (optic) techniques. It was suggested to support various frequency-based methods, e.g., Frequency Spectrum, Power Spectral Densities or Autocorrelation Function, with direction techniques to provide reduction of errors in both detection and extraction of high-frequency measurement errors. Results can be especially valuable for regular studies when frequency-based measurement errors are difficult to be identified. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Measurement and Data Analysis of Surfaces with Functionalized Coatings)

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Review

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35 pages, 9324 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Functionalized and Biomimicked Carbon-Based Materials and Their Impact for Improving Surface Coatings for Protection and Functionality: Insights and Technological Trends

by Aniket Kumar, Bapun Barik, Piotr G. Jablonski, Sanjiv Sonkaria and Varsha Khare

Coatings 2022, 12(11), 1674; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12111674 - 04 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1958

Abstract

Interest in carbon materials has soared immensely, not only as a fundamental building block of life, but because its importance has been critical to the advancement of many diverse fields, from medicine to electrochemistry, which has provided much deeper appreciation of carbon functionality [...] Read more.

Interest in carbon materials has soared immensely, not only as a fundamental building block of life, but because its importance has been critical to the advancement of many diverse fields, from medicine to electrochemistry, which has provided much deeper appreciation of carbon functionality in forming unprecedented structures. Since functional group chemistry is intrinsic to the molecular properties, understanding the underlying chemistry of carbon is crucial to broadening its applicability. An area of economic importance associated with carbon materials has been directed towards engineering protective surface coatings that have utility as anticorrosive materials that insulate and provide defense against chemical attack and microbial colonization of surfaces. The chemical organization of nanoscale properties can be tuned to provide reliance of materials in carbon-based coating formulations with tunable features to enhance structural and physical properties. The transition of carbon orbitals across different levels of hybridization characterized by sp¹, sp², and sp³ orientations lead to key properties embodied by high chemical resistance to microbes, gas impermeability, enhanced mechanical properties, and hydrophobicity, among other chemical and physical attributes. The surface chemistry of epoxy, hydroxyl, and carboxyl group functionalities can form networks that aid the dispersibility of coatings, which serves as an important factor to its protective nature. A review of the current state of carbon-based materials as protective coating materials are presented in the face of the main challenges affecting its potential as a future protective coating material. The review aims to explore and discuss the developmental importance to numerous areas that connects their chemical functionality to the broader range of applications Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Measurement and Data Analysis of Surfaces with Functionalized Coatings)

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