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Applied Catalysis in Chemical Industry: Synthesis, Catalyst Design, and Evaluation,...
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Applied Catalysis in Chemical Industry: Synthesis, Catalyst Design, and Evaluation, 2nd Edition

A special issue of Catalysts (ISSN 2073-4344). This special issue belongs to the section "Industrial Catalysis".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 July 2024 | Viewed by 5137

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Magdalena Zybert

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
Interests: heterogeneous catalysis; catalyst preparation; catalyst characterization; ammonia synthesis; cobalt catalysts; thermal analysis; sorption techniques; materials chemistry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is a great pleasure to invite you to the second edition of the Special Issue: Applied Catalysis in Chemical Industry: Synthesis, Catalyst Design, and Evaluation. The significant economic and strategic importance of catalysis makes it a rapidly evolving field. In the face of the present day’s significant challenges, it is essential to acquire fundamental knowledge about the structures and phenomena of the surfaces of catalysts as well as the relationships between the composition, synthesis method, properties, and performance of catalysts in industrial processes. Research is still needed to improve existing catalysts or design new systems which may efficiently and selectively conduct a given reaction toward the desired product.

This Special Issue is devoted to the design and characterization of heterogeneous catalytic systems for industrial chemical processes. The aim is to collect papers presenting the current state of knowledge, indicating areas requiring further research, and showing the direction of ongoing development work. Contributions in the form of original research articles, short communications, perspective articles, and review articles reflecting the progress in the proposed topics are welcome. The main focus will be on comprehensive experimental studies of synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of catalyst performance in industrial processes. The proposed topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • methane conversion;
  • water–gas shift reaction;
  • ammonia synthesis;
  • ammonia decomposition;
  • ammonia oxidation;
  • carbon oxides methanation;
  • selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides;
  • N2O decomposition;
  • hydrogen production processes.

The scope also includes an investigation of catalysts under conditions close to the industrial ones, a comparison of the studied catalytic systems with the currently operating commercial systems, and a demonstration of the validity of their application in a given chemical process.

Dr. Magdalena Zybert
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Catalysts is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • industrial chemistry
  • nanomaterials
  • heterogeneous catalyst
  • catalyst synthesis
  • catalyst characterization
  • catalyst design
  • catalyst deactivation
  • catalyst testing
  • catalysts synthesis scale-up
  • kinetic studies
  • modeling and simulation of catalytic reactors

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 4059 KiB  
Article
Origin of the Increase in the Selectivity of Ru Catalysts with the Addition of Amines in the Presence of ZnSO4 for the Selective Hydrogenation of Benzene to Cyclohexene
by Haijie Sun, Wen Zhang, Xiaohui Wang, Zhihao Chen and Zhikun Peng
Catalysts 2024, 14(3), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14030194 - 13 Mar 2024
Viewed by 801
Abstract
The synthesis of nylon 6 and nylon 66 can be performed, starting with the selective hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene, which is deemed to be environmentally friendly and cost-saving and to have higher atom efficiency. Nano-Ru catalyst was synthesized via a precipitation method. [...] Read more.
The synthesis of nylon 6 and nylon 66 can be performed, starting with the selective hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene, which is deemed to be environmentally friendly and cost-saving and to have higher atom efficiency. Nano-Ru catalyst was synthesized via a precipitation method. The prepared catalyst was evaluated in the selective hydrogenation of benzene toward cyclohexene generation in the presence of ZnSO4 in a liquid batch reactor. The promotion effect of the addition of amines, i.e., ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, and triethanolamine, was investigated. The fresh and spent catalysts were thoroughly characterized by XRD, TEM, AES, N2-sorption, FT-IR, and TPR. It was found that the addition of amines could significantly improve the catalytic selectivity toward cyclohexene formation in the presence of ZnSO4. This was attributed to the formation of (Zn(OH)2)5(ZnSO4)(H2O)x (x = 0.5, 3 or 4) through the reaction between ZnSO4 and the amines, which could be chemisorbed on the Ru surface. This led to retarding the formation of cyclohexane from the complete hydrogenation of benzene and, thus, increased the catalytic selectivity toward cyclohexene synthesis. Therefore, with the presence of ZnSO4, the amount of chemisorbed (Zn(OH)2)5(ZnSO4)(H2O)x increased with increasing amounts of added amines, leading to a decline in the catalytic activity toward benzene conversion and selectivity toward cyclohexene generation. When 7.6 mmol of diethanolamine and 10 g of ZrO2 were applied, the highest cyclohexene yields of 61.6% and 77.0% of benzene conversion were achieved over the Ru catalyst. Promising stability was demonstrated after six runs of catalytic experiments without regeneration. These achievements are not only promising for industrial application but also beneficial for designing other catalytic systems for selective hydrogenation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Catalysis in Chemical Industry: Synthesis, Catalyst Design, and Evaluation, 2nd Edition)
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17 pages, 6712 KiB  
Article
The Catalytic Mechanism of [Bmim]Cl-Transition Metal Catalysts for Hydrochlorination of Acetylene
by Hui Shao, Yingzhou Lu, Xin Liang and Chunxi Li
Catalysts 2024, 14(2), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14020093 - 23 Jan 2024
Viewed by 920
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are green solvents involved in chemical reaction and separation processes. In this paper, four ILs-based metal catalysts were prepared by dissolving four transition metal chlorides into 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl). Their catalytic performance was measured, and the catalytic mechanism was studied [...] Read more.
Ionic liquids (ILs) are green solvents involved in chemical reaction and separation processes. In this paper, four ILs-based metal catalysts were prepared by dissolving four transition metal chlorides into 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl). Their catalytic performance was measured, and the catalytic mechanism was studied via density functional theory (DFT) based on the analysis of the Mayer bonding order, Mulliken charge, molecular electrostatic potential (ESP), electron localization function (ELF), and partial density of states (PDOS). The results show that the catalytic activity follows the order [Bmim]Cl-RuCl3 > [Bmim]Cl-AgCl > [Bmim]Cl-CuCl2 > [Bmim]Cl-CuCl. [Bmim]Cl helps to dissolve and activate HCl, and the metal chlorides can greatly reduce the activation energy of the reaction. This study provides new insights into the catalytic mechanism of IL, transition metals, and their synergistic effect from a microscopic point of view and sheds light on the development of new catalysts for acetylene hydrochlorination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Catalysis in Chemical Industry: Synthesis, Catalyst Design, and Evaluation, 2nd Edition)
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20 pages, 11989 KiB  
Article
Stability of Ruthenium/Carbon Catalytic Materials during Operation in Carbon Monoxide Methanation Process
by Elżbieta Truszkiewicz, Klaudia Latoszek, Milena Ojrzyńska, Andrzej Ostrowski and Leszek Kępiński
Catalysts 2023, 13(12), 1518; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13121518 - 18 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1068
Abstract
The stable activity of catalysts is an important characteristic, which determines their suitability for industrial applications. The purpose of this study was to investigate the stability of ruthenium systems deposited on carbon under conditions simulating long-term operation in CO methanation. Two series of [...] Read more.
The stable activity of catalysts is an important characteristic, which determines their suitability for industrial applications. The purpose of this study was to investigate the stability of ruthenium systems deposited on carbon under conditions simulating long-term operation in CO methanation. Two series of Ru/carbon catalysts were prepared and studied during CO methanation in a hydrogen-rich gas stream. Two graphitized carbons substantially differing in their surface area (23 and 1457 m2/g) were used as supports, and Ru loadings of 3 and 6 wt.% were applied. The stability of Ru/C catalysts was examined in a 240 h time-on-stream test. The samples were characterized by CO chemisorption, XRD, TEM, Raman spectroscopy, TG–MS studies and CO-TPD. The stability of the catalysts over 240 h in the CO + H2 mixture depended on the support type and Ru loading. The highest CO conversion and increased activity was observed for both catalysts with Ru dispersion above 80%. The tested systems were also resistant to carbon deposition. Interestingly, a similar level of activity was obtained for 3 wt.% Ru supported on the low surface area carbon. It is presumed that the similar activity observed for systems with such different ruthenium dispersion is related to the presence of active sites of different strength and structure on the surface of both small and large Ru particles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Catalysis in Chemical Industry: Synthesis, Catalyst Design, and Evaluation, 2nd Edition)
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13 pages, 2454 KiB  
Article
Hydrogen Production via Methanol Steam Reforming over CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 Catalysts Prepared via Oxalate-Precursor Synthesis
by Haiguang Wang, Yongfeng Liu and Jun Zhang
Catalysts 2023, 13(10), 1335; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13101335 - 30 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1046
Abstract
CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts are commonly used for the methanol steam reforming reaction. The oxalate precursor of CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts were prepared via the co-precipitation method using oxalic acid as the precipitator, deionized water and ethanol as the solvent, and [...] Read more.
CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts are commonly used for the methanol steam reforming reaction. The oxalate precursor of CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts were prepared via the co-precipitation method using oxalic acid as the precipitator, deionized water and ethanol as the solvent, and microwave radiation and water baths as aging heating methods, respectively. This suggests that ethanol selects the crystalline phase composition of oxalate precursors and limits their growth. Microwave irradiation prompted the isomorphous substitution between Cu2+ of CuC2O4 and Zn2+ of ZnC2O4 in the mother liquid; Zn2+ in ZnC2O4·xH2O was substituted with Cu2+ in CuC2O4, forming the master phase (Cu,Zn)C2O4 in the precursor. Moreover, the solid solution Cu-O-Zn formed after calcination, which exhibited nano-fibriform morphology. It has the characteristics of small CuO grains, a large surface area, and strong synergistic effects between CuO and ZnO, which is conducive to improving the catalytic performance of methanol steam reforming. The conversion rate of methanol reached 91.2%, the space time yield of H2 reached 516.7 mL·g−1·h−1, and the selectivity of CO was only 0.29%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Catalysis in Chemical Industry: Synthesis, Catalyst Design, and Evaluation, 2nd Edition)
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Review

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26 pages, 3720 KiB  
Review
Lanthanide Oxides in Ammonia Synthesis Catalysts: A Comprehensive Review
by Wojciech Patkowski, Magdalena Zybert, Hubert Ronduda and Wioletta Raróg-Pilecka
Catalysts 2023, 13(12), 1464; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13121464 - 23 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1023
Abstract
The production of ammonia through the Haber–Bosch process is a large-scale catalytic industrial endeavour with substantial energy consumption. A key area of energy optimisation for this process involves efforts to ease the synthesis reaction conditions, particularly by reducing the operating pressure. To achieve [...] Read more.
The production of ammonia through the Haber–Bosch process is a large-scale catalytic industrial endeavour with substantial energy consumption. A key area of energy optimisation for this process involves efforts to ease the synthesis reaction conditions, particularly by reducing the operating pressure. To achieve this goal, new catalysts are designed to function effectively at lower pressures and temperatures. In recent years, reports in the literature concerning including lanthanide oxides in the catalysts’ composition have started appearing more frequently. This review article offers a concise overview of the pivotal role that lanthanide oxides play in the field of ammonia synthesis catalysts. The paper delves into the diverse utilisation of lanthanide oxides, emphasising their role in catalytic systems. The review explores recent advances in the design of catalysts incorporating lanthanide oxides as promoters or support materials, highlighting their impact on enhancing catalyst stability, activity, and operation. Three main groups of catalysts are discussed, where iron, ruthenium, and cobalt constitute the active phase. Insights from recent research efforts are synthesised to provide a comprehensive perspective on the application prospects of lanthanide oxides in ammonia synthesis catalysts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Catalysis in Chemical Industry: Synthesis, Catalyst Design, and Evaluation, 2nd Edition)
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