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18 pages, 3822 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Microsynthesis of High-Yield Gold Nanoparticles to Accelerate Research in Biosensing and Other Bioapplications

by Víctor Díaz-García, Astrid Haensgen, Ligia Inostroza, Braulio Contreras-Trigo and Patricio Oyarzun

Biosensors 2023, 13(12), 992; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13120992 - 21 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1143

Abstract

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) exhibit unique properties that make them appealing for applications in biosensing and other emerging fields. Despite the availability of numerous synthesis methods, important questions remain to be addressed regarding the volume effect on the synthesis yield and quality of AuNPs [...] Read more.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) exhibit unique properties that make them appealing for applications in biosensing and other emerging fields. Despite the availability of numerous synthesis methods, important questions remain to be addressed regarding the volume effect on the synthesis yield and quality of AuNPs in the light of biosensing research. The present study addresses these issues by developing a novel microvolumetric citrate-reduction method to improve the synthesis of AuNPs, which were characterized by electronic microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, zeta potential and colorimetric analysis. A comparison of the novel microsynthesis method with the standard Turkevich method demonstrated its superior performance in terms of yield, monodispersity, rapidity (in one step), reproducibility, and stability. The analytical behavior of AuNPs-based aptasensors prepared by microsynthesis was investigated using kanamycin detection and showed higher reproducibility and improved detection limits (3.4 times) compared to those of Turkevich AuNPs. Finally, the effect of pH was studied to demonstrate the suitability of the method for the screening of AuNP synthesis parameters that are of direct interest in biosensing research; the results showed an optimal pH range between 5.0 and 5.5. In summary, the approach described herein has the potential to improve research capabilities in biosensing, with the added benefits of lowering costs and minimizing waste generation in line with current trends in green nanotechnology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials for Biosensors)

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19 pages, 16164 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Galactose Colorimetric Competitive Assay Based on Galactose Dehydrogenase and Plasmonic Gold Nanostars

by Tozivepi Aaron Munyayi, Danielle Wingrove Mulder, Engela Helena Conradie, Frans Johannes Smit and Barend Christiaan Vorster

Biosensors 2023, 13(11), 965; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13110965 - 01 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1528

Abstract

We describe a competitive colorimetric assay that enables rapid and sensitive detection of galactose and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) via colorimetric readouts and demonstrate its usefulness for monitoring NAD+-driven enzymatic reactions. We present a sensitive plasmonic sensing approach for assessing galactose concentration [...] Read more.

We describe a competitive colorimetric assay that enables rapid and sensitive detection of galactose and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) via colorimetric readouts and demonstrate its usefulness for monitoring NAD+-driven enzymatic reactions. We present a sensitive plasmonic sensing approach for assessing galactose concentration and the presence of NADH using galactose dehydrogenase-immobilized gold nanostars (AuNS-PVP-GalDH). The AuNS-PVP-GalDH assay remains turquoise blue in the absence of galactose and NADH; however, as galactose and NADH concentrations grow, the reaction well color changes to a characteristic red color in the presence of an alkaline environment and a metal ion catalyst (detection solution). As a result, when galactose is sensed in the presence of H₂O₂, the colored response of the AuNS-PVP-GalDH assay transforms from turquoise blue to light pink, and then to wine red in a concentration-dependent manner discernible to the human eye. This competitive AuNS-PVP-GalDH assay could be a viable analytical tool for rapid and convenient galactose quantification in resource-limited areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials for Biosensors)

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11 pages, 3810 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Nanozymatic-Mediated Smartphone Colorimetric Sensing Platform for the Detection of Dimethyl Phthalate (DMP) and Dibutyl Phthalate (DBP)

by Wenhui Li, Xuecheng Zhang, Haojie Zhang, Cheng Zhang, Yingjie Chen, Cong Li, Yonghong Hu, Xiaoping Yu, Biao Zhang and Xiaodong Lin

Biosensors 2023, 13(10), 919; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13100919 - 08 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1325

Abstract

Plasticizers are a type of toxic substance that may remain in food, posing significant health risks including carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic, and other adverse effects. In this study, a novel strategy was employed by combining Pt@Au nanozymes with high catalytic properties to created two [...] Read more.

Plasticizers are a type of toxic substance that may remain in food, posing significant health risks including carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic, and other adverse effects. In this study, a novel strategy was employed by combining Pt@Au nanozymes with high catalytic properties to created two catalytic signal probes, designated as Pt@Au@Ab1 and Pt@Au@Ab2, specifically designed for the detection of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP). These catalytic signal probes served as the foundation for the development of a colorimetric immunoassay, enabling the simultaneous detection of both DMP and DBP. The colorimetric immunoassay is capable of detecting DMP in the range of 0.5–100 μg/L with a limit of detection as low as 0.1 μg/L and DBP in the range of 1–32 μg/L with a low limit of detection of 0.5 μg/L. The developed immunoassay can be used for the determination of the DMP and DBP in baijiu and plastic bottled drinks. The recovery rate is in the range of 96.4% and 100.5% and the coefficient of variation is between 1.0% and 7.2%. This innovative colorimetric immunoassay offers a robust tool for the simultaneous quantification of DMP and DBP in real samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials for Biosensors)

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11 pages, 1997 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrasensitive Photoelectrochemical Immunoassay Strategy Based on Bi₂S₃/Ag₂S for the Detection of the Inflammation Marker Procalcitonin

by Guanhui Zhao, Yingying Wang, Huixin Wang, Guozhen Bai, Nuo Zhang, Yaoguang Wang and Qin Wei

Biosensors 2023, 13(3), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13030366 - 10 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1402

Abstract

As an inflammatory marker, procalcitonin (PCT) is more representative than other traditional inflammatory markers. In this work, a highly efficient photoelectrochemical (PEC) immunosensor was constructed based on the photoactive material Bi₂S₃/Ag₂S to realize the sensitive detection of [...] Read more.

As an inflammatory marker, procalcitonin (PCT) is more representative than other traditional inflammatory markers. In this work, a highly efficient photoelectrochemical (PEC) immunosensor was constructed based on the photoactive material Bi₂S₃/Ag₂S to realize the sensitive detection of PCT. Bi₂S₃ was prepared by a hydrothermal method, and Ag₂S quantum dots were deposited on the ITO/Bi₂S₃ surface via in situ reduction. Bi₂S₃ is a kind of admirable photoelectric semiconductor nanomaterial on account of its moderate bandgap width and low binding rate of photogenerated electron holes, which can effectively convert light energy into electrical energy. Therefore, based on the energy level matching principle of Bi₂S₃ and Ag₂S, a labeled Bi₂S₃/Ag₂S PEC immunosensor was constructed, and the sensitive detection of PCT was successfully established. The linear detection range of the PEC immunosensor was 0.50 pg∙mL⁻¹ to 50 ng∙mL⁻¹, and the minimum detection limit was 0.18 pg∙mL⁻¹. Compared with the traditional PEC strategy, the proposed PEC immunosensor is simple, convenient, and has good anti-interference, sensitivity, and specificity, which could provide a meaningful theoretical basis and reference value for the clinical detection of PCT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials for Biosensors)

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15 pages, 4492 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Tetrapod Zinc Oxide-Based UV Sensor for Precision Livestock Farming and Productivity

by Abbey Knoepfel, Na Liu, Yuchen Hou, Sathya Sujani, Barbara Roqueto dos Reis, Robin White, Kai Wang, Bed Poudel, Sanju Gupta and Shashank Priya

Biosensors 2022, 12(10), 837; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12100837 - 07 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1871

Abstract

In order to ensure the health and welfare of livestock, there has been an emphasis on precision farming of ruminant animals. Monitoring the life index of ruminant animals is of importance for intelligent farming. Here, a wearable sensor for monitoring ultraviolet (UV) radiation [...] Read more.

In order to ensure the health and welfare of livestock, there has been an emphasis on precision farming of ruminant animals. Monitoring the life index of ruminant animals is of importance for intelligent farming. Here, a wearable sensor for monitoring ultraviolet (UV) radiation is demonstrated to understand the effect of primary and secondary photosensitization on dairy animals. Thin films of wide bandgap semiconductor zinc oxide (ZnO) comprising multilevel of nanostructures from microparticles (MP) to nanoparticles (NP), and tetrapod (T–ZnO), were prepared as the UV sensing active materials. The sensitivity was evaluated by exposing the films to various radiation sources, i.e., 365 nm (UV A), 302 nm (UV B), and 254 nm (UV C), and measuring the electrical resistance change. T–ZnO is found to exhibit higher sensitivity and stable response (on/off) upon exposure to UV A and UV B radiation, which is attributed to their higher surface area, aspect ratio, porosity, and interconnective networks inducing a high density of chemical interaction sites and consequently improved photocurrent generation. A wearable sensor using T–ZnO is packaged and attached to a collar for dynamic monitoring of UV response on ruminant animals (e.g., sheep in this study). The excellent performance of T–ZnO wearable sensors for ruminant animals also holds the potential for a wider range of applications such as residential buildings and public spaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials for Biosensors)

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16 pages, 4887 KiB

Open AccessArticle

G-Optrode Bio-Interfaces for Non-Invasive Optical Cell Stimulation: Design and Evaluation

by Vijai M. Moorthy, Parthasarathy Varatharajan, Joseph D. Rathnasami and Viranjay M. Srivastava

Biosensors 2022, 12(10), 808; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12100808 - 30 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1291

Abstract

Biocompatibility and potential efficacy in biological applications rely on the bio-interactions of graphene nanoparticles with biological tissues. Analyzing and modulating cellular and device-level activity requires non-invasive electrical stimulation of cells. To address these needs, G-optrodes, bio-interfaces based on graphene, have been developed. These [...] Read more.

Biocompatibility and potential efficacy in biological applications rely on the bio-interactions of graphene nanoparticles with biological tissues. Analyzing and modulating cellular and device-level activity requires non-invasive electrical stimulation of cells. To address these needs, G-optrodes, bio-interfaces based on graphene, have been developed. These devices use light to stimulate cells without modifying their genetic code. Optoelectronic capabilities, in particular the capacity to transform light energy into electrical energy, will be maintained throughout the procedures of neural stimulation. G-optrodes have also been studied as thin films on a range of substrates, and they have been designed to function at a very small scale. This study examines the impact of G-optrode-based substrate designs on the optical stimulation of pheochromocytoma (PC-12). Graphene electrodes, known as G-optrodes, are responsible for converting light into electrical pulses with stimulating effects. G-optrode bio-interfaces provide a stimulus that is independent of wavelength range but is sensitive to changes in illuminance. The authors have performed a comprehensive investigation based on the correct effects of the medication in vitro, employing substrate-based G-optrode biointerfaces. In substrate-based systems, the authors have proven that graphene is biocompatible. PC-12 cells were cultured on graphene for 7 days. Based on the findings, 20-nm and 50-nm thick G-optrodes are being studied for possible use in biological and artificial retinal applications. The findings of this study highlight the significance of biocompatibility in the selection and use of G-optrodes for biomedical purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials for Biosensors)

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23 pages, 2232 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Selection of Specific Aptamer against Rivaroxaban and Utilization for Label-Free Electrochemical Aptasensing Using Gold Nanoparticles: First Announcement and Application for Clinical Sample Analysis

by Rokhsareh Ebrahimi, Abolfazl Barzegari, Reza Teimuri-Mofrad, Houman Kholafazad Kordasht, Mohammad Hasanzadeh, Maryam Khoubnasabjafari, Vahid Jouyban-Gharamaleki, Abbas Afrasiabi Rad, Nasrin Shadjou, Mohammad-Reza Rashidi, Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam and Abolghasem Jouyban

Biosensors 2022, 12(10), 773; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12100773 - 20 Sep 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2248

Abstract

For the first time, a novel aptamer was designed and utilized for the selective detection of rivaroxaban (RIV) using the integration of bioinformatics with biosensing technology. The selected aptamer with the sequence 5′-TAG GGA AGA GAA GGA CAT ATG ATG ACT CAC AAC [...] Read more.

For the first time, a novel aptamer was designed and utilized for the selective detection of rivaroxaban (RIV) using the integration of bioinformatics with biosensing technology. The selected aptamer with the sequence 5′-TAG GGA AGA GAA GGA CAT ATG ATG ACT CAC AAC TGG ACG AAC GTA CTT ATC CCC CCC AAT CAC TAG TGA ATT-3′ displayed a high binding affinity to RIV and had an efficient ability to discriminate RIV from similar molecular structures. A novel label-free electrochemical aptasensor was designed and fabricated through the conjugation of a thiolated aptamer with Au nanoparticles (Au-NPs). Then, the aptasensor was successfully applied for the quantitative determination of RIV in human plasma and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) samples with limits of detection (LODs) of 14.08 and 6.03 nM, respectively. These valuable results provide ample evidence of the green electrogeneration of AuNPs on the surface of electrodes and their interaction with loaded aptamers (based on Au-S binding) towards the sensitive and selective monitoring of RIV in human plasma and EBC samples. This bio-assay is an alternative approach for the clinical analysis of RIV and has improved specificity and affinity. As far as we know, this is the first time that an electrochemical aptasensor has been verified for the recognition of RIV and that allows for the easy, fast, and precise screening of RIV in biological samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials for Biosensors)

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14 pages, 4350 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MWCNTs-CTAB and HFs-Lac Nanocomposite-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for Rutin Determination

by Xin-Yan Song, Xin Meng, Bao-Lin Xiao, Yang-Yang Li, Xin-Xin Ma, Ali Akbar Moosavi-Movahedi and Jun Hong

Biosensors 2022, 12(8), 632; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12080632 - 11 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1663

Abstract

Rutin is a flavonoid glycoside compound, which is mainly transported via the blood circulation system in the human body. The monitoring of the blood concentration of rutin is of great significance in many fields such as pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. In this work, a [...] Read more.

Rutin is a flavonoid glycoside compound, which is mainly transported via the blood circulation system in the human body. The monitoring of the blood concentration of rutin is of great significance in many fields such as pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. In this work, a biosensor based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), hydroxyl fullerenes (HFs), and laccase (Lac) nanocomposite-modified glassy carbon electrodes was constructed. The modified materials were characterized with a transmission electron microscope (TEM), cyclic voltammograms (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). CTAB is used to disperse MWCNTs and improve hydrophilicity and biocompatibility of MWCNTs, while the use of Lac can enhance the oxidation of catechol structure in rutin, thus significantly improving the sensitivity and selectivity of the modified electrode. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) studies showed that the determination linear ranges of rutin were 0.1 µmol L⁻¹ to 2 µmol L⁻¹ and 2 µmol L⁻¹ to 11 µmol L⁻¹, with the determination limits of 30 nmol L⁻¹ and 95.5 nmol L⁻¹, respectively. The proposed biosensor can be used to detect rutin tablets and serum samples with high recovery, which indicates a good accuracy of this method, and the results are consistent with those measured by the traditional ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) method. Hence, this biosensor has potential practical application value in rutin drug quality testing and clinical blood drug concentration monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials for Biosensors)

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13 pages, 1951 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Rapid Tricolour Immunochromatographic Assay for Simultaneous Detection of Tricaine and Malachite Green

by Yi-Kuan Lu, Di Xu, Wen-Yue Liu, Jing Xie and Ying Lu

Biosensors 2022, 12(7), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12070456 - 26 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1319

Abstract

In this research, we designed a rapid tricolour immunochromatographic test strip with double test lines (TS-DTL) and two-colour AuNP probes, which realised the simultaneous detection of tricaine mesylate (TMS) and malachite green (MG). Through a distinct tricolour system (red T₁ line, blue [...] Read more.

In this research, we designed a rapid tricolour immunochromatographic test strip with double test lines (TS-DTL) and two-colour AuNP probes, which realised the simultaneous detection of tricaine mesylate (TMS) and malachite green (MG). Through a distinct tricolour system (red T₁ line, blue T₂ line and purple C line), a visual identification of TMS (0.2 μg/mL) and MG (0.5 μg/mL) was quickly achieved on site, which improved the accuracy of naked eye observations. The LODs of TMS in aquaculture water, fish and shrimp were 11.0, 29.6 and 61.4 ng/mL, respectively. MG LODs were 47.0 ng/mL (aquaculture water), 82.8 ng/mL (fish) and 152.4 ng/mL (shrimp). The LOD of MG was close to the similar TS methods. However, visual detection of TMS could meet the requirements of the residue limit (1 μg/mL) of TMS in the USA, and the quantitative detection of TMS was over 16 times lower than the USA standard. The developed platform was rapid (~20 min, HPLC~3 h) and accurate, which was verified using a traditional HPLC method. The recovery rates ranged from 82.2% to 108.6% in three types of real samples, indicating a potential application in on-site fast screening or multiple detection for TMS and MG residues in aquatic products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials for Biosensors)

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14 pages, 6480 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Simultaneous Visualization of MiRNA-221 and Caspase-3 in Cancer Cells for Investigating the Feasibility of MiRNA-Targeted Therapy with a Dual-Color Fluorescent Nanosensor

by Mingyao Ren, Zhe Chen, Chuandong Ge, Wei Hu, Nianxing Wang, Limin Yang, Mingming Luan and Jing Xu

Biosensors 2022, 12(7), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12070444 - 23 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1446

Abstract

MiRNA-targeted therapy holds great promise for precision cancer therapy. It is important to investigate the effect of changes in miRNA expression on apoptosis in order to evaluate miRNA-targeted therapy and achieve personalized therapy. In this study, we designed a dual-color fluorescent nanosensor consisting [...] Read more.

MiRNA-targeted therapy holds great promise for precision cancer therapy. It is important to investigate the effect of changes in miRNA expression on apoptosis in order to evaluate miRNA-targeted therapy and achieve personalized therapy. In this study, we designed a dual-color fluorescent nanosensor consisting of grapheme oxide modified with a molecular beacon and peptide. The nanosensor can simultaneously detect and image miRNA-221 and apoptotic protein caspase-3 in living cells. Intracellular experiments showed that the nanosensor could be successfully applied for in situ monitoring of the effect of miRNA-221 expression changes on apoptosis by dual-color imaging. The current strategy could provide new avenues for investigating the feasibility of miRNA-targeted therapy, screening new anti-cancer drugs targeting miRNA and developing personalized treatment plans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials for Biosensors)

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12 pages, 6399 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Solid-Phase Synthesis of Red Fluorescent Carbon Dots for the Dual-Mode Detection of Hexavalent Chromium and Cell Imaging

by Jinshuang Hu, Xin Wang, Hua Wei, Lei Zhao, Boxuan Yao, Caiyun Zhang, Jiarui Zhou, Jian Liu and Shenghong Yang

Biosensors 2022, 12(6), 432; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12060432 - 20 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1643

Abstract

The excellent optical properties and biocompatibility of red fluorescence carbon dots (R-CDs) provide a new approach for the effective analysis of hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) in environmental and biological samples. However, the application of R-CDs is still limited by low yield and unfriendly synthesis [...] Read more.

The excellent optical properties and biocompatibility of red fluorescence carbon dots (R-CDs) provide a new approach for the effective analysis of hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) in environmental and biological samples. However, the application of R-CDs is still limited by low yield and unfriendly synthesis route. In this study, we developed a new type of R-CDs based on a simple and green solid-phase preparation strategy. The synthesized R-CDs can emit bright red fluorescence with an emission wavelength of 625 nm and also have an obvious visible light absorption capacity. Furthermore, the absorption and fluorescence signals of the R-CDs aqueous solution are sensitive to Cr(VI), which is reflected in color change and fluorescence quenching. Based on that, a scanometric and fluorescent dual-mode analysis system for the rapid and accurate detection of Cr(VI) was established well within the limit of detection at 80 nM and 9.1 nM, respectively. The proposed methods also possess high specificity and were applied for the detection of Cr(VI) in real water samples. More importantly, the synthesized R-CDs with good biocompatibility were further successfully applied for visualizing intracellular Cr(VI) in Hela cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials for Biosensors)

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16 pages, 6930 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Efficient Enzyme-Less Uric Acid Sensor Development Based on PbO-Doped NiO Nanocomposites

by Md Mahmud Alam, Abdullah M. Asiri and Mohammed M. Rahman

Biosensors 2022, 12(6), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12060381 - 31 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1945

Abstract

Here, the voltammetric electrochemical approach was applied to detect uric acid (UA) in a conductive sensing medium (phosphate buffer solution-PBS) by using PbO-doped NiO nanocomposites (NCs)-decorated glassy carbon electrode (GCE) performing as working electrode. The wet-chemically prepared PbO-doped NiO NCs were subjected to [...] Read more.

Here, the voltammetric electrochemical approach was applied to detect uric acid (UA) in a conductive sensing medium (phosphate buffer solution-PBS) by using PbO-doped NiO nanocomposites (NCs)-decorated glassy carbon electrode (GCE) performing as working electrode. The wet-chemically prepared PbO-doped NiO NCs were subjected to characterization by the implementation of XRD, FESEM, XPS, and EDS analysis. The modified GCE was used to detect uric acid (UA) in an enzyme-free conductive buffer (PBS) of pH = 7.0. As the outcomes of this study reveal, it exhibited good sensitivity of 0.2315 µAµM⁻¹cm⁻² and 0.2233 µAµM⁻¹cm⁻², corresponding to cyclic (CV) and differential pulse (DPV) voltammetric analysis of UA, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed UA sensor showed a wider detection (0.15~1.35 mM) range in both electrochemical analysis methods (CV & DPV). In addition, the investigated UA sensor displayed appreciable limit of detection (LOD) of 41.0 ± 2.05 µM by CV and 43.0 ± 2.14 µM by DPV. Good reproducibility performance, faster response time and long-time stability in detection of UA were perceived in both electrochemical analysis methods. Finally, successful analysis of the bio-samples was performed using the recovery method, and the results were found to be quite acceptable in terms of accuracy. Thus, the findings indicate a reliable approach for the development of 5th generation biosensors using metal-oxides as sensing substrate to fulfill the requirements of portable use for in situ detection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials for Biosensors)

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10 pages, 1440 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acetone Gas Sensor Based on SWCNT/Polypyrrole/Phenyllactic Acid Nanocomposite with High Sensitivity and Humidity Stability

by Jun-Ho Byeon, Ji-Sun Kim, Hyo-Kyung Kang, Sungmin Kang and Jin-Yeol Kim

Biosensors 2022, 12(5), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12050354 - 19 May 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2140

Abstract

We synthesized core-shell-shaped nanocomposites composed of a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and heptadecafluorooctanesulfonic acid-doped polypyrrole (C8F-doped-PPy)/phenyllatic acid (PLA), i.e., C8F-doped-PPy/PLA@SWCNT, for detecting acetone gas with high sensitivity and humidity stability. The obtained nanocomposites have the structural features of a sensing material as a [...] Read more.

We synthesized core-shell-shaped nanocomposites composed of a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and heptadecafluorooctanesulfonic acid-doped polypyrrole (C8F-doped-PPy)/phenyllatic acid (PLA), i.e., C8F-doped-PPy/PLA@SWCNT, for detecting acetone gas with high sensitivity and humidity stability. The obtained nanocomposites have the structural features of a sensing material as a C8F-doped-PPy layer surrounding a single-stranded SWCNT, and a PLA layer on the outer surface of the PPy as a specific sensing layer for acetone. PLA was chemically combined with the positively charged PPy backbone and provided the ability to reliably detect acetone gas at concentrations as low as 50 ppb even at 25 °C, which is required for medical diagnoses via human breath analysis. When C8F was contained in the pyrrole monomer in a ratio of 0.1 mol, it was able to stably detect an effective signal in a relative humidity (RH) of 0–80% range. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials for Biosensors)

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12 pages, 2881 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Functional Silver Nanoparticles for High-Throughput Endospore Sensing

by Shinya Ikeno, Takahiro Maekawa and Noriyasu Hara

Biosensors 2022, 12(2), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12020068 - 25 Jan 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2731

Abstract

In spore-forming bacteria such as Bacillus and Clostridium, the vegetative cells form highly durable hard shells called endospores inside the bacteria to survive as the growth environment deteriorates. Because of these properties, endospores can cause food poisoning and medical accidents if they [...] Read more.

In spore-forming bacteria such as Bacillus and Clostridium, the vegetative cells form highly durable hard shells called endospores inside the bacteria to survive as the growth environment deteriorates. Because of these properties, endospores can cause food poisoning and medical accidents if they contaminate food, medicine, or other products, and it is required for technology to detect the spores at the manufacturing site. In this study, we focused on the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) method for the sensitive detection of dipicolinic acid (DPA), a molecular marker of endospores. We constructed Fe₃O₄/Ag core–shell functional silver nanoparticles that specifically bind to DPA, and investigated a method for the qualitative detection of DPA by SERS and the quantitative detection of DPA by fluorescence method using a terbium complex formed on the surface. As a result, the concentration of the functional silver nanoparticles constructed could detect spore-derived DPA by fluorescence detection method, and SERS was several tens of nM. The functionalized nanoparticles can detect DPA quantitatively and qualitatively, and are expected to be applied to detection technology in the production of food and pharmaceuticals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials for Biosensors)

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10 pages, 3304 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrasensitive Photochemical Immunosensor Based on Flowerlike SnO₂/BiOI/Ag₂S Composites for Detection of Procalcitonin

by Nuo Zhang, Jinhui Feng, Guanhui Zhao, Xiaoyi Duan, Yaoguang Wang, Daopeng Zhang and Qin Wei

Biosensors 2021, 11(11), 421; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11110421 - 28 Oct 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1930

Abstract

Based on the necessity and urgency of detecting infectious disease marker procalcitonin (PCT), a novel unlabeled photoelectrochemical (PEC) immunosensor was prepared for the rapid and sensitive detection of PCT. Firstly, SnO₂ porous nanoflowers with good photocatalytic performance were prepared by combining hydrothermal [...] Read more.

Based on the necessity and urgency of detecting infectious disease marker procalcitonin (PCT), a novel unlabeled photoelectrochemical (PEC) immunosensor was prepared for the rapid and sensitive detection of PCT. Firstly, SnO₂ porous nanoflowers with good photocatalytic performance were prepared by combining hydrothermal synthesis and calcining. BiOI nanoflowers were synthesized by facile ultrasonic mixed reaction. Ag₂S quantum dots were deposited on SnO₂/BiOI composites by in situ growth method. The SnO₂/BiOI/Ag₂S composites with excellent photoelectric properties were employed as substrate material, which could provide significantly enhanced and stable signal because of the energy level matching of SnO₂, BiOI and Ag₂S and the good light absorption performance. Accordingly, a PEC immunosensor based on SnO₂/BiOI/Ag₂S was constructed by using the layered modification method to achieve high sensitivity analysis of PCT. The linear dynamic range of the detection method was 0.50 pg·mL⁻¹~100 ng·mL⁻¹, and the detection limit was 0.14 pg·mL⁻¹. In addition, the designed PEC immunosensor exhibited satisfactory sensitivity, selectivity, stability and repeatability, which opened up a new avenue for the analyzation of PCT and further provided guidance for antibiotic therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials for Biosensors)

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Review

Jump to: Research

30 pages, 5471 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advancements in Nanobiosensors: Current Trends, Challenges, Applications, and Future Scope

by Madhusudan B. Kulkarni, Narasimha H. Ayachit and Tejraj M. Aminabhavi

Biosensors 2022, 12(10), 892; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12100892 - 18 Oct 2022

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 8663

Abstract

In recent years, there has been immense advancement in the development of nanobiosensors as these are a fundamental need of the hour that act as a potential candidate integrated with point-of-care-testing for several applications, such as healthcare, the environment, energy harvesting, electronics, and [...] Read more.

In recent years, there has been immense advancement in the development of nanobiosensors as these are a fundamental need of the hour that act as a potential candidate integrated with point-of-care-testing for several applications, such as healthcare, the environment, energy harvesting, electronics, and the food industry. Nanomaterials have an important part in efficiently sensing bioreceptors such as cells, enzymes, and antibodies to develop biosensors with high selectivity, peculiarity, and sensibility. It is virtually impossible in science and technology to perform any application without nanomaterials. Nanomaterials are distinguished from fine particles used for numerous applications as a result of being unique in properties such as electrical, thermal, chemical, optical, mechanical, and physical. The combination of nanostructured materials and biosensors is generally known as nanobiosensor technology. These miniaturized nanobiosensors are revolutionizing the healthcare domain for sensing, monitoring, and diagnosing pathogens, viruses, and bacteria. However, the conventional approach is time-consuming, expensive, laborious, and requires sophisticated instruments with skilled operators. Further, automating and integrating is quite a challenging process. Thus, there is a considerable demand for the development of nanobiosensors that can be used along with the POCT module for testing real samples. Additionally, with the advent of nano/biotechnology and the impact on designing portable ultrasensitive devices, it can be stated that it is probably one of the most capable ways of overcoming the aforementioned problems concerning the cumulative requirement for the development of a rapid, economical, and highly sensible device for analyzing applications within biomedical diagnostics, energy harvesting, the environment, food and water, agriculture, and the pharmaceutical industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials for Biosensors)

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20 pages, 2920 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances of Biochar-Based Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors

by Yunxiao Li, Rui Xu, Huabin Wang, Wumei Xu, Liyan Tian, Jingxin Huang, Chengyue Liang and Yong Zhang

Biosensors 2022, 12(6), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12060377 - 31 May 2022

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4181

Abstract

In the context of accelerating the global realization of carbon peaking and carbon neutralization, biochar produced from biomass feedstock via a pyrolysis process has been more and more focused on by people from various fields. Biochar is a carbon-rich material with good properties [...] Read more.

In the context of accelerating the global realization of carbon peaking and carbon neutralization, biochar produced from biomass feedstock via a pyrolysis process has been more and more focused on by people from various fields. Biochar is a carbon-rich material with good properties that could be used as a carrier, a catalyst, and an absorbent. Such properties have made biochar a good candidate as a base material in the fabrication of electrochemical sensors or biosensors, like carbon nanotube and graphene. However, the study of the applications of biochar in electrochemical sensing technology is just beginning; there are still many challenges to be conquered. In order to better carry out this research, we reviewed almost all of the recent papers published in the past 5 years on biochar-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors. This review is different from the previously published review papers, in which the types of biomass feedstock, the preparation methods, and the characteristics of biochar were mainly discussed. First, the role of biochar in the fabrication of electrochemical sensors and biosensors is summarized. Then, the analytes determined by means of biochar-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors are discussed. Finally, the perspectives and challenges in applying biochar in electrochemical sensors and biosensors are provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials for Biosensors)

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20 pages, 3264 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress of Graphene and Its Derivatives towards Exhaled Breath Analysis

by Xinxiu Yang, Hong Chi, Yong Tian, Tianduo Li and Yaoguang Wang

Biosensors 2022, 12(2), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12020048 - 18 Jan 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2786

Abstract

The metabolic process of the human body produces a large number of gaseous biomarkers. The tracking and monitoring of certain diseases can be achieved through the detection of these markers. Due to the superior specific surface area, large functional groups, good optical transparency, [...] Read more.

The metabolic process of the human body produces a large number of gaseous biomarkers. The tracking and monitoring of certain diseases can be achieved through the detection of these markers. Due to the superior specific surface area, large functional groups, good optical transparency, conductivity and interlayer spacing, graphene, and its derivatives are widely used in gas sensing. Herein, the development of graphene and its derivatives in gas-phase biomarker detection was reviewed in terms of the detection principle and the latest detection methods and applications in several common gases, etc. Finally, we summarized the commonly used materials, preparation methods, response mechanisms for NO, NH₃, H₂S, and volatile organic gas VOCs, and other gas detection, and proposed the challenges and prospective applications in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials for Biosensors)

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